近50年气候变化对青藏高原青稞气候生产潜力的影响

基于青藏高原及周边106个气象站近50年的平均气温、降水量及日照时数等气象观测数据,分析了青藏高原区1965年以来的气候变化趋势以及青稞生长季及关键生长期的气候变化趋势,并采用线性倾向估计方法、Thornthwaite Memorial模型、Arc GIS和SPSS技术分析了青藏高原青稞的气候生产潜力及其时空变化特征,探讨了青藏高原近50年气候变化对青稞发育过程和产量的影响机理及各气象要素对青稞气候生产潜力的影响。结果发现:1)近50年来,青藏高原区气温和降水均呈上升趋势(0.53℃?10a?1、7.8 mm?10a?1),且气温上升较显著,降水增加较缓,而日照时数呈波动下降趋势(16.9 h?10a?1);2)青藏高原青稞生长季气温、降水均呈上升趋势(0.4℃?10a?1、7.2 mm?10a?1),但日照时数呈下降趋势(15 h?10a?1),其中高原北部地区增温幅度较大,而中部地区降水增加显著,高原东北部日照时数下降较为明显;3)青藏高原青稞气候生产潜力总体呈上升趋势(136.7 kg?hm?2?10a?1),其中高原中部增加较显著,高原东南部边缘、青海柴达木北部、西藏西北部呈下降趋势;4)降水、气温均与青稞气候生产潜力呈显著正相关,但日照时数与其呈负相关,其中,降水是影响青稞生长季和关键生长期气候生产潜力最为关键的因素,气温影响次之。基于此,就如何利用青藏高原青稞气候生产潜力的变化特点,为提高该区青稞的实际产量提出了一系列建议措施。     

Molecular analysis of the DNA polymorphism of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) germplasm using the polymerase chain reaction

Summary Hordeum spontaneum is the progenitor of cultivated barley (H. vulgare) and is an important source of genetic variation for barley breeding programs. The genetic diversity ofH. spontaneum in the Australian germplasm collection was investigated using the polymerase chain reaction with random and semi-random primers. This approach was found to be robust in respect of reaction conditions. Genetic dissimilarity values between genotypes were used to produce a phenogram of the relationships among the accessions using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean. The largest divergence was observed among Israeli accessions, whereas the Turkish and Iranian samples clustered as distinct subsets, each apparently related to portion of the Israeli material. The results indicate that the genetic diversity of the wild barleys is broadly correlated with geographic distribution.     

Genetic diversity in wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch) in the Near East: a molecular analysis using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers

We analyzed the genetic diversity in 88 genotypes from 20 populations of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch) from Israel, Turkey and Iran, by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Twenty two of the 33 primers used yielded scorable products with 1–11 polymorphic bands. No duplicate patterns were found except for four haplotypes.When the total genetic diversity was estimated, 75% of the variation detected was partitioned within the 88 genotypes and 25% among the populations. When variation between countries was assessed, no substantial differences were found, because most of the variation detected (97%) was partioned within the 20 populations and the remainder among countries. The results of this limited survey indicate that the extensive genetic diversity is present in natural stands of wild barley throughout the Fertile Crescent.     

Agronomic traits of exotic barley germplasms resistant to soil-borne mosaic-inducing viruses

Summary In order to obtain information on agronomic performance and potential use of yellow mosaic virus resistant barley germplasms (Hordeum vulgare L.) in breeding programmes, twenty-six varieties were tested for agronomic traits in two years trials. The varieties tested differ in their reaction to the soil-borne mosaic-inducing viruses (BaMMV, BaYMV, BaYMV-2) and their genetic base of BaMMV-resistance. All of the exotic varieties tested are of inferior agronomic performance as compared to resistant German cultivars. Grain yield ranged from 77% to 33% in comparison to the highest yielding German winter barley cultivar Franka. Furthermore, a large variation was also observed in thousand grain weight, number of grains per spike, height, lodging, winterkilling and susceptibility to scald (Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem) Davis).     

Genotypic variation in Fe concentration of barley grain

Abstract

Iron deficiency in humans is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency worldwide. To screen for high Fe cultivar, genotypic variation in Fe concentration of barley grain was investigated in two collections of barley: 274 standard varieties selected at the Barley Germplasm Center of the Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University (SV) and 135 varieties from the Barley Core Collection of Americas (BCCAM). The Fe concentration of barley grain showed large variation, ranging from 24.6 to 63.3 mg kg^?1 in SV, from 21.0 to 83.0 mg kg^?1 in BCCAM barleys. The Fe concentration was not affected by the key characters of barley varieties, kernel row types, and hulled or hull-less. The Fe concentration was also not related to the place of origin of the barley variety. About 90% of total Fe was localized in the grain without hull. These results provide fundamental data for breeding Fe-rich cultivars and for studying the mechanisms involved in genotypic variation in Fe concentration.     

The potential of microsatellites for high throughput genetic diversity assessment in wheat and barley

Microsatellite (SSR) profiles from 65 wheats and 135 barleys have been generated, involving 14 and 22 loci, respectively. The wheat and barley varieties were chosen to represent the bulk of the area sown to these crops in the UK over the past 70 years. The profiling identified genotypic mixtures in some seed samples. Null alleles were common in wheat, but rare in barley. We describe attempts to increase the efficiency of data acquisition. High resolution agarose gel electrophoresis was unable to satisfactorily resolve 1–2 repeat unit differences in the common size range for SSR loci, and was therefore unsuitable for mass screening of allelic variants. Multiplex PCR was very dependent on the choice of primer combinations and seldom produced amplifications as consistently as when primer pairs were used individually. Background (non-specific) amplification was common to many primer pairs, and this hindered the use of both multiplex PCR and multiple sample loading. Sequential sample loading was the most effective strategy, although this was the least time-efficient of the measures used.     

Genetic diversity of Acid-PAGE monomeric prolamins in cultivated hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) from Qinghai–Tibet plateau in China

Naked barley, due to its favorable attributes such as high feed value, good human nutrition and easy processing, increasingly attracts people’s attention. Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is very rich in naked barley resources and has a long growing history. Genetic diversity of these cultivated naked barley is, however, poorly documented. This study analyzed the genetic diversity of monomeric prolamins (protein fraction corresponding to wheat gliadins) using the Acid -PAGE technique in eighty-six cultivated naked barley cultivars from Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Extensive diversity was observed. A total of 43 different bands and 76 distinct patterns were found. Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity was calculated, and the accessions were divided into five main groups by cluster analysis using UPGMA. Differentiation among the populations from different collecting regions was investigated, based on the polymorphism of monomeric prolamins. The genetic diversity within the accessions from Tibet was slightly higher with an average diversity index of 0.29 than those from Sichuan. This study supports Tibetan Plateau is the diversity center of the cultivated naked barley and suggests that cultivated naked barley from Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is an important pool of variability that could be used in cereal breeding.     

Multiple element concentration in the grain of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) collection

Multiple element analyses were carried out to investigate variation in element concentrations in barley grains of 336 genotypes. Of 13 elements analyzed, Ba ranged from 0.2 to 8.9?mg kg^?1, Ca from 186.4 to 977.5?mg kg^?1, Cu from 1.5 to 9.8?mg kg^?1, K from 353.2 to 7721.5?mg kg^?1, Mg from 1049.8 to 2024.2?mg kg^?1, Mn from 8.1 to 22.9?mg kg^?1, Na from 55.9 to 627.9?mg kg^?1, P from 2272.9 to 5428.8?mg kg^?1, S from 880.7 to 1898.0?mg kg^?1, Si from 19.1 to 663.2?mg kg^?1, and Sr from 0.35 to 2.62?mg kg^?1 in the barley grain. The least square means showed high Zn, Fe, Mg, P, and S concentration in AM-64 and AM-228 genotypes. The principal component analysis of element concentration showed four PCs explained 64.3% total variance. Strong positive correlations (p?<?0.001) of Fe-Mn, Fe-S, S-Mn, Zn-P, Zn-Mg, Mg-P, Mg-Mn, and Ca-Sr were found. The identification barley genotypes that showed high elements concentration furnish valuable genetic resources for biofortification in future.     

Ecological correlates of RAPD DNA diversity of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, in the Fertile Crescent

Genetic variability in RAPDs (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) was studied in 104 genotypes of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum from 21 populations sampled in Israel, Turkey and Iran, seven population from each country. The band (= loci) frequencies were calculated for each population and correlated with ecogeographical variables. In general, high RAPD genetic diversity indices were associated with stressful environments, either with hot or cold steppes and deserts. Interpopulational genetic distances showed no association with the geographic distance between the populations' provenance. Significant Spearman rank correlations between RAPD band frequencies and ecogeographical parameters of provenance occured. Frequencies of RAPD bands were significantly correlated with the principal component factors of allozymes. The correlation data indirectly suggest that natural selection appears to be the major determinant of both RAPD and allozyme diversities both being correlated with environmental stress.     

The assessment of genetic variation in Spanish primitive cultivars of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., by a combination of isozymes and hordeins

Five isozyme and endosperm reserve protein systems were analysed using electrophoretic techniques in order to investigate the genetic diversity of 222 accessions of Spanish, local varieties of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., maintained at the Centro de Conservación de Recursos Fitogeneéticos of the I.N.I.A. (Alcalá de Henares, Spain). The esterase (EST) isozymes provided more information than did the other systems analysed, showing a total of 14 variable markers. The cathodic peroxidases (CPX) and acid phosphatases (ACPH) were also polymorphic. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) were monomorphic. The hordeins showed patterns of up to 15 bands, the majority of which were very useful in distinguishing genotypes. 17.2% of accessions showed a uniform genotype, 29.8% showed practically identical genotypes and 53% showed mixtures of different genotypes. It is noteworthy that the use of only two systems (EST and hordeins) and the analysis of only six loci (Est-1, Est-2, Est-4, Hor-1, Hor-2 and Hor-3) is sufficient to reveal the genetic diversity of the collection.     

The effect of cobalt stress on growth and physiological traits and its association with cobalt accumulation in barley genotypes differing in cobalt tolerance

Cobalt (Co) is beneficial for legume plants and not an essential element for most plants. There is no sufficient information about the effect of Co stress on barley growth. The current experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different Co levels (25, 50, 75, and 100 µM) on growth and physiological traits of three barley genotypes (B325, J36, and B340) differing in Co tolerance. The results showed that Co stress inhibited plant growth, decreased chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, and enhanced oxidative stress. However, the effects differed among genotypes, with B325 and B340 being the most and the least affected, respectively. Co stress caused decrease and increase of manganese (Mn) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in both roots and shoots, respectively; iron (Fe) concentration had little change in shoots and a significant decrease in roots. The current results showed a close association of Co tolerance and its accumulation in plant tissues.     

Effects of freeze and cold stress on certain physiological and biochemical traits in sensitive and tolerant barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes

An experiment was performed as a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block (RCB) with three replicates. The aim was to explore physiological traits, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity associated with cold and freeze stress in four barley genotypes (two stress-tolerant genotypes and two sensitive genotypes). The genotypes were regarded as sub-plots and five temperature levels (namely 20, 4, 0, ?4, ?8°C) as main plots. The results revealed that the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased through freeze and cold stress from 20 to 4°C. This increase was more in the sensitive genotypes than in the tolerant ones. Subsequent to the increase in lipid peroxidation, the membrane stability index (MSI) decreased, thereby increasing the electrolyte leakage. The sensitive genotypes demonstrated greater reduction in the studied parameters. Upon the increase in the H₂O₂ content, the antioxidant enzymes CAT and POD also increased in order to collect and prevent H₂O₂ from damaging the cell and the plant. Compared with the sensitive ones, the tolerant genotypes indicated more increase in the enzymes. The H₂O₂ and MDA content decreased from ?4 to ?8°C, which could be due to intracellular freezing in the sensitive genotypes, but due to the detoxifying of the antioxidant enzymes in the tolerant genotypes. Compared with the POD content, the increase in the CAT content through cold stress was more, which could mean that it was possibly CAT which acted as the main inhibitor of H₂O₂ in cold stress in the barley plant.     

The changes in physiological and biochemical traits of Tibetan wild and cultivated barley in response to low phosphorus stress

Low phosphorus (LP) limits crop growth and productivity in the majority of arable lands worldwide. Here, we investigated the changes in physiological and biochemical traits of Tibetan wild barleys (Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. spontaneum) XZ99 (LP tolerant), XZ100 (LP sensitive), and cultivated barley ZD9 (moderately LP tolerant) under two phosphorus (P) levels during vegetative stage. These genotypes showed considerable differences in the change of biomass accumulation, root/shoot dry weight ratio, root morphology, organic acid secretion, carbohydrate metabolism, ATPase (Adenosine triphosphatase) activity, P concentration and accumulation under LP in comparison with CK (control) condition. The higher LP tolerance of XZ99 is associated with more developed roots, enhanced sucrose biosynthesis and hydrolysis of carbohydrate metabolism pathway, higher APase (Acid phosphatase) and ATPase activity, and more secretion of citrate and succinate in roots when plants are exposed to LP stress. The results prove the potential of Tibetan wild barley in developing barley cultivars with high tolerance to LP stress and understanding the mechanisms of LP tolerance in plants.     

Sources of powdery mildew resistance in a wild barley collection

A total of 1,383 accessions of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) held in the USDA-National Small Grains Collection, Aberdeen were screened for resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) in the Czech Republic. They were subsequently tested at the seedling stage for reaction to selected powdery mildew pathotypes and simultaneously for their adult plant resistance in the field. One hundred and twenty-three accessions exhibited resistance to 22 pathotypes in the greenhouse tests (reaction type 2–3 or lower) as well as resistance to the natural population of this pathogen in the field in the Czech Republic during at least 2-year testing. These accessions represent large amount of promising sources in breeding barley for resistance to powdery mildew.     

Genetic variability evaluation in a Moroccan collection of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., by means of storage proteins and RAPDs

The genetic variation existing in a set of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landrace samples recently collected in Morocco was estimated. Two kinds of genetic markers, seed storage proteins (hordeins) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), were used. Only six out of 31 landraces were subjected to RAPD analysis. Both kinds of markers, RAPD and storage proteins, yielded similar results, showing that the level of variation observed in Moroccan barley was high: all landraces showed variability; 808 different storage protein patterns (multilocus associations) were observed among 1897 individuals (2.32 seeds per association, on average) with an average of 43 multilocus associations per accession. In general, genetic variation within accessions was higher than between accessions. The 100 polymorphic RAPD bands generated by 21 effective primers were able to generate enough patterns to differentiate between uniform cultivars and even between individuals in variable accessions. One of the aims of this work was to compare the effectiveness of RAPD versus storage protein techniques in assessing the variability of genetic resource collections. On average hordeins were more polymorphic than RAPDs: they showed more alternatives per band on gels and a higher percentage of polymorphic bands, although RAPDs supply a higher number of bands. Although RAPD is an easy and standard technique, storage protein analysis is technically easier, cheaper and needs less sophisticated equipment. Thus, when resources are a limiting factor and considering the cost of consumables and work time, seed storage proteins must be the technique of choice for a first estimation of genetic variation in plant genetic resource collections.