不同炮制的茜草对家兔凝血的影响

研究茜草不同炮制方法对家免凝血、凝血酶原时间的影响.选取1.5～2.0 kg健康家兔24只,雌雄不分,随机分成2组,每组12只.第1组静注生茜草水煎醇沉液,第2组静注炒茜草水煎醇沉液,剂量均为1g/kg,给药前及给药后30 min,心脏采血,用试管法分别测定两组家兔凝血时间及凝血酶原时间.结果表明,静注生、炒茜草水煎醇沉液均有促进凝血和缩短凝血酶原时间的作用,用药前后差异极显著(P＜0.01),且生茜草优于炒茜草,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

甘肃高山细毛羊的生产效益分析

根据收集不同年龄羊的养殖产投数据，建立数学模型，得知纯收入最高，应在1．6岁屠宰，但考虑牧草供给与绵羊生长情况，最佳屠宰年龄还与出栏率有关。     

中国美利奴绵羊肉用品系生长轴相关基因表达对其十二指肠发育的影响

本文旨在探讨生长轴基因与羔羊十二指肠生长发育的关系。分别于0、7、14、30、60和90日龄随机选取健康的中国美利奴绵羊(新疆军垦型)肉用品系雌、雄各3只,测定体质量后屠宰,迅速采集其脑垂体、肝脏和十二指肠等组织样品,并测量十二指肠长度。用荧光实时定量PCR法分别测定脑垂体中生长激素(GH)和生长激素释放激素受体(GHRHR),肝脏和十二指肠中生长激素受体(GHR)、胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)和胰岛素样生长因子1受体(IGF-1R)基因表达的发育性变化,并进行了性别间比较。结果表明,羔羊肝脏中GHR基因和十二指肠中GHR、IGF-1基因表达mRNA丰度的变化模式与垂体中GH和GHRHR基因表达mRNA丰度的变化发育模式相似,呈先升高后逐渐下降的趋势,但这种趋势有一定的时差性;十二指肠的日增长发育性变化模式与肝脏中IGF-1基因表达的变化模式相似。结果提示,十二指肠的发育性变化主要受到肝脏中产生的IGF-1内分泌作用的调控,同时也可能受到脑垂体中GH内分泌的直接作用。     

Analyses of hemorrhagic diathesis in high-iron diet-fed rats

Iron overload has been well recognized to cause oxidant-mediated cellular/tissue injury; however, little is known about the effects of iron overload on the blood coagulation system. We encountered an unexpected bleeding tendency in rats fed a high-iron diet in a set of studies using iron-modified diets. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of hemorrhagic diathesis induced by dietary iron overload in rats. Six-week-old F344/DuCrlCrlj male rats were fed a standard (containing 0.02% iron) or a high-iron diet (containing 1% iron) for 6 weeks and were then sampled for hematological, blood biochemical, coagulation, and pathological examinations. Serum and liver iron levels increased in rats fed the high-iron diet (Fe group) and serum transferrin was almost saturated with iron. However, serum transaminase levels did not increase. Moreover, plasma prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were significantly prolonged, regardless of the presence of hemorrhage. The activity of clotting factors II and VII (vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors) decreased significantly, whereas that of factor VIII was unaltered. Blood platelet levels were not influenced by dietary iron overload, suggesting that the bleeding tendency in iron-overloaded rats is caused by secondary hemostasis impairment. In addition, hemorrhage was observed in multiple organs in rats fed diets containing more than 0.8% iron. Our results suggest that iron overload can increase the susceptibility of coagulation abnormalities caused by latent vitamin K insufficiency.     

光照时间突变对鸡群生产性能的影响

选择产蛋性能稳定的鸡群为试验对象，对其突然延长或突然缩短光照时间，次日与每天光照16h的鸡群的生产性能进行比较。试验表明，无论是光照时间的突然延长还是突然缩短都会对蛋鸡生产性能产生明显的负面影响，因此，在产蛋鸡管理过程中应注意保持光照时间的恒定。     

Determination of gastrointestinal passage rate using three different markers in laying hens

The titanium dioxide (TiO₂) marker technique is currently widely practiced as a method to evaluate gastrointestinal (GI) passage rate in poultry. However, this method requires sacrificing the animal to obtain digesta samples, is labour‐intensive and eliminates the possibility of follow‐up studies with the same individual. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the radiographic methods barium‐impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS) and barium sulphate (BaSO₄) suspension are in agreement with the TiO₂ technique and can be used as an alternative method for GI passage rate determination in laying hens. Whole‐body radiographs were taken at different time points. Hens of group 3 (n = 55) were orally inoculated with 5 g of feed mixed with 0.15 g TiO₂, 5 hens per time point sacrificed, and whole gastrointestinal organs (crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine and large intestine) were collected and analysed for TiO₂ content. The average marker passage rate of hens administered BaSO₄ was significantly faster than those administered BIPS (gizzard: 15.2 hr vs. 43.2 hr; small intestine: 15.2 hr vs. 38.4 hr, respectively). A greater percentage of BIPS remained in the crop at 0, 0.5, 2, 3 and 8 hr post‐inoculation (p.i.) and in the gizzard at 2, 24, 36 and 48 hr p.i. (all p < 0.05) compared to TiO₂. In conclusion, the evaluation of the GI transit time is feasible using BIPS, TiO₂ and BaSO₄. The evaluation of the GI transit time using BIPS and BaSO₄ needs further investigation.     

Effect of storage conditions on prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and fibrinogen concentration on canine plasma samples

The present study was to assess the effect of storage conditions on prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and fibrinogen concentration in blood samples of healthy dogs. Thirty-five dogs of various breeds were included in the study. Citrated blood samples were obtained and plasma was divided into four aliquots to assess selected clotting parameters by means of a coagulometer. The first aliquot was analysed within 1 h after collection, while the remaining 3 were stored at 8℃ for 4, 8 and 24 h, respectively. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance documented a significant decreasing effect on PT at 24 h compared to 8 h and on fibrinogen concentration after 8 and 24 h compared to sampling time and at 4 and 24 h compared to 8 h post sampling. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that only fibrinogen appears prone to significant decrease. In fact, aPTT is not substantially affected by refrigeration for at least 24 h post sampling and PT showed a statistical difference that does not necessary indicate biological significance as the results obtained were within reference intervals for the dog.     

RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF GASTRIC EMPTYING AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRANSIT TIME IN HYBRID TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS×O. MOSSAMBICUS)

Hybrid tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus x O. mossambicus) were studied to determine gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit time. The fish were divided into two groups. All fish were fasted for 12 h. The first experiment consisted of 11 fish fed with commercial food pellets and then administration of barium sulfate directly into the stomach using a blunt-end needle. Fish were then radiographed at different time intervals. The second experiment consisted of eight fish, which were given only barium sulfate after 12 h of fasting. In the first experiment, the stomach emptied completely, ranging from 4 to 15h postcontrast medium administration, whereas the gastrointestinal transit time ranged between 10 and 26 h. As for the second experiment, the contrast medium was still retained in the stomach in 50% of the fish after 24 h. The study did not proceed beyond 24 h as fish were considered stressed after this period of time. Thus, no data for the gastrointestinal transit time was obtained.     

Training-induced changes in clotting parameters of athletic horses

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training on prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen (Fb) concentrations in horses to assess potential adaptive response to training. Fifteen clinically healthy horses were enrolled in the present study and equally divided into three groups. Group A completed an intense training program, group B participated in a light training program, and group C included sedentary horses. After 5 weeks, group B was subjected to the same training program completed by group A and renamed group B1. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture from each animal at rest and analyzed within 2 h after sampling. A two-way ANOVA for repeated measures showed a significant effect of training (p < 0.05) on Fb concentrations in group B1 alone during the first week after changing the training program. Our findings demonstrated that Fb is a parameter susceptible to training. Fb plasma levels increase with a more intense training program. However, Fb plasma levels decreased after the first week and returned to basel levels, suggesting that the horses had adapted to the new training program.     

Coagulation values in normal ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) using selected methods and reagents

Background: Accurate determination of commonly measured coagulation values would be useful in the diagnosis and management of coagulopathies in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). We are unaware of reports of coagulation times in this species. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine reference values for prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen concentration, and antithrombin (AT) activity in ferrets using selected methods and reagents. Methods: Blood samples obtained from 18 clinically healthy ferrets were anticoagulated with 0.129 M sodium citrate in a ratio of 9 parts blood to 1 part anticoagulant. Plasma was collected and stored at -70 degrees C until analysis. PT and PTT were measured with a fibrometer and with an ACL 3000 automated system. PTT was measured with and without the addition of ellagic acid. Fibrinogen was assayed by a turbidimetric method. AT activity was determined using a chromogenic assay and pooled ferret plasma (100% activity). Differences in methods and reagents were evaluated using paired t tests. Results: PT was significantly longer using the fibrometer (12.3+/-0.3, 11.6-12.7 seconds) compared with the ACL (10.9+/-0.3, 10.6-11.6 seconds) (P<.01). PTT was not significantly different with the fibrometer (18.7+/-0.9, 17.5-21.1 seconds) vs the ACL (18.1+/-1.1, 16.5-20.5 seconds), but was significantly longer on both analyzers when ellagic acid was added (fibrometer 20.4+/-0.8, 18.9-22.3 seconds; ACL 20.0+/-1.0, 18.6-22.1 seconds) (P<.01). Fibrinogen concentration was 107.4+/-19.8 mg/dL (90.0-163.5 mg/dL), and AT activity was 96%+/-12.7% (69.3-115.3%). Conclusion: These coagulation results for healthy ferrets will be useful in the evaluation of ferrets with coagulopathies, provided similar reagents and methods are used.     

Effect of silage chop length on feed intake and feeding behaviour of finishing feedlot steers

This study determined the effects of silage chop length (20?mm; long or 10?mm; short) and diurnal time on feeding behaviour of 80 feedlots steers. Feed intake and feeding behaviour of each steer in each pen were measured continuously from 0:00 to 12:00?h (AM) and from 12:00 to 24:00?h (PM). Chop length had no effect on feed intake or the growth performance of steers, but longer chop length increased the duration of feeding and reduced the rate of intake. Head down time and head down time per feeding activities were greater during the PM than AM. There was a chop length?×?diurnal time interaction for feeding frequency with the number of bunk visits being greater in the PM than AM for both diets. Feeding activities were 50% higher during the PM than AM when steers were fed either long- or short-chopped silage diets twice daily.     

Activated coagulation times in normal cats and dogs using MAX-ACTTM tubes

Objective  To establish reference values for activated coagulation time (ACT) in normal cats and dogs, by visual assessment of clot formation using the MAX-ACT^TM tube.
Subjects  We recruited 43 cats and 50 dogs for the study; 11 cats and 4 dogs were excluded from the statistical analysis because of abnormalities on clinical examination or laboratory testing including anaemia, prolonged prothrombin time (PT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), or insufficient plasma volume for comprehensive laboratory coagulation testing.
Procedure  Blood samples were collected via direct venipuncture for MAX-ACT, packed cell volume/total solids, manual platelet estimation and PT/APTT measurement. Blood (0.5 mL) was mixed gently in the MAX-ACT tube at 37°C for 30 s, then assessed for clot formation every 5 to 10 s by tipping the tube gently on its side and monitoring for magnet movement. The endpoint was defined as the magnet lodging in the clot. The technique was tested with 10 dogs by collecting two blood samples from the same needle insertion and running a MAX-ACT on each simultaneously.
Results  In normal cats the mean MAX-ACT was 66 s (range 55–85 s). In normal dogs the mean was 71 s (range 55–80 s). There was no statistical difference between the first and second samples collected from the same needle insertion.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance  In both cats and dogs, a MAX-ACT result >85 s should be considered abnormal and further coagulation testing should be performed. Additionally, failure to discard the first few drops of the sample does not appear to significantly affect results.     

A Norwegian Penthrite Granade for Minke Whales: Hunting Trials with Prototypes and Results from the Hunt in 1984,1985 and 1986

A penthrite grenade to replace cold harpoons in the Norwegian minke whale hunt was developed in 1983–1985. Data on survival times for 259 minke whales were collected from the trials in the 1984–86 hunting seasons, when 3 different prototypes were used. About 45% of the whales were killed instantaneously. The median survival time was 72 s. A substantially higher percentage of instantaneous deaths was recorded for penthrite grenades than for cold harpoons. The criteria for death were cessation of flipper movement, relaxation of the mandible, or sinking without any active movement. Some animals dived before the criteria could be controlled. If the central nervous system, heart, lungs or main vessels were damaged, a high percentage of the animals died instantaneously. In most cases, hits and detonations outside the thorax and central nervous system resulted in longer survival times than hits in the thorax. Survival time increased with whale size and range for animals not killed instantaneously. Marksmanship, technical and functional reliability of equipment and hunting techniques were all crucial to a good result. Better training of gunners, improved weapons and hunting equipment and more rapid reshooting of wounded animals would reduce the proportion of long survival times.     

晾晒时间和青贮时间对青贮玉米发酵品质的影响

目的 探究不同晾晒时间和青贮时间对全株青贮玉米发酵品质的影响。方法 以玉米（Zea mays L.）青贮品种“曲辰9号”为试验材料,将乳熟末期的青贮玉米全株收获粉碎后,在阴凉处分别晾晒0（对照,CK）、1、2、3、4 d,然后在塑料桶（5 L）中分别进行青贮,待青贮60、90、120 d时进行发酵品质的评定。结果 青贮玉米的含水量随着晾晒时间的增加而降低,在晾晒2、3、4 d后含水量显著（P<0.05）低于CK;用晾晒2、3、4 d的全株青贮玉米原料进行青贮,pH值显著（P<0.05）高于CK,晾晒2 d青贮120 d处理除外。晾晒时间对乳酸、丁酸、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量均产生显著（P<0.05）影响,青贮时间仅对乳酸、丁酸产生显著（P<0.05）影响,其中,乳酸含量随着青贮时间的延长而增加,丁酸含量在原料晾晒之后明显增加。CK处理中,青贮90、120 d的NDF含量显著（P<0.05）高于青贮60 d处理。利用氨态氮、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸开展V-Score分析,晾晒导致青贮玉米发酵品质降低,试验中品质较优的青贮为原料粉碎后未经晾晒的处理（CK）。结论 在未经晾晒处理下进行青贮60 d的青贮玉米,综合品质较高。在青贮玉米原料含水量为74%时,不建议粉碎之后通过晾晒降低含水量再青贮。     

Resting and Dobutamine Stress Echocardiographic Factors Associated with the Development of Occult Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Healthy Doberman Pinscher Dogs

In 29 healthy Doberman Pinschers, echocardiographic parameters evaluating systolic and diastolic function were examined prospectively at rest and during dobutamine constant rate infusion (5 μg/kg/minute) to determine if any parameters were associated with the development of occult dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). A resting echocardiogram was repeated 1 year later to determine which dogs had met our criteria for occult DCM. Six dogs developed occult DCM during the follow-up period. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that at rest, an increased left ventricular internal dimension in systole (LVID-S) ( P = .02), preejection period (PEP) ( P = .03), ratio of PEP to left ventricular ejection time ( P = .02), and isovolumic relaxation time ( P = .02) were significantly associated with the development of occult DCM. During dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE), high LVID-S ( P = .02) and systolic wall stress index ( P = .04) and reduced fractional shortening ( P = .02) and ratio of peak early to late diastolic mitral filling velocity (E/A) ( P = .05) were associated with the development of occult DCM. Multiple logistic regression showed that LVID-S ( P = .002) and E/A ( P = .002) measured during dobutamine infusion also were associated with the development of occult DCM. Reclassification based on the DSE data was not significantly different than reclassification based on the resting echocardiographic data. Resting echocardiography and DSE have the potential to be clinically applicable screening tests for very early systolic and diastolic dysfunction in Doberman Pinschers, heralding the onset of occult DCM as it is currently defined.     

How to extrapolate a withdrawal time from an EHSLC published detection time: A Monte Carlo simulation appraisal

Reason for performing study: For legitimate medications, veterinarians must advise the owners or trainers of horses on appropriate withholding times after a treatment, to avoid the risk of incurring a positive drug test. Objective: To explore the safety span to select that a veterinarian may extrapolate a tailored withdrawal time (WT) from a generic detection time (DT) as published by the European Horserace Scientific Liaison Committee (EHSLC). Methods: Using Monte Carlo simulations, it was shown that for a low variability of pharmacokinetic parameters (CV = 20%), an uncertainty span of about 40% may be selected to transform a mean DT into a WT (i.e. WT = 1.4 DT), which covers 90% of the horse population. In contrast for a highly variable drug (CV = 40%), an uncertainty factor of about 2.1–2.2 needs to be selected, i.e. a WT that is twice the DT. Results: The relative impact of the different factors of variability on the final WT was documented by a so‐called sensitivity analysis. It was shown that the parameters that have the greatest influence on the value of a DT are those that control the terminal half‐life of the drug disposition. In contrast, parameters controlling the level of urine (or plasma) concentrations (i.e. the actual administered dose, the urine‐to‐plasma ratio and the bioavailability) collectively have a minimal influence on the DT. Conclusions and potential relevance: In practice, this means that the main sources of uncertainty are of biological origin and cannot be reduced by any managerial options. The influence of the number of experimental horses that are used by EHSLC to establish a DT was shown that with the standard EHLSC protocol of 6 horses, half of the trials lead to a proposed DT that is equal to or higher than the population 90^th percentile. Increasing the number of investigated horses to 8 and 10 would increase this last probability to 85 and 90%, respectively.     

Retrospective Study: Trends in plasma transfusion at a veterinary teaching hospital: 308 patients (1996–1998 and 2006–2008)

Objectives – To describe changes in fresh frozen plasma (FFP) utilization over a 10‐year period at a veterinary teaching hospital. To evaluate the effect of FFP administration on specific laboratory parameters. Design – Retrospective observational study. Setting – University teaching hospital. Animals– Two hundred and eighty‐three dogs and 25 cats. Interventions – A hospital database search was performed for all animals receiving FFP during the study periods. Measurements and Main Results – Medical records of patients receiving plasma transfusions from 2006 to 2008 and from 1996 to 1998 were reviewed. Data collected included indications for transfusion, transfused volume, concurrent therapies, clinicopathologic data pre‐ and post‐transfusion, transfusion reactions, days of hospitalization, and outcome. FFP was administered to 112 dogs and 23 cats from 2006 to 2008 and to 171 dogs and 2 cats from 1996 to 1998. Significantly fewer patients received FFP for the treatment of hypoalbuminemia (2006–2008: 15% versus 1996–1998: 53%; P<0.001) or pancreatitis (2006–2008: 2% versus 1996–1998: 13%; P=0.001) and significantly more patients received FFP for coagulopathy (2006–2008: 80% versus 1996–1998: 31%; P<0.001) in the 2006–2008 group compared with the 1996–1998 group. For all patients receiving FFP, there was no difference in mean serum albumin concentration pre‐ and post‐transfusion. Median prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were significantly decreased post FFP administration. No association was found between the volume of plasma administered and outcome. Conclusions – FFP utilization has changed significantly over a 10‐year period. FFP was used most commonly in 2006–2008 for the correction of coagulopathy. FFP administration was associated with significant reduction in prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time but did not significantly alter albumin concentration when administered at median doses of 15–18 mL/kg.