莱粉蝶绒茧蜂生活习性的初步观察

菜粉蝶绒茧蜂(Apanteles glon mer-atus)是树粉蝶和天幕毛虫幼虫的主要寄生蜂之一,发生于6月上、中旬,寄生于树粉蝶的寄生率最高达59.1%,平均26.3%。1 菜粉蝶绒茧蜂越冬态及发生规律菜粉蝶绒茧蜂以老龄幼虫或蛹在树粉蝶幼虫体内越冬,翌春寄主虫开始取食后,蜂老龄幼虫开始钻出寄主体外,结茧化蛹。该蜂发生规律:6月份在树粉蝶幼虫体旁结茧化蛹,7月份在白菜地菜青虫体下结茧化蛹,8月份在甘兰地菜青虫上结茧化蛹羽化,     

广州市城镇型绿道蝴蝶群落多样性研究

2019年4—11月,采用样线法对广州市城镇型21条绿道的蝴蝶群落结构多样性进行调查,分析了不同月份蝴蝶群落特点。共记录蝴蝶7科27属31种106头,酢浆灰蝶Pseudozizeeria maha和东方菜粉蝶Pieris canidia是优势种。粉蝶科Pieridae物种数最多,灰蝶科Lycaenidae次之;蛱蝶科Nymphalidae属数最多,粉蝶科和灰蝶科次之,蚬蝶科Riodinidae最少。物种丰富度、各科的种属多样性指数以蛱蝶科最高,分别为2.52、1.99和1.99,优势度指数则最低,为0.25。不同月份优势类群和常见类群不同,7月的蝴蝶多样性指数明显高于4月和11月,优势度指数则最低。蝴蝶多样性可为城镇型绿道品质提升提供数据参考。     

利用寄生蜂防治山楂粉蝶

山楂粉蝶又名树粉蝶、苹粉蝶。布分于东北和内蒙古、陕、甘、晋、冀等省(区)。危害苹果、山楂、梨、杏、桃、李等果树。近年来,吉林省果园遭受该虫危害,苹果、山楂产量骤减,果树生长受到严重影响,造成很大经济损失。用药物防治此害虫,花钱多,污染环境,杀害果园内有益天敌,毒害果实。经调查发现,山楂粉蝶的主要天敌有菜粉蝶绒茧蜂,菜     

内蒙古大兴安岭林区蝶类种的记述（一）——凤蝶科和绢蝶科

本文记述了内蒙古大兴安岭林区鳞翅目凤蝶科的4种：金凤蝶（Papilio machaon Linnaeus）、柑橘凤蝶（Papilio xuthus Linnaeus）、绿带翠凤蝶（Papilio maackii Menetries）、碧凤蝶（Papilio bianor Cramer）,以及绢蝶科的6种：微点绢蝶（Parnassius tenedius Eversmann）、冰清绢蝶（Parnassius glacialis Butler）、小红珠绢蝶（Parnassius nomion Fischeret Waldheim）、红珠绢蝶（Parnassius bremeri Brener）、白绢蝶（Parnassius stubbendorfii Menetries）、艾雯绢蝶（Parnassius eversmanni Menetries）,并对其形态特征、习性、寄主和分布进行了简要介绍。     

神秘的热带岩溶季雨林保护区

弄岗自然保护区生物种质资源繁多,生物多样性很丰富。现已发现的蝶类已超过200多种,其中有东方广大种的巴黎凤蝶、豆黄粉蝶、稻眼蝶、直纹稻弄蝶。热带代表种有白带环蝶、细线地图蝶、绿透翅凤蝶、红缘粉蝶、粉带红蛱蝶等。保护区中丰富多彩的蝶类区系和众多的热带型蝶类,更增添了热带岩溶季雨林区的神秘色彩。蝴蝶是最美的昆虫,天生丽质,犹如一朵朵会飞的花朵,被誉为“虫国佳丽”、“颜色的世界”、“大自然的舞姬”。自古以来,它入诗、入画、入歌、入舞。蝴蝶在保护区组成了一个色彩缤纷的世界。春未夏初是蝴蝶最多的季节。品种众多的蝴蝶…     

陕西太白湑水河夏季蝶类多样性分析

2016年7—8月对陕西太白湑水河流域的蝶类进行了调查,分析了湑水河流域的蝶类多样性及引起该结果的原因。结果显示共采集蝴蝶190只,隶属于6科24属26种。其中,7月份以粉蝶科为优势科,优势度指数最高(0.811 3)。菜粉蝶个体数量最多(44只),其次为大翅绢粉蝶(28只)。8月份以蛱蝶科为优势科,优势度指数为0.333 3,其次为粉蝶科,优势度指数为0.297 6,个体数量以绿豹蛱蝶最多(19只)。7月份的物种多样性指数明显小于8月份,并且两个月份的H′、均匀度指数和优势度指数普遍不高。湑水河流域及其周边区域的生态环境受人为影响因素较大。     

马缨丹访花昆虫种类及访花行为

以马缨丹为研究对象,采用实地调查、图像采集、视频、鉴定等方法,探究其访花昆虫种类、访花行为、访花频率和日活动规律。结果表明,马缨丹共有访花昆虫3目8科13种,访花优势种为鳞翅目昆虫。主要访花昆虫有斐豹蛱蝶(Argynnis hyperbius)、素弄蝶(Suastus gremius)、菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae)、东方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)、蓝灰蝶(Everes argiades)及琉璃灰蝶(Kaniska canace)。访花频率最高的为东方蜜蜂,其次是菜粉蝶;斐豹蛱蝶停留时间较长,平均为22.59 s。访花昆虫的访花行为受温度影响,在10:00以前和17:00之后,温度较低,未见有昆虫访花行为。     

徐州市蝴蝶资源调查与分析

采用踏查方法调查了徐州市蝴蝶的种类、分布和发生情况。结果表明,徐州市蝴蝶资源较为丰富,共有5科46种,其中,凤蝶科9种,粉蝶科10种,灰蝶科9种,蛱蝶科13种,弄蝶科5种。根据成虫标本采集总数、分布范围和是否采到幼虫等因子将5科蝴蝶种类划分为优势种类、常见种类和稀有种类,优势种类共6种,分别为长尾麝凤蝶、柑橘凤蝶、青凤蝶、丝带凤蝶、菜粉蝶和黄钩蛱蝶,对人类栽培植物有一定危害;常见种类16种,以凤蝶科最多(达6种),16种常见蝴蝶种类在丘陵山区的平均标本数量占比为61.6%,极显著高于平原农区和城市园林(分别为22.6%,15.5%),表明丘陵山区森林植被为蝴蝶生长发育的理想生境;稀有种类30种,对栽培植物不造成危害,应加以保护与利用。该调查首次系统地查明了徐州市蝴蝶的种类,初步掌握了它们的寄主、分布、发生和危害等情况,为开展生物多样性观测及环境评价等提供了科学依据,并提出了保护和利用蝴蝶资源的建议。     

延吉市不同类型绿地蝶类物种组成与多样性研究

为揭示在城市化过程中不同类型绿地对蝴蝶群落的影响,于2016年5~9月对延吉市郊区和市区6种不同生境类型中蝴蝶群落进行了调查。结果表明:共采集蝴蝶485只,隶属于5科16种。优势种为粉蝶科菜粉蝶和小灰碟科蓝灰蝶,6种生境类型中物种丰富度以天然林绿地最高,其次是过渡带绿地、河岸天然绿地、河岸人工绿地、金达莱公园、文化宫公园;多样性指数变化趋势为天然林绿地过渡带绿地河流人工绿地河流天然绿地金达莱公园文化宫公园,可见不同人为干扰下的生境对蝴蝶种类丰富度及多样性有明显的影响。     

沈阳农业大学校园害虫种类调查

为有效控制校园内害虫的发生与危害,维护校园植被的健康生长,该研究采用网捕法、诱捕器诱捕法、灯诱法等方法,调查了沈阳农业大学校园内害虫种类、分布及危害情况,结果表明,沈农校园内的害虫共有212种,隶属于7目59科。其中鳞翅目种类最多,为24科123种,占全部害虫种类的58.02%。其他依次是鞘翅目(26.42%)半翅目(7.55%)同翅目(3.77%)直翅目(2.36%)双翅目(0.94%)和膜翅目(0.94%)。危害最为严重的害虫有6种,分别是丝绵木金星尺蛾Calospilos suspecta、榆绿毛萤叶甲Pyrrhalta aenescens、麻皮蝽Erthesina fullo、鸣鸣蝉Oncotympana maculaticollis、松丽毒蛾Dasychira axutha和菜粉蝶Pieris rapae。     

3%高效氯氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂防治甘蓝菜青虫田间药效试验

菜青虫是十字花科蔬菜上的重要害虫,严重影响蔬菜的产量和品质,每年都造成重大经济损失。利用喷雾法测试了一种高效氯氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂对菜青虫的药效。结果表明:该药在其有效成分22.50~33.75 g/hm²范围内,施药后2 d、5 d、10 d对甘蓝菜青虫的防效分别为86.37%~93.89%、90.80%~95.80%、86.03%~91.40%。说明其对甘蓝菜青虫具较好的防效,且持效期较长,具有良好的生产应用价值。故推荐采用其有效成分22.5~33.75 g/hm²在生产上防治甘蓝菜青虫的危害,且菜粉蝶卵孵化盛期至菜青虫1、2龄高峰期为最佳施药防治时期。     

Three diterpene glucosides and a diphenylamine derivative from Pieris formosa.

Three new diterpenoids, pierisformosides G-I (1-3) and a diphenylamine derivative 4 have been isolated from the ethanol extract of Pieris formosa leaves, compound 1 being a new type seco-ring-A kaurane diterpene glucoside. Their structures were elucidated with the aid of NMR spectroscopy including two-dimensional-NMR techniques.     

芫花粗提物抑制昆虫取食行为的研究

在择食条件下,菜青虫及卫茅尺蠖对芫花Daphnegenkwa粗提物处理叶的食量依次比对照减少90.22%和98.02%。抑制取食的感受器官主要在下颚。药剂点滴体壁无触杀和抑食作用。     

福建将石自然保护区野生观赏植物研究

对福建将石自然保护区野生观赏植物按观花、观果、观叶、垂直绿化和岩石植物5类进行统计和资源评价,并对长叶榧(Torreyajacki)、小紫槭(Acercordatumvar-microcordatum)、亮叶腊梅(Chiomo nanthusnitens)、福建野鸦椿(Euscaphisfukienensis)、乌冈栎(Quercusphillyraeoides)、红凉伞(Ardisiacrenatavar-bicolor)和马醉木(Pierispolita)进行生态学特性和园林用途研究与评价,为这些野生观赏植物的开发利用提供依据。     

Antibiotic properties of the glucosinolates of Brassica oleracea var. acephala similarly affect generalist and specialist larvae of two lepidopteran pests

Glucosinolates may deter generalist insect feeding as their toxicity causes fitness damage, whereas insects specialized in brassicaceous plants may circumvent the toxic effect. By using no-choice leaf tests, we investigated whether larval development time, body weight, mortality and feeding rate of the generalist Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) and the specialist Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera, Pieridae), were affected by six genotypes of Brassica oleracea var. acephala, selected for having high or low concentration of sinigrin, glucoiberin (aliphatics) and glucobrassicin (indole). Two phenological plant stages were used. On young plants, M. brassicae most consumed the high sinigrin and low glucoiberin genotypes. Larvae weighed more on the high sinigrin plants. Development time took longer on the low glucoiberin genotype. On mature plants, consumption rate decreased on the high glucoiberin genotype. Larval weight decreased on the high sinigrin, glucoiberin and glucobrassicin genotypes, and development time increased with high glucobrassicin concentration. Pupal weight and mortality rate increased on mature plants, irrespective of the genotype. Pieris rapae fed most on young plants with high sinigrin, and larval weight increased on the high glucoiberin genotype. Mortality increased with low glucoiberin and low glucobrassicin. On mature plants, larval weight decreased with high sinigrin and glucoiberin. The high glucoiberin genotype was the less consumed and also induced a longer development time. High content of aliphatic glucosinolates offered mature plants significant antibiosis defence against both the lepidopterans, whereas the indole glucosinolate was marginally effective. Young plants were more consumed and increased larval weight likely because glucosinolate concentration was still not optimal.     

Ants (Azteca sp.) as potential biological control agents in shade coffee production in Chiapas, Mexico

The role of Azteca sp. ants as potential biological control agents was studied in an organic coffee farm in Chiapas, Mexico. Individual larvae of Pieris rapae were placed on trees with artificially enhanced ant activity and both time to disappearance of the larvae and ant activity were recorded. There was a general negative relationship between time to disappearance and ant activity. A census of spiders was made of coffee bushes with and without foraging Azteca, encountering a negative relationship between ants and spiders. These results indicate that Azteca ants have potential as pests through their positive effect on scale insects, but also have potential as biological control agents, through their negative effect on potential herbivores. Furthermore, the correlation between ant and spider densities suggests a complicated relationship between these two predatory organisms, implying a more complicated food web structure than simply ants, homoptera and other herbivores.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

植物源昆虫调控剂研究Ⅰ．茶枯等植物源调控剂的药效测定

测定茶枯水及芫花、苦楝、长叶冻绿、苍耳的乙醇抽提物对卫茅尺蠖和菜青虫药效，结果表明，芫花的效果最好，可使取食量下降７５％，并又进一步降低羽化率，抽提物１０ｇ／Ｌ浓度野外有效期在５天以上；次之为苦楝叶。作用途径主要是拒食和胃毒。茶枯水亦有一定作用，它还是植物抽提物的极好湿润剂，对提高药效起重要作用。     

芫花乙醇粗提物对菜粉蝶幼虫消化酶系的影响

菜粉蝶（Ｐｉｅｒｉｓ ｒａｐａｅ）幼虫取食芫花粗提物２４ｈ后,中肠淀粉酶、蛋白酶、酯酶、转化酶的活力增强,其中肠组织中淀粉酶及肠腔中蛋白酶活力增强的程度达显著水平;粗提物使海藻糖酶活力下降,差异达显著水平。石蜡切片表明,芫花引起细胞核向肠腔内侧移动,围食膜逐渐消失,肠壁细胞中的空泡显著增多、增大,肠组织结构变得没有层次性。电镜观察表明,芫花粗提物处理２４ｈ后,引起细胞内粗糙内质网上的核糖体数量明显增多,线粒体内嵴开始模糊、肿胀。因而认为,粗提物刺激组织超量分泌消化酶,加之抑食作用使取食量减少,导致体重减轻,体能逐渐衰竭而死亡。     

Optimal conditions for visualizing water-conducting pathways in a living tree by the dye injection method

To elucidate the water-conducting pathways in living trees by the dye injection method, suitable sample preparation procedures are needed. We evaluated quantitatively the properties and concentrations of three dyes (acid fuchsin, basic fuchsin and safranin) widely used for this purpose, and determined the optimal conditions required to avoid artifacts after dye injection into the sap stream of Pieris japonica D. Don. Among the dyes tested, an aqueous solution of acid fuchsin at a concentration of 0.1% or more was the most useful for delineating water movement. In non-transpiring stem segments, the vertical movement of acid fuchsin by capillarity and diffusion from the dye injection site was limited. However, acid fuchsin moved rapidly in the horizontal direction by capillarity and diffusion, and most xylem cells were stained within 2 h. A delay of more than 2 h between dye injection and examination of the tissues greatly reduces the precision of the method. Use of the dye injection method without appropriate, well-defined experimental procedures may give rise to misleading information about the functional water-conducting pathway in living trees.