The effect ofDendrolimus superans breakout on growth of trees

The effect ofDendrolimus superans on growth of trees was investigated after the breakout in Shibazhan forest area in 1990. Stem analysis was conducted for determining the tree increment loss. The result showed that the current annual increment for extreme heavily damaged, heavily damaged, moderately damaged and lightly damaged stands is 14%, 39.8%, 64% and 82% of that of the control forest respectively. (Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai)     

Study on Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus on Dendrolimus superans

Cytoplasmicpolyhedrosisvirus(CPV)ofEendrolimussuperans(DsCPV)isone.oftheimportantpatholo-gensofthelarvaeOfDendFOHffiussuPerans.InoFdertoutiIizeDsCPVincontrol,themorphoIogy,toxicity,infeCtionanddestroyingprocedureinthemidgutofinsectofDsCPVwereStudied.ThecontrolofDen-dIOhffiussuPeranswiththisvirusinasmaIIareainforestwascarriedout.ResearchmethodMorphologyobservationScanningeIectronmicroscopeandtransmissioneIeCtronmicroscopewereusedtoobservethemor-phoIogy.ToxicityteStingThesameamo…     

利用M-18型飞机喷洒高效生物药剂防治落叶松毛虫的研究

2004年6月,吉林省朝鲜族自治州应用M-18型飞机对落叶松毛虫进行了大面积的飞机生物防治研究。药剂选用阿维菌素,防治面积为0 4×104hm2,对落叶松毛虫的防治效果较好,其死亡率在95%以上。喷洒质量测定结果:药剂回收率为76 82%。     

勃利县落叶松毛虫发生状况及防治技术的研究

通过调查、观测,了解了落叶松毛虫的生物生态学特性及在勃利县的分布状况及特征,对该害虫进行了预测预报研究,得出食叶量与发生量之间的关系公式y=21893x-43.213（R^2=0.9999）,使用绿色微雷进行树干涂环法进行了防治,防治成本低,效果达98%以上。     

落叶松毛虫对兴安落叶松6种挥发物的触角电位反应

利用触角电位技术(EAG)测定了落叶松毛虫未交尾雌蛾、已交尾雌蛾、未交尾雄蛾对R型α-蒎烯、S型α-蒎烯、罗勒烯、S型β-蒎烯、水芹烯、莰烯等6种兴安落叶松挥发物的触角电位反应.结果表明:不同生理状况的落叶松毛虫对6种挥发物的7个浓度的EAG反应中,除对0.1 μg·μL-1水芹烯的EAG反应值是未交尾雌虫＞已交尾雌虫＞未交尾雄虫外,对水芹烯的其它不同浓度以及其它挥发物的EAG反应值均是已交尾雌蛾＞未交尾雌蛾＞未交尾雄蛾.未交尾雌、雄蛾的EAG反应差异显著(P＜0.05),已交尾雌蛾与未交尾雌、雄蛾之间差异极显著(P＜0.01),表明已交尾雌蛾对寄主植物气味更为敏感.落叶松毛虫未交尾雌蛾、已交尾雌蛾、未交尾雄蛾对水芹烯的EAG反应均比较敏感.在暗周期内已交尾雌蛾与未交尾雄蛾的活跃期在20:00-4:00,与其羽化、交尾、产卵期一致.     

New cell line establishment of a cell line from embryos of Dendrolimus superans

lntroductionCytopIasmicpolyhedrosisviruseshavebeeniso-I8tedfrommorethan15Ospeciesofinsects.Someofthemhavebeenusedas,potentiaIinsecticidestocontrolforestryinsectpests(ShenHongjianetaI.1994).Investigatorshavebeeninterestedinvirusesasanaltemativeforchemicalinsecticidestocontrolforestryinsectbecauseoftheirsafetyandspecificity(Pu1992).ButonlyafewoftheseviruseshavebeencommercialIyd6veIopedforthecontroIofinsectpest.OnereasonfortheIimitedcommerciaIizationofvi-rusesisthattheyareusuaIIyproducedin…     

BT油悬剂防治落叶松毛虫试验

通过分别使用8000IU·μL-1BT油悬剂用量3000、4500、和6000mL·hm-2及25%灭幼脲悬浮剂2000倍液、清水空白作对照等5个处理进行落叶松毛虫防治试验,结果表明:应用8000IU·μL-1BT油悬剂用药量为4500和6000mL·hm-2情况下,用药后14d的防治效果为96.6%和98.3%,分别比25%的灭幼脲2000倍液防治效果高2.5和4.2个百分点;用柴油对药剂稀释10倍后防治,对落叶松不产生药害。     

20%灭·阿可湿性粉剂防治落叶松毛虫试验

试验于 2 0 0 1年 8～ 9月 ,在内蒙古赤峰市克什克腾旗桦木沟林场华北落叶松人工林内进行。结果表明 ,使用 2 0 %灭·阿可湿性粉剂进行地面常规喷雾和喷粉防治落叶松毛虫的效果显著 ,采用用药量 4 5 0～ 75 0g/hm2 进行常规喷雾防治 ,落叶松毛虫虫口减退率达 97%以上 ;采用药量 6 0 0～ 90 0g/hm2 进行常规喷粉 ,虫口减退率达 90 %以上 ,而且常规喷雾的防效好于常规喷粉     

Effects of pruning on radial growth and biomass increment of trees growing in homegardens of Kerala, India

To evaluate the effects of pruning on stem radial growth increment and leaf and twig biomass production, an experiment with four pruning intensities (0, 50, 75 and 90%) on ten locally important tree species (Ailanthus triphysa, Albizia odoratissima, Artocarpus hirsutus, Bombax malabarica, Bridelia crenulata, Erythrina indica, Grewia tiliifolia, Macaranga peltata, Terminalia paniculata and Xylia xylocarpa ), was carried out. The results did not support the contention that a certain level of pruning promotes stem growth in trees. Instead, all species have a level of pruning that reduces annual increment in stem diameter. In Ailanthus triphysa and Artocarpus hirsutus trees subjected to different pruning intensities showed a decline in the annual increment in stem diameter while in other species diameter increment reduced when the pruning intensity was 75% and 90%. Response to pruning in terms of biomass production also varied from species to species. In Erythrina indica, Macaranga peltata and Terminalia paniculata annual foliage and branch production in pruned trees was significantly more than that of the un-pruned trees. However, in Ailanthus triphysa, Albizia odoratissima, Artocarpus hirsutus, Bridelia crenulata, Grewia tiliifolia and Xylia xylocarpa pruned trees produced comparatively more amount of foliage and branches produced annually than that by the un-pruned trees when the pruning was carried out once in 2 years. Based on these observations it is recommended that trees of Erythrina indica, Macaranga peltata and Terminalia paniculata may be pruned at 50% level annually while the trees of Ailanthus triphysa, Albizia odoratissima, Artocarpus hirsutus, Bridelia crenulata, Grewia tiliifolia and Xylia xylocarpa may be pruned at the same pruning intensity once in 2 years.     

10个树种耐水淹能力的比较

以黄连木(Pistacia chinensis)、石楠(Photinia serrulata)、蓝果树(Nyssa sinensis)、薄壳山核桃(Carya illinoen-sis)、榉树(Zelkova papyrifera)、一球悬铃木(Platanus occidentalis)、白蜡(Fraxinus chinensis)、乌桕(Sapium sebiferum)、墨西哥落羽杉(Taxodium macronatum)、花叶杞柳(Salix integracv.Hakuro Nishiki)等10种树种为研究对象,在人工控制的淹水条件下,观察其叶形态受害程度,运用涝害指数方法分别研究各树种的耐水淹能力。结果表明:淹水胁迫下,黄连木、石楠、榉树、薄壳山核桃、蓝果树、一球悬铃木涝害指数达到0.90的时间分别在10,20,25,35,40,50 d左右;乌桕、白蜡水淹50 d涝害指数分别为0.54和0.80,耐涝性明显;墨西哥落羽杉和花叶杞柳受水淹60 d内无明显受害现象。乌桕、白蜡、墨西哥落羽杉、花叶杞柳等树种水淹后茎基部能产生不定根和皮孔,是对淹水胁迫的积极适应,可作为河岸带绿化的备选树种。     

Inferred longevity of Amazonian rainforest trees based on a long-term demographic study

We used data from a long-term (14–18 years) demographic study to infer the maximum longevity for populations of 93 relatively abundant tree species in central Amazonia. We also assessed the influence of several life-history features (wood density, growth form, mortality rate, recruitment rate, stem diameter, growth increment, population density) on tree longevity. Data on 3159 individual trees were collected in 24 permanent, 1 ha plots in undisturbed forest arrayed across a large (ca. 1000 km²) study area. For each species, three estimates of longevity were generated (by dividing the stem diameter of the largest tree by the median, upper quartile, and upper decile of observed diameter-growth rates), and the mean of these three values was used as a longevity estimate. Longevity values ranged from 48 years in the pioneer Pourouma bicolor (Cecropiaceae) to 981 years for the canopy tree Pouteria manaosensis (Sapotaceae), with an overall mean of 336±196 years. These growth-based estimates of maximum tree age were concordant with those derived from analyses of mean mortality rates. Tree longevity was positively correlated with wood density, maximum stem diameter, and population density, and negatively correlated with annual mortality, recruitment, and growth rates. On average, pioneer species had much lower longevity than did non-pioneers, whereas among old-growth trees, emergent species had greater longevity than did canopy species. Our results are consistent with radiocarbon-based studies that suggest that Amazonian trees can occasionally exceed 1000 years of age.     

Retention of aspen (Populus tremulae) at final cuttings - The effect of dead wood characteristics on saproxylic beetles

To preserve biodiversity in managed forest landscapes dead and living trees are retained at final cuttings. In the present study we evaluated the effect of these practices for saproxylic (wood-dependent) beetles inhabiting dead aspen trees (Populus tremulae). For saproxylic beetles, tree retention at final cuttings can be expected to be especially valuable for species adapted to sun-exposed dead wood, a substrate that only rarely occurs in well managed forest stands. Therefore, the current evaluation was conducted as a comparison of species richness, species density (number of species per sample), assemblage composition and occurrence of individual species between clear-cuts, where aspen trees were retained, and closed forest stands with aspen trees. The study was conducted in central Sweden and the beetles were sampled by sieving of bark from CWD (coarse woody debris) of aspen. There was no significant difference in rarefied species richness between forest and clear-cut sites. Species composition differed significantly between the two stand types. Generalized linear mixed-effects models predicted the species density to be 34% lower in CWD objects in forest sites than on clear-cuts. This pattern could partly be explained by differences in CWD diameter, decay class and bark types between the two stand types (clear-cut/forest). Stand type was a significant predictor of occurrence in individual CWD objects for 30% of analysed individual beetle species. For all species except one, the variable stand type predicted higher occurrence on clear-cuts than in forest stands. To conclude, our results demonstrate that retention of aspen on clear-cuts contributes to population recruitment of a different assemblage of species than CWD within stands.     

The effect of nitrogen supply on root growth and development in sycamore and Sitka spruce trees

Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis(Bong.) Carr.) were grown in sand culture in glasshouses withtwo levels of N supplied with irrigation 1.0 (deficient) and6.0 (sufficient) molNm^–3, all as NH₄NO₃. Providing trees with a sufficient N supply increased both theirabove ground growth and N content compared with the N deficientplants. Provision of the generous N supply also altered thedistribution of growth between leaves and roots, with the N-deficientplants having a higher root:leaf or root:needle ratio than thewell fertilized trees. Provision of a generous N supply stimulatedroot growth, especially at the later harvests, which was reflectedmainly in growth of the tap root in sycamore. There was an increasein both root mass and root diameter with N supply. When thegrowth of white roots was monitored using a borescope, it wasshown that there were significantly more new roots producedby the well-fertilized trees. The borescope data also showeddetail of the bimodal seasonal pattern of root growth underhigh N in Sitka spruce which related to trends in nitrogen uptake.     

滩地杨树生长量与高程-淹水时间关系的研究

将同一滩地按高程差0.5 m设置固定样地,并根据样地高程求得12年轮伐期内各高程汛期年均淹水天数,逐年监测样地胸径、树高生长量。湖区滩地杨树各指标生长量均随滩地高程降低、淹水时间增加、地下水位升高而降低。在洞庭湖东南湖,高程在32.8 m以上、年均淹水34.8 d以下滩地可建杨树大径材工业用材林基地,31.8~31.3 m的滩地采取挖沟抬垄措施可用于杨树造林,30.8 m以下的滩地不宜用作杨树造林。     

THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DIFFERENT SPECIES WOOD COLOUR

Woodisnaturalmaterial,naturegivewoodsurfacecolor,g]oss,grain,qualitysenseetc-,whichconsititutedwoodaesthet-icfeeling.Forthisreson,peoplealwaysusedwide]ywoodtomakefurnitureanddecorating,andstlldiedonthequntitativetestingofwoodsurfacevisualphysicalmagnitude.tl-8jTreeswereprocessedoperationbyaseriesofworkingprocesstoformthewoodsurfacewhichwesawandtouchedonfur-nitureanddecorating.Inthesekindsofworkingprocess,whetherthevisualphysi-calmagnitudeofwoodsurfacehadvaria-tionsorthisvariationschangedwoodna…     

Effect of density of trees on drag exerted on trees in river channels

Recently, riparian forests have attracted attention as they are effective for ecological preservation and landscape enhancement. Uses of such forests in flood prevention, sediment control, and erosion control works have been actively promoted. This study aims to clarify the effect of density of riparian trees on drag exerted on trees along river channels under the regime of bed load transport. Hydraulic model experiments were performed using a straight channel, and the methods to calculate the drag coefficient necessary for deriving drag exerted on trees were studied. Previous studies have stated that the drag coefficient of a cylinder is fairly constant when Reynolds number,R _e, is between 10³ and 10⁵ (e.g., Schlichting, 1979). This study clarified, however, that in cases of relatively dense arrangements of model trees (cylinders), the drag coefficient varies greatly with the density of the trees. As such, correlation between the drag coefficient and Reynolds number was found to be slight. Test results indicated that the drag coefficient of trees,C _d, correlates strongly with the coefficient of velocity,U′/U _* ′, friction factor of the channel bed,f′, and roughness concentration of trees × flow depth,aH′ or ratio of the area occupied by trees,λ. Furthermore, the drag coefficient,C _d, was also found to be slightly correlated with the gradient of the channel bed,I. Equations using either of the following parameters were obtained for deriving the drag coefficient,C _d, based on the experiment results:aH′; λ; U′/U _* ′; and Froude numberF _r. These equations allow fairly accurate calculation of drag exerted on trees.     

黄檗种子不同沙藏层积时间和播种密度研究

以黄檗种子和1 a生播种苗为材料,研究不同沙藏层积时间对发芽率与出苗率和不同播种密度对苗高与地径生长的影响,结果表明:当沙藏层积时间达到150 d时,种子发芽率和出苗率均最高,分别为80.85%和64.09%;当播种密度为90株·m~(-2)时,单位面积Ⅰ级苗产量最高,达到96.15%。     

Spatial pattern of paulownia witches' broom and its effects on the growth of Paulownia elongata in Shaanxi Province,China

The spatial pattern of paulownia witches' broom was investigated using an Iwao's(m*-m) model in Shaanxi Province,China.Iwao's(m*-m) model revealed that spatial pattern of paulownia witches' broom exhibited a uniform distribution in sample plots.In this model,characteristics of contagiousness coefficient(α) justified the probability of infection by virus-transmission vectors.For tree age less than six,susceptible individuals were aggregated as clusters in the plots and then mutually repelled over age.A preli...     

叶形在树木叶片气体交换应对风胁迫中的作用

作为环境因子,风与树木的关系较其他因子复杂,树木对风胁迫的响应与适应是植物逆境生理生态学研究的热点和难点。本文综述了不同叶形树种叶片气体交换对风胁迫的响应差异,总结发现风对不同叶形树种叶片气体交换影响的研究结论差异较大,有的甚至截然相反,表明了不同叶形树种叶片气体交换对风胁迫响应的复杂性。同时分析了由叶形引起的微环境、边界层导度和理化特征对叶片气孔交换的影响。     

The economic value of old growth trees in Israel

We estimated the annual value of old growth trees in Israel using a Contingent Valuation (CV) study. We used the payment card (PC) procedure and surveyed both forest visitors as well as a representative sample of the general population. It was found out that the annual value can range between 2.35 and 19.9 million Euros depending on the assumption with respect to who are the beneficiaries of the project. This value is important since old growth trees are used less for active recreation but has an important role in the heritage of the country. As such they should be allocated funds to be preserved. This paper tries to understand the value of this commodity from an economic point of view in order to conclude if it deserves the financial effort needed to be preserved.