一株枯草芽孢杆菌发酵培养基的优化

通过正交优化试验对一株枯草芽孢杆菌的发酵培养基进行优化,结果发现,当培养基中豆粕液为20 g/L,葡萄糖浓度为5 g/L,玉米粉浓度为2 g/L时,在接种量为5 %的情况下,采用此种配比的发酵培养基37 ℃培养24 h,活菌数最高,可达4.0×109 CFU/mL.     

益生菌腊样芽孢杆菌的筛选及培养基的优化

为开发具有特定生理活性的新型微生态制剂,以益生菌腊样芽孢杆菌(BacillusCereus)为初发菌株,对蜡样芽孢杆菌的初发菌株进行了耐受性试验,其耐受性结果为:pH4.8;胆盐浓度(W/V)0.01%;温度48℃。然后对蜡样芽孢杆菌的初发菌株通过紫外线诱变,筛选出能够适应肠道生存环境,耐受胆盐和高温的优良菌株,其极限耐受条件为:pH4.2,胆盐浓度0.045克/100毫升,温度55℃。通过单因素试验和正交实验确定了腊样芽孢杆菌发酵培养基的最佳配比为(W/V):葡萄糖1.0%,豆粕粉3.0%,玉米浆0.3%。对诱变后的菌株进行了生长曲线的测定,并通过生理生化试验对筛选出来的菌株进行鉴定。     

地衣芽孢杆菌产芽孢培养基和培养条件的优化

本研究以地衣芽孢杆菌CICC 20514为对象,芽孢数和芽孢率为目标参数,采用单因素、正交试验方法对培养基配方进行筛选,并在此配方基础上对培养条件进一步优化。结果表明：最终产芽孢发酵培养基的最佳组合为20 g/L果糖、20 g/L豆粕、5 g/L K₂HPO₄、7 g/L NaCl、0.8 g/L CaCO₃和0.8 g/L MgSO₄;产芽孢最佳培养条件为37℃,220 r/min,接种量5%,装样量20%,初始pH 6.5～7.5,发酵培养时间48 h。优化后的地衣芽孢杆菌CICC 20514培养基芽孢数及芽孢率均具有良好的稳定性,发酵液芽孢数达5.8×10⁹CFU/mL,比优化前提高了58倍。     

一株枯草芽孢杆菌的鉴定及液体发酵工艺优化

从鸡肠道筛选出一株菌,命名为DY032,经16S r DNA分子鉴定和系统发育分析,该菌种为枯草芽孢杆菌。在摇瓶发酵条件下,采用单因素试验,对菌株DY032的培养基配方进行优化,确定了影响发酵液菌体数和芽孢数的5个因素,分别为淀粉、鱼粉、豆饼粉、MnSO_4·H_2O和CaCO_3,其适宜浓度分别为20、10、10、0.05、0.05 g/L,进一步通过L_(16)(4~5)正交试验确定以上5因素的最佳配比。为放大培养,在最优培养基基础上,利用10 L发酵罐,采用L_9(3~4)正交试验设计,以芽孢数为指标,对菌株DY032的培养温度、pH值、搅拌转速、通气量4个条件进行优化。结果表明:菌株DY032培养基最优配方为:淀粉16 g/L,鱼粉10 g/L,豆饼粉10 g/L,Mn SO4·H2O 0.05 g/L,Ca CO30.03 g/L。最优发酵罐培养条件为:培养温度37℃,pH值6.5,转速200 r/min,通气量5 L/min,最终芽孢数可达51.95×108cfu/m L。     

响应面法优化贝莱斯芽孢杆菌P9菌株生孢培养基及条件的研究北大核心

研究旨在优化贝莱斯芽孢杆菌P9菌株的生孢培养基及条件。试验以贝莱斯芽孢杆菌P9的菌体浓度和生孢率为指标,通过单因素结合响应面试验对生孢培养基成分进行优化。结果显示,最佳生孢培养基成分为葡萄糖2.0 g/L、牛肉膏4.0 g/L、酵母浸粉4.0 g/L,MgCl_(2)8.0 g/L、KH_(2)PO_(4)6.0 g/L、NaCl 0.01 g/L、1 mol/L的CaCl_(2)6 mL、1 mol/L的MnCl_(2)6 mL,此条件下贝莱斯芽孢杆菌P9的生孢率可达95.37%。研究表明,此方法可为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌在动物饲料生产中应用提供一定的试验基础。     

响应面法优化地衣芽孢杆菌S6产角蛋白酶培养基

试验利用响应面法对地衣芽孢杆菌S6产角蛋白酶的培养基进行优化.单因素试验表明:(K2HPO4/KH2PO4)、NaCl和MgSO4最佳水平分别为1.4/0.7、0 3和0.1 g/L,响应面优化地表芽孢杆菌S6培养基最佳组成为麦芽糖0.03 mol/L、半胱氨酸0.02 mol/L和生物素28.17μg/L,与基础发酵培养基相比,角蛋白酶活力最高值提高了2 822 4倍,为210.55 U/mL.     

利用味精副产物开发生物饲料的研究

为优化筛选出一株或几株适合该生物饲料配方的芽孢杆菌,并完善生物饲料的制作过程,本研究根据地衣芽孢杆菌BL13、地衣芽孢杆菌BL20、地衣芽孢杆菌BL53、地衣芽孢杆菌BL47、地衣芽孢杆菌BL49、枯草芽孢杆菌AN、枯草芽孢杆菌GY、枯草芽孢杆菌10089和枯草芽孢杆菌10090设计了9组试验(含对照组,其中枯草芽孢杆菌10089和枯草芽孢杆菌10090为一组,比例为1:1),将糖渣23%、喷浆玉米皮11%、胚芽粕42%、谷氨酸渣2%、糖蜜2%、水20%作为培养基,接种0.6%戊糖片球菌(10)-1、0.4%酿酒酵母,1.0%芽孢杆菌,28℃恒温发酵4~6 d。经试验,最终开发出一种含有2.0%乳酸、20.7%粗蛋白质、4.3%粗纤维、3.1%灰分、6.6 lg CFU/m L乳酸菌、7.5 lg CFU/m L酵母菌、7.0lg CFU/m L芽孢杆菌的生物饲料。     

产纤维素酶地衣芽孢杆菌的诱变选育及其产酶条件优化

为提高产纤维素酶地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus lincheniformis)的产酶能力,本试验以前期分离的产纤维素酶地衣芽孢杆菌LY02作为出发菌株,通过紫外线对该菌株进行了诱变选育,筛选高产纤维素酶的突变株,并分别对其接种量、培养温度、培养时间、培养基初始pH和金属离子等产酶条件进行了优化。结果显示,经诱变选育后突变菌株的纤维素酶活力较出发菌株提高了34.31%。其最佳产酶培养条件为:接种量1.5%,培养温度37℃,培养时间24 h,培养基初始pH 5.0,K⁺和Ba²⁺对纤维素酶的产生有激活作用。本研究为进一步将高产纤维素酶的突变株开发为生产菌株提供了基础条件。     

地衣芽孢杆菌M109高密度发酵条件的优化

试验旨在筛选一株地衣芽孢杆菌M109(Bacillus licheniformis M109)进行培养基和发酵条件的优化。采用单因素试验方法筛选出最佳碳源和氮源的培养基,并利用正交试验方法确定其最佳的碳氮比。为了继续提高地衣芽孢杆菌M109的发酵水平,研究其在发酵过程中的生长曲线、pH和溶氧(DO)水平的变化曲线,通过对发酵过程中生长参数的测定,优化了地衣芽孢杆菌M109最佳的接种量和最适pH。结果发现,溶氧限制是地衣芽孢杆菌M109生长的关键因素;在限定通风量的条件下,通过调节搅拌转速的方法来提高培养基中的溶氧水平,提高发酵密度;通过流加培养基的方法也能提高地衣芽孢杆菌M109的发酵水平。因此,通过对培养基和发酵条件的优化,使地衣芽孢杆菌M109的发酵水平由最初的1.0×10⁹ CFU/mL提高到1.2×10¹⁰ CFU/mL,芽孢形成率为88%。     

规模化猪场粪污高效脱硫菌的分离、筛选与鉴定

为降解规模化猪场污水中的S^2-,本研究从规模化猪场采集粪便污水样品20份,首先接种于含10 g/L Na₂S的基础无机盐培养基中富集培养,然后涂布于分离培养基进行分离与纯化。对纯化的菌株采用对氨基二甲基苯胺分光光度法测定培养上清中S^2-含量,筛选菌株的脱硫能力。选择降解率较高的菌株进行生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA分子鉴定,并对扩增的序列进行同源性比较及进化树分析。结果表明:从20个样品中分离了14株菌株,筛选获得2株脱硫率较高的菌株JFF-2和JFF-3,脱硫率可达84.02%和86.12%;经16S rDNA序列分析表明,JFF-2菌与地衣芽孢杆菌的同源性为99.2%,JFF-3菌与粪产碱杆菌的同源性为98.7%,因此分别确定为地衣芽孢杆菌和粪产碱杆菌,与生理生化鉴定的结果一致。本研究获得了2株能够对畜禽粪便污水脱硫的菌株,为畜禽排泄物的进一步无害化处理提供了可能。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -