Fish meal vs. corn gluten meal as a protein source for dry cat food.

To compare the effects of two dietary protein sources, fish meal (FM) and corn gluten meal (CGM), fecal moisture content, nitrogen balance and urinary excretion were examined in adult cats. The dietary protein source did not cause a significant difference in daily food intake, water intake, urine volume, dry matter digestibility or urinary nitrogen excretion, but fecal moisture content was lower (P<0.02) in the CGM group. The HCl-insoluble fraction of urinary sediment tended to be higher in the CGM group (P<0.10), although urinary pH was similar in the two groups. These results suggest that CGM is comparable with FM in respect to nutritional value and the urine acidifying effect, but FM may be preferable to CGM for the prevention of constipation and struvite urolithiasis in cats.     

Evaluation of meat meal, chicken meal, and corn gluten meal as dietary sources of protein in dry cat food

The nutritional value of meat meal (MM), chicken meal (CM), and corn gluten meal (CGM) as dietary sources of protein in dry food formulated for adult cats was evaluated. Twelve healthy adult cats (11 males and 1 female) were used. Dry diets containing MM, CM, or CGM as the main protein source were given for a 3-week period in a 3 x 3 Latin-square design. Digestion and balance experiments were conducted during the last 7 d of each period. In addition, freshly voided urine was taken to determine urinary pH and number of struvite crystals. As compared with the CM diet, dry-matter digestibility was higher and lower for the MM and CGM groups, respectively. Percentages of nitrogen (N) absorption and N retention to N intake were higher in the MM group, and N utilization was not different between the CM group and the CGM group. All cats excreted alkaline urine (pH > 7). Urinary pH, struvite activity product, and number of struvite crystals in urine were lower for the CGM group. There was no difference in retention of calcium and magnesium among the groups. From the point of view of digestibility and N utilization, MM is superior to CGM, and CM is better than or equivalent to CGM as a protein source of dry foods for adult cats. However, when CM is used as a dietary protein source, some manipulation of dietary base excess may be needed to control urinary acid-base balance, because CM contains higher calcium and phosphorus.     

Evaluation of low-ash poultry meal as a protein source in canine foods

Eight mature female dogs (18.0 +/- 0.2 kg) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square experiment to determine the feeding value of low-ash poultry meal (PM) in a complete food fed to dogs. All foods contained graded concentrations of PM (10.4 to 32.5% DM), resulting in foods that were 10, 15, 20, and 25% CP. Daily DMI averaged 284 +/- 14 g/d. An increase in PM resulted in an increase in fecal moisture from 44.7 to 55.1% (linear; P < 0.01), and fecal DM output increased from 24.8 to 31.6 g/d (linear; P < 0.05). Ileal DM flow increased from 27.1 to 40.7 g/d (linear; P < 0.01). Small intestinal DM digestibility decreased from 90.4 to 86.1% (linear; P < 0.01) and total-tract DM digestibility decreased from 91.2 to 89.4% (linear; P < 0.01) as PM increased. Large intestinal DM digestibility increased from 8.4 to 21.1% with increasing PM (linear; P < 0.05). Fecal excretion of CP increased from 5.6 to 10.0 g/d (linear; P < 0.01) and ileal flow of CP increased from 6.9 to 15.6 g/d (linear; P < 0.01) as PM increased. Small intestinal CP digestibility was unaffected with treatment (P > 0.05). Large intestinal CP digestibility increased from 21.6 to 37.1% (linear; P < 0.05) with increasing PM. Total-tract CP digestibility increased from 81.0 to 86.6% (linear; P < 0.01) as PM increased. Arginine had the highest overall digestibility ranging from 88.5 to 91.3%, whereas cysteine had the lowest digestibility, ranging from 67.1 to 71.4%. These data indicate that PM is a highly digestible protein source for canine foods with inclusions of 10.4 to 32.5% of DM.     

Hydrolyzed feather meal as a protein source for growing calves

Growth, digestion and in situ studies were conducted to determine the protein value of hydrolyzed feather meal (Fth) for growing ruminants. Dacron bags containing blood meal (BM), Fth, corn gluten meal (CGM) and soybean meal (SBM) were suspended in the rumen of two steers for 12 h to estimate escape protein. The escape protein value for Fth, 69.1%, was less than that for BM (82.8%) and CGM (80.4%; P less than .05) but greater than that for SBM (26.6%; P less than .05). Apparent protein digestion by lambs was similar (P greater than .10) for isonitrogenous diets containing urea (U), BM, Fth, CGM and SBM. Amino acid contents of the protein sources before vs after a 12-h ruminal in situ digestion were similar (P greater than .10). In a growth study, a basal diet of 80% ensiled corncobs and 20% alfalfa was fed to 60 individually fed crossbred steers (215 kg BW). Steers were supplemented with U, BM, Fth, 1/2 BM:1/2 Fth, 1/2 BM:1/2 CGM and 1/3 BM:1/3 Fth:1/3 CGM (protein basis). Protein sources were fed at 30, 45 and 60% of the supplemental N with urea supplying the remainder. Protein efficiency was calculated using the slope ratio technique. Protein efficiency was similar (P greater than .10) for BM- and Fth-supplemented calves. Protein efficiencies were similar (P greater than .10) for BM:CGM, BM:Fth and BM:Fth:CGM combinations. These data indicate the Fth is a digestible high escape protein source that is useful in diets for growing ruminants.     

玉米蛋白粉的质量及其在畜禽饲料中的应用概况

玉米蛋白粉是玉米加工的主要副产物之一,除用作饲料外,它还有很大的开发潜能。本文主要综述了玉米蛋白粉的生产工艺与化学组成、营养特性与饲用价值、掺假鉴定,并阐述了玉米蛋白粉在畜禽饲料中的应用。     

发酵玉米蛋白粉饲料的枯草芽孢杆菌紫外诱变选育

玉米蛋白粉饲料作为一种重要的饲料资源其中含有大量的蛋白质,但多数为醇溶蛋白不易被动物所吸收,利用微生物发酵玉米蛋白粉,可提高其吸收利用率。本研究以实验室保存的枯草芽孢杆菌为原始菌株,采用紫外诱变的方法,筛选出高产蛋白酶的突变菌株,以提高其发酵玉米蛋白粉的能力。通过大量筛选及连续传代试验,筛选出一株遗传性状稳定的较原始菌株的产蛋白酶能力有明显提高的枯草芽孢突变菌株11-1。经试验测定该菌株的蛋白酶活力较原始菌株提高1.66倍。发酵验证试验表明,菌株11-1对玉米蛋白粉饲料中的可溶性蛋白转化率由原始菌株的37.39%提高到47.83%。     

玉米蛋白粉营养价值评定及其评定技术的研究

试验选用6头平均体重(50.9±2.73)kg生长猪,应用套算法(The Difference Method),采用全消化道收粪技术,按6×6拉丁方试验设计,测定玉米蛋白粉的氮(N)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、干物质(DM)、总能(GE)和消化能(DE)及其表观消化率,待测原料包括4种不同粗蛋白质含量的玉米蛋白粉(CP 63%、CP 52%、CP 47.5%和CP 32%,CGM).4种玉米蛋白粉(CP 63%、CP 52%、CP 47.5%和CP 32%)的表观消化能分别为4234、4029、4023和4244 kcal/kg,氮表观消化率分别为92.3%～96.3%;总能表观消化率分别为79.7%～89.7%;干物质表观消化率分别为82.7%～88.0%(P＜0.05).加工工艺影响玉米蛋白粉的养分表观消化率.采用套算法测定玉米蛋白粉的养分消化率,要求待测试验日粮中的被测养分含量满足动物对该养分的最低需要量.     

HPLC法测玉米蛋白粉和乳猪教槽料中色氨酸的含量

试验采用高效液相色谱法测定饲料样品中色氨酸的含量。样品经过处理后,用Agilent C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)色谱柱分离样品,以0.008 5 mol/l的乙酸钠+甲醇=95+5为流动相;检测波长280 nm,流动相流速1.0 ml/min。结果表明,色氨酸在4.656~298μg/ml范围内,峰面积与其浓度线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),最低检测限为0.033 5μg/ml,两种饲料中色氨酸含量均在国标允许的误差范围内。方法准确、简便、快速,适用于色氨酸的含量测定。     

Evaluation of soybean meal, corn gluten meal, blood meal and fish meal as sources of nitrogen and amino acids disappearing from the small intestine of steers

The value of soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), blood meal (BM) and fish meal (FM) in supplying N and amino acids (AA) escaping ruminal microbial degradation and disappearing from the small intestine (SI) was studied in steers using a regression approach. Replacement of corn starch in diets with protein sources resulted in decreases (P less than .05) in efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. Ruminal ammonia-N (NH3-N) had the greatest increase (P less than .05) when SBM was fed; BM supplementation resulted in only nonsignificant increases in ruminal NH3-N (P greater than .05). Soybean meal had the lowest proportion of N escaping ruminal degradation (.21). Corn gluten meal-N (.86) and BM-N (.92) escaped ruminal degradation to the greatest extent, and FM-N was intermediate (.68). Protein sources followed similar trends in providing absorbable nonbacterial N to the SI. Thirteen (+/- 6.2) percent of SBM-N was absorbed from the SI; 69 (+/- 6.2), 68 (+/- 9.1) and 50 (+/- 10.1)% of CGM-N, BM-N and FM-N, respectively, were absorbed from the SI. Values for ruminal escape and SI availability for individual and total AA are presented. Of the essential AA (EAA), threonine, valine and isoleucine were more resistant to ruminal degradation; methionine, cysteine, histidine and arginine were more extensively degraded than the total AA supply. Of the EAA escaping ruminal degradation, cysteine, histidine and threonine tended to be less digestible, whereas arginine was more digestible in the SI than the total AA supply.     

Sunflower meal as a major vegetable protein source in layers' ration.

An experiment was conducted with Starcross layers to evaluate the replacement value of sunflower meal (SFM) for cotton seed meal (CSM) and sesame meal (SM). The birds (aged 24 weeks) were given 4 isonitrogenous and isocaloric rations containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% dehulled sunflower meal. The substitution of SFM for CSM and SM did not generally affect the egg production, feed consumption, feed conversion nor did it have any effect on the quality of eggs as measured by Haugh Units (HU) and yolk index. Egg shell thickness, however, improved by increasing dietary levels of SFM. The feed costs per hen were generally lower for the SFM group since SFM was cheaper than CSM and SM.     

凡纳滨对虾对7种蛋白原料的蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率

采用三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)作为指示剂,以70%基础饲料和30%待测饲料蛋白原料组成试验饲料,测定了体重(2.08±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)对花生粕、玉米蛋白粉、羽毛粉、肠膜蛋白粉、鸡肉粉、肉骨粉和喷雾干燥血粉粗蛋白和氨基酸的表观消化率。试验采用循环过滤水系统养殖,每个饲料组设3个重复,每个重复30尾虾,试验结果表明,凡纳滨对虾对7种不同饲料蛋白源的粗蛋白表观消化率为53.04%～86.38%,其大小顺序依次为:肠膜蛋白粉(86.38%)花生粕(79.82%)喷雾干燥血粉(79.62%)鸡肉粉(72.55%)肉骨粉(71.29%)玉米蛋白粉(63.46%)羽毛粉(53.04%)。凡纳滨对虾对7种不同饲料蛋白源的氨基酸平均表观消化率主要变化趋势与对蛋白质表观消化率的变化基本一致,其大小顺序依次为:肠膜蛋白粉(88.81%)喷雾干燥血粉(84.76%)花生粕(80.19%)鸡肉粉(71.06%)肉骨粉(70.74%)玉米蛋白粉(59.46%)羽毛粉(44.71%)。上述试验结果为研究适于凡纳滨对虾营养需要的全价高效人工配合饲料提供了参考依据。     

酶制剂对羔羊玉米蛋白粉表观消化率的影响

试验采用单因子随机分组设计,将20只4日龄健康无病、体重相近的滩羊公羔随机分为A、B、C、D4个处理。每个处理5个重复。处理A,对照组,饲喂玉米蛋白粉：处理B,玉米蛋白粉＋中性蛋白酶5000U／kg;处理C,玉米蛋白粉＋α-淀粉酶4000U／kg;处理D,玉米蛋白粉＋脂肪酶4000U／kg。试验结果表明：添加酶制剂可不同程度的提高羔羊对日粮干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和无氮浸出物的表观消化率,其中干物质表观消化率比对照组分别提高了2．20、0．35和0．78个百分点.     

凡纳滨对虾对玉米蛋自粉表现消化率的研究

玉米蛋白粉(corn gluten meal)具有蛋白含量高、低纤维素、富含维生素B和维生素E、不含抗营养冈子等诸多优点[1-2].一般认为,水产动物对植物蛋白源的消化吸收率低于鱼粉[3-4],然而,对银鲑和虹鳟[5]、大西洋鳕[6]、军曹鱼[7]、许氏平鲉[8]、罗非鱼[9]、金头鲷[10-11]、大西洋鲑[12]、银锯眶鯻[13]、黑线鳕[14]和五条 [15]的研究发现,多数鱼类对玉米蛋白粉的表观消化率较高.本试验的玉米蛋白粉为利用玉米生产赖氨酸后的副产品,对其在凡纳滨对虾饲料中的应用效果未见报道.因此,本试验研究凡纳滨对虾对该玉米蛋白粉的干物质及粗蛋白表观消化率,为玉米蛋白粉在儿纳滨对虾饲料中的廊用提供参考.     

Pre-cecal phosphorus digestibility for corn,wheat, soybean meal,and corn gluten meal in growing Japanese quails from 28 to 32 d of age

The optimization of dietary phosphorus (P) depends on precise details of the P availability in feed ingredients to avoid excess or deficient P in a mixed diet. This study was carried out to measure the apparent ileal digestibility of P for corn, wheat, soybean meal, and corn gluten meal in growing Japanese quails from 28 to 32 d posthatch. A total of 400 quail chicks were randomly distributed across 5 treatments with 4 replicates and 20 birds in each floor pen. The P-free diet (PFD) was formulated based on cornstarch to measure the basal endogenous P losses (EPL). Digestibility coefficients were determined by ileal digesta sampling using TiO₂ as an indigestible marker. The EPL was estimated at 384 mg/kg DMI. The apparent ileal P digestibility (AIPD) for corn, soybean meal, wheat, and corn gluten meal were determined to be 0.38, 0.53, 0.38, and 0.78, respectively. The corresponding values for true ileal P digestibility (TIPD) were 0.48, 0.61, 0.50, and 0.83, respectively. The t-test analysis showed that the difference of AIPD and TIPD values for corn (P = 0.031) and wheat (P = 0.015) were statistically significant, however, no significant differences were observed for corn gluten meal (P = 0.318) and soybean meal (P = 0.104). In conclusion, the correction of AIPD coefficients for EPL in low-P ingredients such as corn and wheat may be much more important than that in high-P feedstuffs such as corn gluten meal and soybean meal in growing quails.     

Evaluation of secondary protein nutrients as a substitute for soybean meal in diets for beef steers and meat goats

Finding appropriate disposal techniques for waste products is one of many challenges facing the poultry-processing industry. One waste generated in significant quantities is dissolved air floatation sludge, a product of wastewater treatment. Converting dissolved air floatation sludge into a dry feed product (meal) for incorporation into livestock feed appears to be a viable solution. This meal, called secondary protein nutrients (SPN), is high in protein (45% CP), fat (28% crude fat), and minerals. The protein consists of 85% B(2) and B(3) fractions, which are moderately to slowly degradable in the rumen, and therefore may potentially escape ruminal degradation and be available for digestion in the lower gastrointestinal tract. The goal of this research was to evaluate SPN as an alternative to traditional protein sources for ruminants by substituting it on an equivalent N basis for soybean meal in cattle and meat goat diets (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% for cattle; 0, 20, and 40% for goats). When included in corn silage-based steer diets, increasing SPN resulted in linear and quadratic declines in both DMI and ADG (P < 0.001). Dry matter intake diminished with inclusion rates above 50%, and ADG were reduced after inclusion of SPN reached 25% of added N. Feed efficiency (the reciprocal of the efficiency of gain, which is represented by G:F) declined linearly (P < 0.001) with each incremental increase in SPN. Addition of up to 40% added N as SPN in goat diets caused no change in DMI, digestibility of DM or fiber, or N retention. Ruminal VFA concentrations showed little variation in either species. Increasing the proportion of SPN in the feed caused linear declines in ruminal NH(3) in steers (P < 0.001). Increasing SPN in goat diets, however, resulted in only a trend toward reductions of this parameter (P = 0.14). The decreases observed may have resulted from decreasing ruminal protein degradability or increasing fat caused by increasing the proportion of SPN in the feed. Urinary urea N as a percentage of urinary N showed significant declines in cattle, but not in goats, over the ranges of SPN offered. These results indicate that SPN can be included in diets for ruminants to supply up to 40% of supplemental N with little negative impact on animal performance.     

纤维滤袋技术对猪体外玉米蛋白粉养分消化的影响

本试验采用纤维滤袋技术,应用胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白复合酶、纤维素酶、猪小肠冻干粉和牛瘤胃液多酶体系进行体外养分消化试验。测定玉米蛋白粉的粗蛋白质、干物质和能量消化率,并与相应的猪体内养分表观消化率进行比较。结果表明三步酶法(胃蛋白酶 胰蛋白复合酶 牛瘤胃液或胃蛋白酶 胰蛋白复合酶 纤维素酶)技术能较准确模拟体内全消化道养分消化。体外养分消化率受样品的物理化学特性、样品的粒度、酶活性、酶浓度、底物浓度、pH、温度、动态时间及体外技术等综合因素影响。体外和体内粗蛋白质消化率相关系数为0.72,总能消化率相关系数为0.67。