Insecticide use impacts of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Farmer Field Schools: Evidence from onion farmers in the Philippines

This article empirically examines the impact of Farmer Field Schools (FFS) on insecticide use by onion farmers in the Philippines. FFS is an intensive Integrated Pest Management (IPM) information dissemination method that encourages producers to lower their reliance on chemical insecticides for controlling pests and diseases in their farms. These FFS-IPM trainings have been conducted within vegetable-based production systems in the Philippines. The data used in the study are from a 2009 face-to-face farm-level survey of 200 onion growers in Nueva Ecija province. Using instrumental variable (IV) procedures to control for endogeneity and selection problems in the data, we find that FFS-trained onion farmers in the Philippines have significantly lower insecticide expenditures (∼PhP5,000) than non-FFS trained control farmers. When econometric problems due to endogeneity and selection are not controlled for, the FFS training did not show any statistically significant effect on insecticide use. The insecticide reducing effect of FFS has important environmental and health implications, and provides evidence about the effectiveness of the FFS training method in disseminating important IPM concepts in the country.     

Crop protection in European maize-based cropping systems: Current practices and recommendations for innovative Integrated Pest Management

Maize-based cropping systems (MBCSs), with different frequency of maize in the crop sequence, are common in European arable systems. Pesticide use differs according to the type of active ingredients and target organisms in different regions. Within the EU Network of Excellence ENDURE, two expert-based surveys were conducted focusing on four European study regions where experts were asked to identify MBCSs in their region, determine the current crop protection practices, propose advanced practices against major pests, weeds and diseases, and evaluate the potential agronomic, environmental, economic and social impact of innovative Integrated Pest Management (IPM) tools on the sustainability of MBCSs. In the northern region (Denmark and The Netherlands), maize is mostly cultivated as non-irrigated continuous silage maize or rotated with grass, while in the central-eastern region the major systems are non-irrigated continuous grain maize (Tolna county, Hungary) or grain maize grown in rotation with winter wheat, oilseed rape and sunflower (Békés county, Hungary). In the south-western (Ebro Valley, Spain) and southern (Po Valley, Italy) regions, continuous and irrigated grain maize, as well as irrigated grain and silage maize/winter wheat rotations are prevalent. Differences in current and proposed advanced crop protection practices for MBCSs were identified between regions due to specific pest, weed and disease problems. The tolerant/resistant non-GM maize cultivars, early detection methods, pest and disease forecasting models, precision/patch spraying using GPS spray maps and the community-based decisions through information sharing were commonly recommended for innovative IPM implementation in all regions. Deviations in the recommendations between regions were mainly caused by differences in the evaluation of economic or social impact of some tools (i.e. innovative mechanical weeding). Applied multi-disciplinary research and farmer incentives to encourage the adoption of innovative IPM strategies are essential for sustainable MBCSs development in Europe. The introduction of innovative tools into IPM strategies can contribute significantly to addressing the EU’s strategic commitment to the sustainable use of pesticides and, consequently, more environmentally sustainable MBCSs.     

基于形色筛选的苹果园羽化害虫粘连图像分割方法

针对苹果园害虫识别过程中的粘连问题,提出了一种基于形色筛选的害虫粘连图像分割方法。首先,采集苹果园害虫图像,聚焦于羽化害虫。害虫在羽化过程中已完成大部分生长发育,其外部形态、颜色、纹理更为稳定显著。因此,基于不同种类害虫的形色特征信息分析,来获取害虫HSV分割阈值和模板轮廓。其次,利用形状因子判定分割粘连区域,通过颜色分割法和轮廓定位分割法来实现非种间与种间粘连害虫的分割。最后,对采集的苹果园害虫图像进行了试验分析,采用基于形色筛选的分割法对单个害虫进行分割,结果表明,本文方法的平均分割率、平均分割错误率和平均分割有效率分别为101%、3.14%和96.86%,分割效果优于传统图像分割方法。此外,通过预定义的颜色阈值,本文方法实现了棉铃虫、桃蛀螟与玉米螟的精准分类,平均分类准确率分别为97.77%、96.75%与96.83%。同时,以Mask R-CNN模型作为识别模型,平均识别精度作为评价指标,分别对已用本文方法和未用本文方法分割的害虫图像进行识别试验。结果表明,已用本文方法分割的棉铃虫、桃蛀螟和玉米螟害虫图像平均识别精度分别为96.55%、94.80%与95.51%,平均识别精度分别提高16.42、16.59、16.46个百分点。这表明该方法可为果园害虫精准识别提供理论和方法基础。     

Quantifying economic and environmental tradeoffs of walnut arthropod pest management

Many arthropod pesticides used by California walnut growers have been linked to water quality impairment. However lower risk alternatives are often associated with higher costs. The purpose of this paper was to: (1) identify currently practiced pest management strategies with probable high water quality impact, (2) quantify the importance of factors which affect economic tradeoffs associated with reducing water quality impact, and (3) identify pest management strategies that could potentially lower water quality impact with less economic consequence. An integrated analysis using environmental, economic and pesticide use data revealed that 96% of the pest management strategies analyzed were candidates for reducing the impact on water quality. Replacement of current pesticides by alternative pest controls lowered probable impact, but resulted in an economic tradeoff in the form of higher costs for the majority of growers. If biological control could eliminate the need for miticides and aphicides, this tradeoff could be replaced by savings for nearly half of the sample analyzed. This cost savings would most likely be realized by growers who currently have low numbers of pests that are not candidates for biological control, and relatively high use of organophosphates and miticides. The results indicated that if these pest management strategies had been replaced by alternative strategies and biological control, then total organophosphate, pyrethroid, and miticide active ingredient use would have been reduced by an average of 5 kg/hectare per year, while simultaneously lowering the grower’s pest management costs by an average of $128/hectare, thus contributing to both economic and environmental long-run sustainability.     

多种生态模式下的IPM植保技术研究

河道防护林往往以单一的杨树为主,容易受到病虫害侵蚀,采用有害生物综合治理的方法,治理病虫害,可实现防护林生态平衡.首先,对目标林场进行病虫害分析,找出影响树木健康的关键病虫害为天牛;其次,建立树木病虫害损伤等级,采用株均羽化孔数建立损伤等级模型;最后,建立防护林健康阈值,株均羽化孔数为3.当株均羽化孔数大于3时,表明防...     

日光温室病虫害发生与防治研究

病虫害防治是设施农业生产的重要内容。分析北方日光温室病虫害发生的原因,总结现有几种主要的病虫害防治措施,展望未来日光温室在病虫害防治方面的发展趋势,提出病虫害绿色综合防治技术体系,以期为提高日光温室作物产量及品质提供参考。     

基于姿态描述的果园靶标害虫自动识别方法

针对自动诱捕果园靶标害虫的姿态形体存在不确定性,增加果园害虫图像自动识别与计数的难度等问题,提出一种基于姿态描述的算法用于果园靶标害虫姿态表征与识别。首先分析了方法对靶标害虫在8个旋转角度、6种常见姿态形状的描述能力及稳定性,通过计算靶标害虫不同姿态的平均归一化傅里叶描述子和离散度阈值,确定了基准姿态特征向量和相似度差异判据值。对200幅包含3种果园害虫的样本图像进行了测试,当离散度阈值为0.021 26时,靶标害虫桃蛀螟识别的正确率为86.7%,误判率为2.6%。试验结果表明该方法具有稳定的姿态形状描述能力和良好的识别性能。     

基于机器视觉的储粮害虫智能检测系统软件设计

介绍了基于机器视觉的储粮害虫智能检测系统软件部分各主要环节的具体实现。该系统运用图像差分法及自适应图像增强法提高粮虫样本图像的质量，利用改进的直方图阈值将粮虫从背景中分割开来，并运用数学形态学处理法进行了滤波。以提取出的粮虫面积、周长、复杂度为特征，运用基于模糊决策的分类器对粮仓中常见的9种、7类害虫进行分类，识别正确率达到95.2%。     

基于Lab颜色空间的棉花覆盖度提取方法研究

基于手持高清可见光图像和无人机可见光遥感影像中植被与非植被像元在不同颜色空间单通道上分布的差异性,以苗期和蕾期的棉花为对象,进行了棉花覆盖度的提取方法研究。基于不同天气状况和不同采集时刻等光照条件下采集的29幅具有不同覆盖度的棉花地面可见光图像,分别对比分析了Lab颜色空间a通道、RGB颜色空间2G-R-B指数和HIS颜色空间H通道对棉花的识别能力,以及使用动态阈值和固定阈值两种情况下的棉花覆盖度提取精度。其中动态阈值通过植被与非植被像元的高斯分布交点确定,固定阈值在3种颜色空间分别设置为动态阈值的均值。结果表明,植被像元与非植被像元在a通道、2G-R-B指数和H通道上呈现高斯分布,可以采用非线性最小二乘算法实现高斯分布拟合。通过高斯分布拟合求解交点得到的动态分类阈值分布范围较为集中,将其均值-3.78、0.06、0.13设定为固定分类阈值。相比于2G-R-B指数和H通道,a通道对绿色植被的识别能力最好,更适合提取棉花植被覆盖度;相比于动态阈值,固定阈值的提取精度更好,平均提取误差为0.009 4。将该方法应用到无人机尺度时,同样可以较好地提取不同天气状况和不同土壤干湿类型的棉花覆盖度,且总体平均提取误差为0.012。经过初步检验和分析认为,基于植被与非植被像元在Lab颜色空间a通道上分布的差异性,结合固定分类阈值,可以精确地提取不同光照条件下的苗期和蕾期棉花覆盖度。     

Environmental and cost efficiency of pesticide use in transgenic and conventional cotton production

This study focuses on the quantification of pesticide use efficiency for producers of transgenic cotton versus conventional cotton in order to test for the improvement promised by the genetically engineered crop. The environmental and cost efficiency of pesticide use is assessed by means of data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the external effects of pesticide are quantified by means of the pesticide leaching potential. To account for the fact that conditions other than the ‘treatment” (seed type) are not equal in farm surveys the study employs a second step Tobit regression. The data are from a survey of cotton growers in North Carolina, USA. Differences in environmental efficiency are found to be significant between herbicide tolerant and stacked gene (herbicide tolerant and insect resistant) cotton and between stacked gene and conventional cotton. In contrast, no statistically significant differences are found for efficiency of pest control cost. In the follow-up Tobit regression, differences in production environment and in farm, farmer and field characteristics are accounted for so that the contribution of seed type to efficiency can be observed. The regression results confirm the importance of stacked gene cotton for improving the environmental efficiency of pesticide use in cotton. In contrast, seed type was not significant in explaining differences in cost efficiency among North Carolina cotton growers. The new technology reduces pesticide application but these benefits are curbed by the high price of cotton seed (technology fee).     

Assessing the profitability of different crop protection strategies in cotton: Case study results from Shandong Province,China

The paper compares the economic performance of different crop protection strategies in cotton including the use of transgenic varieties in Shandong Province, China. By means of a Monte Carlo simulation model a comparison was made between conventional insecticide strategies, planting of bollworm-resistant Bt varieties and a strategy of combining both technologies. To account for the observed variation in the toxin content of the Bt varieties in China, two different quality levels of Bt seed are included in the model.The data for the model are season-long records of input use and yield of 150 small-scale cotton producers in five villages in Shandong Province, which are complemented with a survey of Chinese cotton experts. Results show that the high cost pest control strategy based on expensive, good quality Bt seeds is economically inferior to low cost strategies. Scenarios for different pest population levels were included and while the use of low quality Bt seed with need-based applications of insecticides is the dominant control strategy for the normal and high pest pressure scenarios, the use of non-Bt varieties performs well under low pest pressure conditions. These results imply the need to include agro-ecosystem aspects such as pest pressure conditions and the impact of control interventions on both pests and natural enemies in the assessment of pest control strategies.     

农业自动化喷雾机械标靶害虫自动识别系统的研究

农业喷雾对象的识别和定位是农业自动化喷雾机械研究中的核心技术之一。对病虫害甘蓝进行精准喷洒农药,实现病虫害准确自动识别成为关键。为此,利用机器视觉的欧氏距离甘蓝夜蛾虫害自动识别检测系统,结合由Qualityspec光谱仪组成的光谱成像系统,对甘蓝正常叶片和遭受甘蓝夜蛾虫害的甘蓝叶片的颜色特征和光谱特征进行分析,并采用机器视觉分割阈值选取中的Otsu算法和自适应波段选择方法提取出了颜色差异的最佳几何阈值和两种叶片的特征波段。试验结果表明:综合机器视觉和光谱技术能够实现甘蓝夜蛾虫害的自动且准确的识别,准确率可达94%。因此,建立机器视觉和光谱技术综合识别体系,可为农作物病虫害自动防治喷雾机器人的研制奠定基础,以达到农作物病虫害实时识别和及时治理的目的。     

基于径向基支持向量机的棉花虫害识别

针对棉花受棉蚜、棉叶螨、棉盲蝽、斜纹夜蛾和烟粉虱等害虫为害后叶片表面出现不同症状,利用计算机视觉技术识别棉花虫害.通过获取受害棉花叶片图像,预处理后转换至2G-R-B空间,结合Otsu算法实现色斑分割,提取色斑图像R变量、(R +G+B)/3变量的一阶矩、二阶矩和三阶矩为颜色特征,提取非色斑图像拓扑描述子和Hu不变矩为形状特征,提取2层双树复小波变换的细节图像均值和方差为纹理特征,并应用径向基支持向量机识别棉花棉蚜、棉叶螨、棉盲蝽、斜纹夜蛾、烟粉虱等虫害和正常叶片.试验结果表明,当径向基参数σ为3时,棉花虫害识别正确率达88.1％.     

荔枝病虫害图像识别技术研究和应用

荔枝是广东岭南特色水果产业之一,又是广东十大特色作物之一。尽管近年来荔枝现代生产技术有了较大的提高,但广东气候条件容易引起病虫害发生,对露天生长的广东荔枝的产量和品质造成严重的不利影响,阻碍荔枝产业发展和种植户增收。做好荔枝病虫害防治工作,对推进荔枝品牌产业发展、荔枝种植户增收具有重要现实意义。该文采用卷积神经网络算法开展荔枝病虫害图像识别技术的研究与应用,主要包括两个方面内容。一是探讨荔枝病虫害图像识别技术。二是以广州智慧农业气象服务平台为载体,探索构建新型的病虫害气象防御体系,也就是给荔枝种植户既提供荔枝病虫害图像智能识别服务,又提供病虫害小百科知识、防治建议,更为种植户构建“个人空间”,实现靶向预警,并逐步构建个性化荔枝基地病虫害预测预警模型,探索荔枝病虫害预测诊断相结合的服务模式。因此,既探讨图像识别技术如何实现又研究立体式防御措施是该文的创新点。      

园林移动施药实时监测系统设计与试验

由于园林作物复杂,对不同植物病虫害需要的施药量以及药品类型不同,为实现实时监测,做好园林植保作业,本文以STM32F103VCT6单片机为信息处理控制器,设计园林移动施药实时监测系统,并通过车体结构设计,构建监测施药作业体系.系统由移动车体、药箱、微控制器、GPS定位系统、GSM无线通信模块、液位传感器、流量传感器、显...     

基于机器视觉的田间飞行害虫自动检测方法

害虫数量的精准统计,对害虫的综合治理有重要的意义。传统统计害虫的方法是在固定植株上数害虫数量,难以统计受惊飞走的害虫。采用固定位置放置粘虫板捕捉害虫并自动识别,在害虫正常生活习性下,可有效解决飞行类害虫难统计、信息不准确的问题。同时利用自动阈值分割、目标粘连处理、目标识别和利用生物特征干扰去除等机器视觉方法,有效统计田间飞行害虫数量,识别准确率＞85%,为病虫害防治提供依据。      

基于无人机数码影像的棉叶螨严重度监测

棉叶螨是影响棉花产量和品质的主要虫害之一。为快速、准确、有效地监测棉叶螨发生情况，利用无人机搭载数码相机获取数码影像，并计算多种可见光植被指数作为初选特征因子，然后采用ReliefF-Pearson特征降维方法选取最佳建模特征，分别构建偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、BP神经网络(BPNN)、随机森林(RF)的棉花冠层叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)值遥感估测模型和棉叶螨严重度遥感估测模型。结果表明，棉叶螨严重度与棉花冠层叶片SPAD值呈显著负相关关系。经过精度评价，确定RF模型具有最佳性能，模型验证的决定系数和均方根误差为0.74、2.13。该研究结果表明利用棉花冠层叶片SPAD值遥感估测模型可准确估测棉叶螨为害情况，为棉叶螨的无损监测和病虫害防治提供参考依据。     

漂浮育苗病虫害物理防治集成技术及应用

通过对育苗物资物理消毒设备及技术、烟苗剪叶机物理消毒配套设备及技术的研究与开发,旨在对育苗物资及剪叶工具进行消毒,同时利用温室电除雾防病促生机和静电灭虫灯降低烟苗病虫害、促进烟苗生长。试验结果表明,电除雾防病促生系统在促进根系发育和烟苗生长上起到一定作用;利用2DJ-200型静电灭虫灯采取的物理防治技术能有效降低育苗棚各区域内虫口数量;原子氧喷系统对TMV、CMV、PVY、灰霉病等病原有一定的抑制作用,与烟株田间发病率有直接关系;漂浮育苗病虫害物理防治集成技术对于烟株田间生长作用不明显。      

日照茶区主要虫害发生规律、适宜气象指标及防治技术

为科学防治茶树虫害,对影响日照茶区的小绿叶蝉、绿盲蝽、黑刺粉虱和螨类4种主要虫害发生发展规律进行分析,介绍了4种主要虫害各发育期适宜发生的气象指标,并进行了病虫害防治试验。结果表明,无农残生态防治是当前及未来茶园防治病虫害的主要模式,日照茶树主要虫害气象指标可作为指导北方茶园防治虫害的参考依据。