RAFT聚合制备两亲性嵌段共聚物及其应用研究

研究用两亲性嵌段共聚物和纳米二氧化硅制备超疏水表面.采用可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合法(RAFT)合成了两亲性嵌段共聚物聚甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯-b-聚(4-乙烯基吡啶),用红外光谱,核磁共振,凝胶渗透色谱对聚合物进行了表征,将嵌段共聚物接枝到纳米二氧化硅上,形成一个有机无机杂化材料,通过调节pH值来控制杂化材料在水中的聚集行为,构筑了微纳双重结构的粗糙表面.该表面为超疏水表面,对水接触角达151°,滚动角<5°.扫描电镜分析表面形貌表明:具有微纳双重结构的类似荷叶表面是形成超疏水的根本原因.     

Ion-Induced Morphological Changes in "Crew-Cut" Aggregates of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers

The addition of ions in micromolar (CaCl2 or HCl) or millimolar (NaCl) concentrations can change the morphology of "crew-cut" aggregates of amphiphilic block copolymers in dilute solutions. In addition to spherical, rodlike, and univesicular or lamellar aggregates, an unusual large compound vesicle morphology can be obtained from a single block copolymer. Some features of the spontaneously formed large compound vesicles may make them especially useful as vehicles for delivering drugs and as models of biological cells. Gelation of a dilute spherical micelle solution can also be induced by ions as the result of the formation of a cross-linked "pearl necklace" morphology.     

Multiple Morphologies of "Crew-Cut" Aggregates of Polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid) Block Copolymers

The observation by transmission electron microscopy of six different stable aggregate morphologies is reported for the same family of highly asymmetric polystyrene-poly-(acrylic acid) block copolymers prepared in a low molecular weight solvent system. Four of the morphologies consist of spheres, rods, lamellae, and vesicles in aqueous solution, whereas the fifth consists of simple reverse micelle-like aggregates. The sixth consists of up to micrometer-size spheres in aqueous solution that have hydrophilic surfaces and are filled with the reverse micelle-like aggregates. In addition, a needle-like solid, which is highly birefringent, is obtained on drying of aqueous solutions of the spherical micelles. This range of morphologies is believed to be unprecedented for a block copolymer system.     

基于树枝状嵌段共聚物的载药微球的制备及其药物释放表征

为建立一种树枝状共聚物载药微球的制备方法及其药物释放行为的体外评价机制,研究采用实验室自制的4代树枝状大分子引发剂PEG-G4-(OH)32引发己内酯开环聚合,合成了一系列树枝状三嵌段共聚物,并对其结构进行了表征;采用乳液-溶剂挥发法制备了共聚物-紫杉醇载药微球。研究结果显示,以树枝状嵌段共聚物为壁材的载药微球形貌规整,表面平滑,粒径范围为1.92～2.54μm,载药量为15.7%～20.6%;在0～3d的时间里载药微球释药明显,在随后的3～15d的时间里基本呈现线性的零级释放效果。该研究首次采用树枝化聚己内酯的嵌段共聚物制备载药微球,与以线性聚己内酯为壁材制备的载药微球进行了对比,结果表明,前者药物缓释效果更好,具有一定的临床应用前景。     

Effects of Monomer Structure on Their Organization and Polymerization in a Smectic Liquid Crystal

Photopolymerizable diacrylate monomers dissolved in fluid-layer smectic A and smectic C liquid crystal (LC) hosts exhibited significant spatial segregation and orientation that depend strongly on monomer structure. Small, flexible monomers such as 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) oriented parallel to the smectic layers and intercalated, whereas rod-shaped mesogen-like monomers such as 1,4-di-(4-(6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy)benzoyloxy)-2-methylbenzene (C6M) oriented normal to the smectic layers and collected within them. Such spatial segregation caused by the smectic layering dramatically enhanced photopolymerization rates; for HDDA, termination rates were reduced, whereas for C6M, both the termination and propagation rates were increased. These polymerization precursor structures suggest novel materials-design paradigms for gel LCs and nanophase-separated polymer systems.     

Stress-induced Vortex Line Helixing Avalanches in the Plastic Flow of a Smectic A Liquid Crystal

Dynamic surface force measurements of the response of a smectic A to layer normal stress exhibited time dependence for topological events in which single smectic layers were added or removed. Single layer-sized jumps in sample thickness had a rapid component of duration of approximately 1 second that produced most of the change in separation, but that was heralded by a slow precursor acceleration in separation, which began up to a few hundred seconds before. This avalanche-like dynamic signature is consistent with a relaxation mechanism based on the Glaberson-Clem-Bourdon instability of vortex lines (screw dislocations) in the smectic order parameter.     

"Coulomb Staircase" at Room Temperature in a Self-Assembled Molecular Nanostructure

Double-ended aryl dithiols [alpha,alpha'-xylyldithiol (XYL) and 4,4'-biphenyldithiol] formed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold(111) substrates and were used to tether nanometer-sized gold clusters deposited from a cluster beam. An ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscope was used to image these nanostructures and to measure their current-voltage characteristics as a function of the separation between the probe tip and the metal cluster. At room temperature, when the tip was positioned over a cluster bonded to the XYL SAM, the current-voltage data showed "Coulomb staircase" behavior. These data are in good agreement with semiclassical predictions for correlated single-electron tunneling and permit estimation of the electrical resistance of a single XYL molecule (approximately18 ± 12 megohms).     

淀粉接枝共聚吸水树脂的研究进展

介绍了淀粉接枝引发的种类,综述了淀粉接枝丙烯腈类,丙烯酸类和丙烯酰胺类三大系列吸水树脂的研究进展及应用,并对其存在问题和今后发展方向进行了展望.     

Molecular-Level Control over Surface Order in Self-Assembled Monolayer Films of Thiols on Gold

Long-chain omegahydroxyalkanethiols [HS(CH(2))nOH] coordinate to gold surfaces through the sulfur atom and produce ordered, hydrophilic monolayers in which the hydroxyl groups are exposed at the outer surface. Coadsorption of two omega-hydroxyalkanethiols of different chain lengths n resulted in the formation of a monolayer having a disordered surface region that was markedly less hydrophilic than the homogeneous, hydroxylic surface formed from either pure compound. By controlling the composition of the monolayer, it was also possible to control simultaneously the degree of order in the surface and its hydrophilicity. In the monolayers containing a mixture of alkanethiol components, these components apparently did not phase-segregate into macroscopic islands, but were dispersed on a molecular scale. assistance and many useful discussions.     

Preliminary Identification of Crystalline Phases in a Transparent Stalactite

A phenotypic male of Mollienesia formosa, a gynogenetic fish, has been collected at Brownsville, Texas. The male and female fish are essentially similar, and their morphology supports a hypothesis that the species is of hybrid origin.     

L-苯丙氨酸在密度差分相液膜中的传输

采用密度差分相液膜技术，以二（2-乙基已基）磷酸（P204）为载体，研究了L-苯丙氨酸（L-phe)在密度差分相液膜中的传输，考察了表面活性剂质量分数，载体质量分数，初始料液酸度，油相与料液水相两相密度差。反萃液水相与油相两相密度差对L-phe迁移率的影响，实验结果表明，密度差分相液膜对L-phe有显著的迁移富集作用，在最佳传质条件下，L-phe从料液水相向油相的迁移率接近100%，从油相向反萃液水相的迁移率达90.4%。     

不同生长阶段猪病特点和控制措施

本文针对不同生长阶段猪病发生特点,论述了常见多发疫病的临床特征及加强饲养管理和疫病防控的综合措施。     

Working Points of Forestry Ecological Projects Construction Supervision in Various Phases

笔者依据林业生态工程建设监理的教学研究和生产实践经验,对林业生态工程建设监理的概念进行阐述,提出林业生态工程建设监理的6个阶段监理过程,并对各阶段监理工作的要点进行论述。     

辣椒受精作用持续时间的研究

通过比较授粉后不同时期切去花柱的子房所形成的果实的结实率,并结合荧光显微技术观察花粉管在花柱和子房中的生长过程,初步看到尖辣椒从授粉到开始受精大约需要12h,子房内胚珠全部完成受精需要26h以上。     

腐植酸共聚物对赤红壤中活性铝的影响

研究了以合成腐植酸、丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸共聚物作为土壤结构改良剂改良赤红壤后，其土壤中活性铝的形态及含量变化．结果表明，该共聚物可抑制土壤中铝的活性，改良后的土壤活性铝的存在形态有所改变，活性铝的含量减少，土壤的pH提高．     

淀粉-偶氮苯衍生物接枝共聚物的反相乳液合成及表征

以Span-80为乳化剂,K2S2O8的碱性溶液引发淀粉与偶氮苯衍生物接枝共聚,考察了反应温度、时间、pH值及乳化剂用量对接枝率和接枝效率的影响。结果表明:在反相乳液中应用价廉无毒的K2S2O8的碱性溶液引发接枝共聚反应,可以达到较高的接枝率和接枝效率。当淀粉用量7.00%,[单体]=0.391 mol/L,[K2S2O8]=8.650 mmol/L,[KOH]=0.178 mol/L,乳化剂用量8.02%,反应时间120 min以及反应温度50℃时接枝率和接枝效率分别达最大值69.88%和94.60%。并应用X-ray衍射、热重分析TGA和差热分析DTA等测试手段对接枝共聚物进行了表征,确证了接枝的发生。     

大豆不同生育阶段与品质育种关系的研究

选择脂肪含量高的材料应选择播种到出苗日数短、开花期较晚和成熟期较早的材料为宜；选择蛋白质含量高的材料应选择出苗到开花时间短、开花期长和成熟期较晚的材料为宜。     

我国城市边缘区发展阶段划分研究

城市边缘区是城市研究中的热点之一。该文在阐述了阶段划分方法论的意义及其对边缘区研究的必要性的基础上,提出了1949年以来我国城市边缘区发展阶段的划分方案,将整个发展过程划分为6个阶段,并分别阐述了各个阶段的发展特征。     

福建青冈林不同恢复阶段植物生活型特征的研究

对福建青冈林各演替阶段的群落内植物成分特征的研究表明，各群落均以高位芽植物占优势，并有较大比例的藤本高位芽植物；各群落的生活型谱相似，说明它们相互之间的密切联系。小型叶植物、革质叶植物均占种数的一半以上，群落A、C、D、E内阴性植物的含量最大，而群落B内的阳性植物比例最高。     

‘巨峰’葡萄不同生育期植株矿质元素需求规律

【目的】矿质元素的均衡供应是实现葡萄优质高效栽培的前提,研究‘巨峰’葡萄的矿质营养需求规律,为葡萄的合理施肥与精准施肥提供理论依据。【方法】本研究于2012—2018年连续7年在‘巨峰’葡萄的关键生育期进行整株取样,测定树体的各矿质元素含量,计算不同生育阶段各矿质元素的需求量与比例,研究葡萄的矿质营养需求规律。【结果】‘巨峰’葡萄在整个生长季不同生育阶段各矿质元素的需求规律有所差异。萌芽期至始花期对氮、钾、铁、锰、锌、钼的需求量均超过了全年总需求量的15%,磷、钙、镁、铜、硼的需求比率也均超过了10%。始花期至末花期,氮、铁、钼的需求比率均超过15%,磷、钾、钙、镁、锌的需求比率均超过10%。末花期至转色期,各矿质元素的需求比率分别为氮41.7%、磷47.44%、钾44.83%、钙45.88%、镁44.92%、铁39.75%、锰27.40%、锌30.28%、铜60.20%、硼38.72%、钼41.59%。转色期至采收期对钾、锰和硼的需求量较大,分别占比21.76%、22.19%和20.17%,其次磷、镁、钙、锌的需求比率分别为17.12%、16.76%、16.34%、14.72%,氮、铁、铜和钼的需求比率均低于10%。采收期至落叶期,锰和锌的需求比率分别为28.71%和23.57%,铁和硼的需求比率均超过15%,氮、钙、镁和钼的占比也均超过了10%,磷、钾和铜占比分别为9.72%、4.78%和8.69%。【结论】‘巨峰’葡萄施肥需要重视各生育阶段各种矿质养分的供给。生产1 000 kg果实各矿质元素的需求量为氮5.67 kg、磷2.37 kg、钾5.66 kg、钙5.70 kg、镁1.02 kg、铁153.45 g、锰53.14 g、锌36.25 g、铜7.28 g、硼41.84 g、钼0.47 g。‘巨峰’葡萄各矿质元素占干物质重的平均含量分别为氮0.92%、磷0.36%、钾0.66%、钙0.84%、镁0.15%、铁269.27 mg·kg ^-1、锰57.24 mg·kg ^-1、锌49.64 mg·kg ^-1、铜12.66 mg·kg ^-1、硼66.35 mg·kg ^-1、钼1.09 mg·kg ^-1。