四川省玉米田杂草化学防除技术研究

翻耕地玉米进行土壤封闭处理,33%二甲戊灵EC、999 g/L乙草胺EC对马唐等禾本科杂草防效优良。38%莠去津SC对马唐防效差,对其他杂草防效优良。40%甲草.莠SC对禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草防效优良;苗期除草,80%烟嘧磺隆WP对铁苋菜防效差,对其他杂草防效优良。38%莠去津SC对除马唐以外的禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草防效优良。25%烟嘧磺隆.莠去津SC对禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草防效优良。42.5%氯氟比氧乙酸.2甲4氯EC对辣子草、凹头苋、荠菜防效优良。玉米植株较大(7叶期以上)时,用灭生性除草剂41%草甘膦AS具有传导作用,持效性好。20%百草枯AS除草具触杀性,速效性好。     

Evaluating commercial maize hybrids for resistance to gibberella ear rot

An integral component of breeding maize for resistance to Fusarium graminearum ear rot is the identification of resistant genotypes. Since natural infection is not consistent from year to year, maize researchers must use manual techniques to inoculate the plant material with fungal spores. Information is presented here on site resistance of commercial maize hybrids to F. graminearum over three years and at two locations. Additionally, results of an investigation on the two predominant techniques of inoculating maize, the silk channel and kernel inoculation methods, are reported. Of 61 commercial hybrids tested, only two were ranked as moderately resistant to the fungus by both inoculation methods. These two hybrids also had a stable response to the F. graminearum infection across seven environments when the silk channel inoculation method was used. The majority of the hybrids were ranked as either susceptible or highly susceptible and less than 10% of the hybrids had a stable response to fungal infection. In the investigation of methodology, it was concluded that silk browning would be the least laborious way to identify the ideal time to complete silk channel inoculations. It was found that kernel inoculations using the pin inoculation method should take place between 11 and 15 days after 50% silking to achieve proper hybrid discrimination. Mist irrigation increased mold severity ratings and resulted in greater discrimination between hybrids with varying levels of resistance to F. graminearum infection.     

Suppression of pre- and postemergence damping-off in corn by Burkholderia cepacia

Burkholderia cepacia (syn. Pseudomonas cepacia) strain PHQM100 applied as a seed coating was tested in growth chamber experiments for its ability to suppress preemergence damping-off, and postemergence damping-off in corn induced by Pythium and Fusarium spp. The symptoms observed in bioassays with soils naturally infested with the fungal pathogens were seed rot with Pythium spp. and mesocotyl and root tissue necrosis in the presence of Fusarium spp. Three corn cultivars that differed in their susceptibility to damping-off pathogens were used. Cultivar L was susceptible to pre- and postemergence damping-off, whereas cv. LPDP and cv. LG11 were moderately resistant and resistant to the damping-off diseases respectively. In the presence of Pythium spp., seed treatment with B. cepacia reduced seed rot, as compared to the untreated seeds, and this reduction was more consistent in the cv. LPDP than in the resistant cv. LG11 or the susceptible cv. L. In soils infested with Fusarium spp., seed treatment significantly reduced root and mesocotyl necrosis as compared to the untreated seeds, and this reduction was more consistent in the resistant cultivars LG11 and LPDP than in the susceptible cv. L. Root colonization levels by B. cepacia were similar in the three corn cultivars tested. Biocontrol efficiency of B. cepacia varied among cultivars mainly due to the differences in their susceptibility to the fungal pathogens. In spite of variability and also irrespective of the soil characteristics, B. cepacia increased seedling emergence and decreased mesocotyl and root necrosis when used as a seed coating.     

Crop competitive ability contributes to herbicide performance in sweet corn

Crop variety effects on herbicide performance is not well characterised, particularly for sweet corn, a crop that varies greatly among hybrids in competitive ability with weeds. Field studies were used to determine the effects of crop competitive ability on season‐long herbicide performance in sweet corn. Two sethoxydim‐tolerant sweet corn hybrids were grown in the presence of Panicum miliaceum and plots were treated post‐emergence with a range of sethoxydim doses. Significant differences in height, leaf area index and intercepted light were observed between hybrids near anthesis. Across a range of sub‐lethal herbicide doses, the denser canopy hybrid Rocker suppressed P. miliaceum shoot biomass and fecundity to a greater extent than the hybrid Cahill. Yield of sweet corn improved to the level of the weed‐free control with increasing sethoxydim dose. The indirect effect of herbicide dose on crop yield, mediated through P. miliaceum biomass reduction, was significant for all of the Cahill’s yield traits but not Rocker. These results indicate that a less competitive hybrid requires relatively more weed suppression by the herbicide to not only reduce weed growth and seed production, but also to maintain yield. Sweet corn competitive ability consistently influences season‐long herbicide performance.     

Predicted impact of transgenic, herbicidetolerant corn on drinking water quality in vulnerable watersheds of the mid-western USA

In the intensely farmed corn-growing regions of the mid-western USA, surface waters have often been contaminated by herbicides, principally as a result of rainfall runoff occurring shortly after application of these to corn and other crops. In some vulnerable watersheds, water quality criteria for chronic human exposure through drinking water are occasionally exceeded. We selected three settings representative of vulnerable corn-region watersheds, and used the PRZM-EXAMS model with the Index Reservoir scenario to predict corn herbicide concentrations in the reservoirs as a function of herbicide properties and use pattern, site characteristics and weather in the watersheds. We compared herbicide application scenarios, including broadcast surface pre-plant atrazine and alachlor applications with a glyphosate pre-plant application, scenarios in which losses of herbicides were mitigated by incorporation or banding, and scenarios in which only glyphosate or glufosinate post-emergent herbicides were used with corn genetically modified to be resistant to them. In the absence of drift, in almost all years a single runoff event dominates the input into the reservoir. As a result, annual average pesticide concentrations are highly correlated with annual maximum daily values. The modeled concentrations were generally higher than those derived from monitoring data, even for no-drift model scenarios. Because of their lower post-emergent application rates and greater soil sorptivity, glyphosate and glufosinate loads in runoff were generally one-fifth to one-tenth those of atrazine and alachlor. These model results indicate that the replacement of pre-emergent corn herbicides with the post-emergent herbicides allowed by genetic modification of crops would dramatically reduce herbicide concentrations in vulnerable watersheds. Given the significantly lower chronic mammalian toxicity of these compounds, and their vulnerability to breakdown in the drinking water treatment process, risks to human populations through drinking water would also be reduced.     

Maize resistance to northern corn leaf blight is potentiated by nickel

Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), caused by Exserohilum turcicum, is one of the most devastating diseases affecting maize yield worldwide. A foliar spray of nickel (Ni) to potentiate maize resistance against NCLB was investigated by examining alterations in the photosynthetic apparatus (leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll [Chl] a fluorescence parameters), production of ethylene and reactive oxygen species as well as activities of defence and antioxidant enzymes. Mycelial growth of E. turcicum was inhibited by Ni in vitro. Inoculated plants sprayed with Ni exhibited higher foliar Ni concentration, reduced NCLB symptoms, and lower concentrations of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide. In inoculated leaves of plants not sprayed with Ni, concentrations of Chl a, Chl b, and carotenoids were lower and the photosynthetic apparatus was impaired at the biochemical level due to high NCLB severity. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were not affected by Ni, except an increase in glutathione reductase activity for noninoculated plants sprayed with Ni. High lipoxygenase and polyphenoloxidase activities, lower ethylene production, as well as elevated production of phenolics and lignin helped decrease NCLB severity in the leaves of Ni-sprayed plants.     

Field evaluation of sweet corn varieties for their potential as a trap crop for Helicoverpa zea under tropical conditions

Corn (Zea mays) is widely cultivated for human food and animal feed and also provides an ecosystem service as a trap crop for the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tomato cropping systems. To be able to use corn as a trap crop for H. zea and to prevent it turning into a source of infestation, varieties are needed that are both attractive and resistant to H. zea. The main objective of this study was to compare the attractiveness to oviposition by H. zea and the resistance to H. zea of 10 sweet corn varieties in field conditions. We found Java, Garrison, Nova and Shinerock varieties that were both attractive to H. zea with a similar or higher number of eggs laid on silks than in the susceptible corn varieties, and resistant to H. zea, with fewer larvea per ear than in susceptible corn varieties. These varieties provide favorable habitats for generalist predators, ants, spiders, minute pirate bugs and lady beetles, which may account for their “dead-end” properties. Tropical farmers now have sweet corn varieties that can serve both as cash crops and as trap crops for H. zea.     

模拟降雨量下微集水种植对玉米光合速率及水分利用效率的影响

利用人工模拟降雨装置,设置平作和垄作两种种植方式,以平作为对照组,研究了玉米在垄沟集雨下光合特性和水分利用效率的变化。结果表明,在230 mm3、40 mm的降雨量下,沟垄集雨种植玉米的光合速率显著高于对照组,分别提高了41.1%和10.5%,在440 mm的降雨量下,两者的差异不显著;在3个雨量下,沟垄集雨种植玉米的叶片瞬时水分利用效率比对照组均有提高,分别提高了20.5%、18.9%和10.7%;沟垄集雨种植玉米和对照组的光合速率日变化均呈"单峰型"曲线,对照组水分利用效率在230 mm、340 mm降雨量下呈"单峰型"曲线,在440 mm降雨量下呈现逐渐下降的趋势,沟垄集雨种植的玉米水分利用效率均呈"单峰型"曲线。     

益锄防除玉米地杂草试验报告

40%益锄悬浮剂和50%乙草胺乳油于玉米播后苗前喷施,可有效地控制杂草的危害。40%益锄悬浮剂的使用剂量为2250~3750ml/hm2,50%乙草胺乳油的使用剂量为2100ml/hm2,均对玉米安全。     

玉米及玉米田3种杂草对草地贪夜蛾生长发育和产卵的影响

为研究草地贪夜蛾在玉米田周围杂草上的生长发育情况,对草地贪夜蛾田间防控提供参考,本研究在(28±1)℃,相对湿度(70±5)%,光周期L∥D=16 h∥8 h的人工气候箱条件下,选用玉米Zea mays及玉米田常见的主要杂草扁穗雀麦Bromus catharticus、白花三叶草Trifolium repens、三叶鬼针草Bidens pilosa,探究了草地贪夜蛾在这4种植物上不同虫态的发育历期、蛹重以及卵的孵化率、1~3龄幼虫对4种植物的选择性等。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾在4种植物上均可完成整个世代的生长发育。其中三叶鬼针草处理的草地贪夜蛾幼虫期和蛹期最长,分别为15.97 d和8.33 d;三叶鬼针草处理下草地贪夜蛾蛹重为107.90 mg,显著低于其他3种植物处理的蛹重(P<0.05),玉米、白花三叶草、扁穗雀麦处理的蛹重分别为243.50、239.97、235.80 mg;草地贪夜蛾在4种植物上产卵量具有显著差异(P<0.05),白花三叶草上最高,为2302粒,三叶鬼针草上最低,为827粒;草地贪夜蛾1~3龄幼虫在玉米、扁穗雀麦和白花三叶草上的发育适合度高于三叶鬼针草。草地贪夜蛾在玉米田周围常见3种杂草上可完成生长发育,在防治草地贪夜蛾时,玉米收获后应尽快清除田边杂草,以减少第二季或者次年玉米上的种群基数。     

烟嘧磺隆OF防除玉米田杂草的效果及安全性

8％烟嘧磺隆0F48—72g/hm^2能有效防除玉米田一年生杂草,药后30d对马唐、狗尾草、藜、铁苋菜、异型莎草的株防效为94．7％-98．5％,鲜重防效为93．7—98.4％。在推荐剂量下,对玉米生长安全。     

河北省玉米田综合除草技术

随着城乡一体化进程加快,劳动力市场进一步放开,农村进城务工农民增加,造成农村以妇女、老人务农为主。为此,大田作物使用除草剂范围随之迅速发展。推广除草剂使用技术,应是农业技术推广工作者今后一段时期的主要任务。本文对河北省常用除草剂进行了分类,并重点探讨了玉米田综合除草技术。     

玉米田主要杂草对烟嘧磺隆的抗性

为明确我国玉米田杂草对烟嘧磺隆的抗性水平及分布现状,于2010—2011年自山东、吉林、四川、河北4省采集连续多年施用烟嘧磺隆的玉米田杂草种子样本121个,在温室内采用盆栽法测定了其对烟嘧磺隆的抗性。结果显示:4个杂草样本对烟嘧磺隆产生了抗性,其中山东淄博张店区傅家镇高家村的牛筋草抗性种群的GR50为25.76g/hm2,是敏感种群(1.33g/hm2)的19.37倍,已产生明显的抗药性;四川彭山县谢家镇岳油村的稗草、河北大城县广安镇夏屯村的虎尾草和河北邯郸的狗尾草分别产生了6.14、5.43和5.65倍的低水平抗性;其余杂草样本均无明显抗性。同一杂草不同采集地点的敏感样本对烟嘧磺隆的敏感性存在差异。     

烟嘧磺隆·莠去津防除春玉米田杂草的效果

防除春玉米田一年生2～3叶期稗草、灰菜、反枝苋,用52％烟嘧磺隆·莠去津WP100—125g／667m。进行茎叶喷雾处理,药后30d对杂草鲜重防效为96．0％～97．8％,好于4％玉农乐SC100g／667m^2和莠去津SC200g／667m^2,可达到一次用药同时防除玉米田单双子叶杂草的目的。     

Genetic diversity and mixed infections of begomoviruses infecting tomato, pepper and cucurbit crops in Nicaragua

Begomoviruses were detected in Nicaraguan fields of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) and adjacently growing plants of pepper ( Capsicum annuum ), chilli pepper ( C . baccatum ), cushaw ( Cucurbita argyrosperma ) and Mexican fireplant ( Euphorbia heterophylla ) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and universal begomovirus primers. All tomato and Mexican fireplant plants showing symptoms were infected with begomoviruses, while only 30–46% of the pepper, chilli pepper and cushaw plants showing symptoms tested virus-positive. No begomoviruses were found in potato. The virus species were provisionally identified by sequencing 533 bp of the viral coat protein gene ( AV1 ). Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV), Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus (ToLCSinV) and Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV) were found to infect both tomato and pepper. A new provisional species designated Tomato leaf curl Las Playitas virus (ToLCLPV) was detected in a tomato plant. Squash yellow mottle virus (SYMoV) and PepGMV were found in cucurbits, the latter for the first time in this host. Euphorbia mosaic virus (EuMV) was detected in Mexican fireplant. Sequencing of a larger number of PCR-amplified clones from selected plants revealed intraspecific viral sequence variability, and also multiple begomovirus infections which could represent up to three species in a single tomato or cushaw plant. Phylogenetic grouping of virus sequences did not correlate with the host of origin.     

阔草除EC防除玉米田杂草试验小结

田间试验结果表明，36必阔草除EC150g／667m^2对水30kg在玉米2～3叶期作茎叶喷雾，防除玉米田阔叶杂草效果稳定，防效在92％～96％。