橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)的生物学特性研究

橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)是导致采后橄榄果实腐烂的主要病原菌,本文研究了pH、温度、光照、碳源、氮源等条件对橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢菌落生长、产孢和分生孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢生长最适pH为6,最适温度24~26℃;产孢最适pH为7,最适温度24~26℃,光暗交替条件下产孢量最多;以D-果糖、甘露醇为碳源和以蛋白胨为氮源的培养基最有利于橄榄小孢拟盘多毛孢菌丝的生长,以葡萄糖、蔗糖为碳源和以蛋白胨为氮源的培养基最有利于该菌产孢;分生孢子萌发最适pH为6,最适温度26~28℃,全黑暗条件下孢子萌发率最高;该菌菌丝致死温度为54℃(30 min),分生孢子致死温度为56℃(20 min)。     

蒜薹炭疽病病原鉴定及其生物学特性研究

为了明确引起蒜薹炭疽病的病原菌种类及其主要生物学特性,从河南新乡发病蒜薹上分离到一株炭疽病菌,依据病菌的形态特征、培养性状和致病性测定等进行鉴定,并进行病原生物学特性研究。结果表明,该蒜薹炭疽病菌是胶孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc.）。该菌菌丝生长的温度范围为10~35℃,最适25℃;菌丝生长的适宜pH范围为3~7,最适pH 7。分生孢子萌发的温度范围为10~40℃,最适30℃;分生孢子萌发的适宜pH范围为4~7,最适pH 6。分生孢子在饱和湿度萌发率最高,相对湿度低于90%时不能萌发。光暗交替最有利于菌丝的生长,黑暗条件有利于分生孢子的萌发。本研究是首次报道了引起蒜薹炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌。     

魔芋灰霉病致病菌及其生理特性的研究

为探明魔芋灰霉病的发病规律,对其发病症状、致病菌及其生理特性进行了较系统的研究。结果表明,魔芋灰霉病菌为葡萄孢菌属(Botryotinia);其分生孢子萌发的温度范围为10~30℃,最适温度为20~25℃;在pH 4~9条件下均能萌发,最适pH为5;在各种营养液中均能萌发,在2%的蔗糖液中萌发最好,其次为2%的葡萄糖和魔芋甘露低聚糖;分生孢子的致死温度为57℃、5 min。魔芋灰霉病菌菌丝在4种培养基上均能生长,其中PDA培养基最适宜菌丝生长,最适的产孢培养基为PDA+魔芋甘露低聚糖;菌丝在5~30℃均能生长和产孢,适宜温度为20~25℃;在pH 4~9均能生长及产孢,最适pH为5。     

茭白胡麻斑病菌生物学特性研究

对茭白胡麻斑病生物学特性进行了研究,结果表明：该菌菌丝生长的适宜温度10~35℃,最适温度25℃;分生孢子产生的适宜温度10~30℃,最适温度25℃;分生孢子致死温度为56℃;该菌菌丝生长和分生孢子产生的pH值3~12,最适pH值6~9,中性偏碱的条件下有利于分生孢子的形成;该菌菌丝生长最适碳源为乳糖,而产孢最适碳源为果糖;氮源酵母膏促进菌丝生长,酵母膏和氯化铵能促进产孢,牛肉膏和硝酸钾不利于产孢。     

滇西红花油茶褐斑病病原鉴定、致病性

为了给腾冲红花油茶(Camellia reticulata f. simpex Sealy)褐斑病的综合防治提供一定的理论依据,通过实地调查与室内分离、鉴定及接种试验,对腾冲红花油茶褐斑病病原菌及其致病性进行了研究。结果表明,红花油茶褐斑病病原为半知菌亚门腔孢纲黑盘孢目（科）的拟盘多毛孢属茶褐斑拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis guepini。该菌种在人工针刺接种条件下均能在大棚内表现出典型症状。并将发病叶片再分离,得到同样的病原。该菌在PDA培养基上菌丝生长温度为10~30℃,最适25℃;产生分生孢子的温度为20~25℃,最适25℃;分生孢子萌发的温度为15~30℃,最适28℃。该病菌在pH4~8条件下均能生长和产孢,产生分生孢子最适pH5~6,分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长最适pH5。该菌对生长势弱或有伤口的植株有很强的致病性,并为红花油茶褐斑病病原学、发病规律及防治技术的系统研究奠定了基础。     

甘薯疮痂病菌的生物学特性和产孢方法研究

探究甘薯疮痂病菌(Elsinoe batatas)的生物学特性,筛选疮痂病菌在人工培养基上快速、大量地产生分生孢子的方法,为甘薯抗疮痂病育种提供依据。以疮痂病病原菌菌株CRI-CJ2为研究对象,采用菌丝生长速率法测定在不同培养基、p H和光照处理条件下的菌落生长直径,利用凹玻片悬滴法测定在不同温度、pH和光照处理条件下的分生孢子萌发率,比较Fries液体培养法、摇菌法和菌丝涂布法等3种方法的诱导产孢效果。结果表明,最适菌丝生长的培养基为PDA,p H 6～7,致死温度为48℃、10 min,光照对菌丝生长无显著影响,但连续光照使菌落呈鲜红色;分生孢子萌发最适pH 5,最适温度为25℃,致死温度为48℃、10 min,光照对分生孢子萌发影响不显著;采用菌丝涂布法可使疮痂病菌在培养第12天分生孢子产孢量达7.09×10⁷个/m L,分生孢子萌发率为24%,产孢量和孢子活力均高于摇菌法,采用Fries液体培养法未观察到分生孢子及产孢结构。可见,选用适宜的培养基、p H能促进菌丝体生长,菌丝涂布法具有产孢快、产孢量大的优点,是一种适合甘薯疮痂病菌分生孢子诱生的方法。     

甜瓜镰孢根腐病菌生物学特性研究

近年来甜瓜镰孢根腐病在甜瓜设施栽培和露地栽培中都普遍发生,严重影响了甜瓜的产量和品质。我们对该病病原菌腐皮镰孢菌[ Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. ]的生物学特性进行了研究,旨在为筛选甜瓜镰孢根腐病抗性种质资源和选育抗病品种奠定基础。研究结果是：该病原菌生长温度范围是10-40℃,最适生长温度为30℃;在pH值5-10范围内都能良好生长;能够很好地利用多种碳源;较适宜的氮源为硝态氮,铵态氮不适于该病原菌的生长。该病原菌分生孢子萌发的最适相对湿度是100%,在相对湿度小于90%的条件下不能萌发;分生孢子适宜萌发温度为30℃;分生孢子的致死温度为57℃,10min。     

杨梅叶枯病菌（Phomopsis myricina）生物学特性研究

杨梅叶枯病菌（Phomopsis myricina）生物学特性研究结果表明：该菌菌丝生长与分生孢子器形成最佳培养基为PSA+1‰酵母膏和PDA+1‰酵母膏。病菌能有效地利用多种碳源和氮源，但谷氨酸和精氨酸对病菌生长发育有抑制作用。菌丝生长和分生孢子器形成最适温度为20~25℃；最适pH值分别为6~8和7~9。紫外光处理有利于产孢。分生孢子萌发最适温度为20~30℃；最适pH值7~9；在相对湿度98%以上和水滴中孢子萌发率最高；不同营养对孢子萌发无显著影响。     

棉花红腐病病原菌生物学特性的研究

棉花红腐病菌菌丝生长的最适宜培养基为 PSA培养基,最适温度范围 20~25℃, 最适pH值7.0~9.0,光照对该菌的生长几乎没有影响,而紫外线对该菌的生长有一定的抑制作用。病菌对碳源的利用以蔗糖和麦芽糖最佳,氮源的利用以硫酸铵和氯化铵最佳。产孢量在温度25℃、pH 7.0、紫外线照射80 min、查彼培养基上达到最大。分生孢子萌发的最适温度为20~25℃、最适pH 9.0、湿度86%以上。总之,该菌属于中高温、高湿、中性偏碱性菌。     

漆树炭疽病病原鉴定及其生物学特性研究

采集感染炭疽病的漆树病叶,组织分离得病原菌纯培养,根据病原菌的形态、培养特征、致病性和寄主范围将其鉴定为胶孢炭疽Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc.。进一步研究其生物学特性发现,漆树炭疽菌菌丝生长与时间呈直线相关,菌丝在10~35 ℃范围内均能生长,生长最适温度为25~28 ℃,分生孢子致死温度为48 ℃,分生孢子在相对湿度达到90 %时才能萌发,连续光照可以促进菌丝生长量和产孢量的增加,菌丝在pH 3~12 范围内均能生长,生长最适pH为6.0。漆树炭疽菌对多种碳、氮源都能利用,以葡萄糖、果糖为碳源以及以天门冬酰胺、丙氨酸为氮源时,其菌丝生长最佳。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.