基质分散固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定玉米籽粒中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留

本研究采用乙腈提取、基质分散固相萃取净化、超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分离测定,建立了高灵敏度的可同时测定玉米籽粒中8种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量的方法.对样品前处理方法和仪器条件进行了优化.8种氨基甲酸酯类农药在0.5～500 μg/L浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均在0.996 3～0.999 6.平均加标回收率在53.56％～107.71％,相对标准偏差为6.43％～15.82％.该方法简便、快速、灵敏,适合于玉米等作物籽粒中8种氨基甲酸酯类农药的同时测定.     

农产品质量安全快速检测试剂盒评价方法研究

通过对农产品质量安全检测监管工作中所使用的快速检测产品的梳理,将快速检测试剂盒分为定量型、定性型、非定量非定性型试剂盒3类,分别以酶联免疫快速检测试剂盒、胶体金免疫层析法快速检测试剂盒和植物性样品中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的酶抑制-比色法快速检测试剂盒为例,根据各类试剂盒的特征和检测目的,从准确度、精密度、重复性、检出限、定量限、线性范围、特异性、基质效应、完成批量样品所用的时间、前处理过程中使用的仪器数量、前处理方法的难易程度、对农药的敏感性等方面对3类试剂盒的评价方法进行了初步探索和研究。     

鳞茎类蔬菜农药残留色谱质谱分析中前处理方法研究进展

鳞茎类蔬菜因其所含硫化物导致其农药残留的色谱质谱法检测受到较大干扰.为了开发出高通量的鳞茎类蔬菜中农药残留分析方法,本文将有关鳞茎类蔬菜农药残留的色谱质谱法检测方面的文献进行梳理,对样品的前处理方法进行归纳.根据现有文献,认为钝化酶的方法在制样时考虑样品的整体使用量和样品的特点,将样品切大段(葱、韭菜、蒜薹等)或去除表...     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测谷物、油料和植物油中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留

为了建立谷物、油料和植物油中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UHPLC-MS/MS)快速检测技术,本研究探明了玉米、小麦、糙米、花生、大豆和大豆油为基质的样品前处理条件,采用乙腈提取,盐析后乙二胺N-丙基硅烷(PSA)净化,正离子多反应监测(MRM)模式测定。结果显示,克百威、甲萘威、抗蚜威等28种氨基甲酸酯农药在各自的线性范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数均大于0.996;添加回收结果显示, 28种农药在0.02、 0.10和0.50mg/kg 3个加标水平下的平均回收率为65.2%～122.8%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)为0.4%～19.1%,方法定量限为0.01～0.02mg/kg。该方法简便、快速,灵敏度高,适用于粮食、油料和植物油中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的快速筛查检测。     

农产品中农药残留分析技术研究进展

农药残留的极性中毒事件和农产品进出口贸易中农药残留超标问题时有发生,农药残留分析是保证人民群众食品安全和进出口企业利益的重要手段,近年来农产品中农药残留分析技术有了快速的发展。本文主要在农药残留分析中的样品前处理和仪器检测2方面对近5年来的研究进展进行分析和讨论,主要探讨了前处理中的QuEChERS方法的应用、改进和发展,以及仪器检测手段中串联质谱的应用现状及高分辨质谱的应用前景,最后对农药残留分析这两方面的发展进行了展望。     

土壤中多环芳烃和氨基甲酸酯等农药分析

应用超高效液相色谱和质谱串联技术对吉林省中部地区土壤中多环芳烃及氨基甲酸酯农药类成分进行含量测定分析。以超声波提取作为提取方法,以在线固相萃取作为纯化方法,以超高效色谱-三重四级杆质谱作为分析方法,共分离检测出12个多环芳烃类化合物,分别为:萘、苊、苊烯、氟、菲、蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并[a]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽和茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘。11个氨基甲酸酯及其它类农药,分别为:灭多威,多菌灵,甲萘威,克百威,啶虫脒,涕灭威亚砜,涕灭威砜,苯醚甲环唑,阿维菌素,灭幼脲和氟虫腈。利用超声波提取和在线固相萃取法可以有效地提取纯化土壤中多环芳烃和氨基甲酸酯类农药。超高效液相色谱和质谱联用技术可以有效地分析食品中多环芳烃和有机氯农药类成分。     

禽类产品中农药残留分析方法研究

家禽体内的农药残留会不断累积,并可能经由食物链富集作用威胁人类健康。本文介绍了禽类产品中农药残留检测样品前处理方法及分析方法。     

辐照降解中草药中氨基甲酸酯和有机磷残留

为了对中草药中残留农药的去除提供新的方法和依据,本文研究了辐照剂量、含水量等不同因子对人参中氨基甲酸酯及有机磷农药去除率的影响,同时探讨了白茯苓等不同中草药基质中两类农药同一剂量辐照的去除效果。结果表明:电子束辐照可有效加速氨基甲酸酯和有机磷农药残留的降解;低剂量辐照下的农药降解不如高剂量的效果明显,农药辐照降解率随着辐照剂量的增大呈增加的趋势,并在4～10 kGy区间内有波动;在不同的中草药基质中,有机磷农药降解效果普遍优于氨基甲酸酯农药。     

土壤中酞酸酯类化合物监测方法和加标回收率分析

酞酸酯是我国优先控制的环境污染物之一。组织全国22个省的四十余家实验室在现有仪器条件下分别完成土壤标准样品和实际样品中6种酞酸酯的测定,并对大量监测数据进行了统计分析和系统性研究,从结果控制的角度对土壤中PAEs监测方法进行了探讨,评估了前处理方法和分析方法对质量控制结果的影响程度,提出了6种PAEs加标回收率测定的控制指标,旨在为开展质量控制工作提供评价依据。     

食品中农药残留检测技术进展

食品农药残留检测的方法可分为常规仪器检测和快速检测.常规的农药残留分析方法如质谱法、气相色谱法、液相色谱法等.常规检测手段不能满足样品现场快速检测的要求,迫使人们运用新的原理和方法去开发特异性强、方便快捷、灵敏度高、准确安全的快速检测新技术.因此,近几年在各个领域展开了农药残留快速检测技术的研究,目前研究和应用较多的农药残留快速检测技术主要是酶联免疫分析法和酶抑制法.     

中国农田土壤农药污染现状和防控对策

随着农药长期大量的施用,农药残留及其污染问题日益严重。因此,针对我国农业生产中涉及的三类主要农药除草剂、杀虫剂和杀菌剂的施用情况及其农田土壤中残留特征进行了阐述,对农田土壤因农药残留造成的作物抗性危害、生态环境风险以及人类健康潜在风险等进行了分析,并对农药污染农田土壤的微生物修复、植物修复以及菌根修复的研究状况进行了介绍,在此基础上提出了农田土壤农药污染综合治理的防控对策。     

Environmental Risk Assessment for Pesticides in the Atmosphere; The Results of an International Workshop

The Health Council of the Netherlands organised an international workshop on the fate of pesticides in the atmosphere and possible approaches for their regulatory environmental risk assessment. Approximately forty experts discussed what is currently known about the atmospheric fate of pesticides and major gaps in our understanding were identified. They favoured a tiered approach for assessing the environmental risks of atmospheric dispersion of these chemicals. In the first tier a pesticide's potential for emission during application, as well as its volatilisation potential should be assessed. Estimates of the former should be based on the application method and the formulation, estimates of the latter on a compound's solubility in water, saturated vapour pressure and octanol/water partition coefficient. Where a pesticide's potential for becoming airborne exceeds critical values, it should be subjected to a more rigorous second tier evaluation which considers its toxicity to organisms in non-target areas. This evaluation can be achieved by calculating and comparing a predicted environmental concentration (PEC) and a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). By applying an extra uncertainty factor the PNEC can be provisionally derived from standard toxicity data that is already required for the registration of pesticides. Depending on the distance between the source and the reception area, the PEC can be estimated for remote areas using simple dispersion, trajectory type models and for nearby areas using common dispersion models and standard scenarios of pesticide use. A pesticide's atmospheric transport potential is based on factors such as its reaction rate with OH radicals. It should be used to discriminate between those compounds for which only the risks to nearby ecosystems have to be assessed, and those for which the risks to remote ecosystems also have to be determined. The participants were of the opinion that this approach is, in principle, scientifically feasible, although the remaining uncertainties are substantial. Further field and laboratory research is necessary to gain more reliable estimates of the physico-chemical properties of pesticides, to validate and improve environmental fate models and to validate the applicability of standard toxicity data. This will increase both the accuracy of and our confidence in the outcome of the risk assessment.     

Atmospheric Transport and Air-Surface Exchange of Pesticides

Atmospheric transport and exchange of pesticides with soil, vegetation, water and atmospheric particles are discussed, with an emphasis on applying physicochemical properties of the compound to describe environmental partitioning. The octanol-air partition coefficient is promoted as a unifying property for describing volatilization of pesticides from soil and sorption to aerosols. Present-day sources of organochlorine (OC) pesticides to the atmosphere are continued usage in certain countries and volatilization from contaminated soils where they were used in the past. Models are available to predict volatilization from soil; however, their implementation is hampered by lack of soil residue data on a regional scale. The need to differentiate "new" and "old" sources is increasing, as countries negotiate international controls on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). A new technique, based on the analysis of individual pesticide enantiomers, is proposed to follow emission of chiral OC pesticides from soil and water. Air monitoring programs in the Arctic show the ubiquitous presence of OC pesticides, PCBs and other POPs, and recently a few "modern" pesticides have been identified in fog and surface seawater. Atmospheric loadings of POPs to oceans and large lakes take place mainly by air-water gas exchange. In the case of OC pesticides and PCBs, aquatic systems are often near air-water equilibrium or even oversaturated. Measurement of water/air fugacity ratios suggests revolatilization of PCBs and several OC pesticides in the Great Lakes and, for α-hexachloroacyclohexane (α-HCH), in the Arctic Ocean. Outgassing of α-HCH in large lakes and arctic waters has been confirmed by enantiomeric tracer studies. The potential for pesticides to be atmospherically transported depends on their ability to be mobilized into air and the removal processes that take place enroute: wet and dry deposition of gases and particles and chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Measurement of reaction rate constants for pesticides in the gas and particle phase at a range of environmental temperatures is a critical research need. The transport distance of a chemical is related to its overall environmental persistence, determined by the partitioning among different compartments (water, sediment, soil, air), degradation rates in each compartment and mode of emission (into water, soil, air). Several pesticides found in the arctic environment have predicted lifetimes in the gas phase of only a few days in temperate climates, pointing out the need for monitoring and evaluation of persistence in cold regions.     

Environmental consequences of increasing food production

The success of agriculture in the technologically-advanced countries has been accompanied by a number of environmental problems. These problems have arisen because of the need for insecticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, and the local accumulation of large quantities of animal wastes. The less-developed nations have not achieved the same success in food production, and yet it is prudent for them to give attention even now to the environmental consequences of agricultural activities. They must initiate courses of action, so that there will be the least possible environmental perturbation as they come to rely more and more on pesticides and fertilizers. Both the advanced and the less-developed countries, however, must now devote considerable effort to minimizing salinization, erosion, and soil deterioration.     

三唑类农药的微生物降解研究进展

三唑类农药是一种广泛使用的防治植物病害的杀菌剂和植物生长调节剂，可通过抑制麦角甾醇的合成阻碍病原菌的细胞壁形成，从而起到防治作物病害的作用，也能抑制植物赤霉素合成延缓植物生长；但因大范围应用及其难以降解的特性，污染环境和影响人类健康。为给三唑类农药的微生物降解提供参考，基于文献研究，梳理总结了三唑类农药降解菌的种类、影响降解的环境因素和降解机理方面的研究进展，明确了微生物在不同环境中能有效降解三唑类农药，微生物降解技术有望应用于治理三唑类农药造成的环境污染。     

土壤酶对土壤环境质量指示作用的研究进展

土壤环境质量是土壤容纳、吸收和降解各种环境污染的能力。各种污染物(农业、工业)进入土壤后,都会对土壤的环境质量造成一定的影响。土壤酶作为土壤中的重要组成部分,是土壤中产生专一生物化学反应的生物催化剂,对土壤环境质量的变化反应迅速,常被用来作为指示土壤环境质量的生物学指标。因此本文综述土壤酶对化肥、农药、污水污泥、城市垃圾和重金属的指示作用,为污染土壤的修复提供理论依据。     

Herbicide 2,4-D: A Review of Toxicity on Non-Target Organisms

The intensive use of pesticides has increased exponentially in Brazil and worldwide due to the need to meet the food demands of a growing population. If the management/monitoring of the use of pesticides is adequately performed, it would not compromise the expected benefits or have negative effects on the environment as a whole. In order to examine the information available on herbicide use in Brazil and worldwide, this paper presents a review of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and its chemical properties, action on target organisms, environmental fate, and toxicity to non-target organisms. This herbicide is a synthetic auxin used to control broad-leaved weeds, and the action in target organisms is well known. Although 2,4-D has been widely used worldwide, many studies have shown that this herbicide induces alterations in non-target organisms. Therefore, ecotoxicology studies are important to assess the risk the herbicides can be to different ecosystems. Thus, it is advised to use this herbicide and other pesticides with caution.     

生物传感器在农药残留检测中的应用

农药的广泛使用需要可靠的工具对其进行监测,从而保护人类和环境安全。传统的分析方法由于繁琐耗时或仪器的昂贵有其局限性。生物传感器是一种以生物活性单元为敏感元件,结合化学、物理转换元件,对被分析物具有高度选择性的仪器,可以用来检测农药残留等污染物。该文综述了近年来生物传感器在环境、食品和农产品农药残留检测中的研究进展。     

新烟碱类杀虫剂降解特性研究进展

新烟碱类杀虫剂是合成的具有较强杀虫能力的类烟碱衍生物,其已经发展成为世界上使用最广泛的一类杀虫剂。在过去的20年里,新烟碱类杀虫剂的环境残留由于大规模的应用而急剧增加。因此探究有效的新烟碱类杀虫剂的降解方法势在必行。新烟碱类杀虫剂的光解和水解及降解途径已有报道。与化学方法相比,生物修复是一种经济、环保的处理农药污染环境的方法。然而,关于微生物降解新烟碱类杀虫剂及其代谢途径和降解机制的研究较少。因此,本文就新烟碱类杀虫剂的化学和微生物降解及其降解机制进行综述,并对微生物降解新烟碱杀虫剂未来的研究重点和方向提出了展望。