不同砧木对马瑟兰葡萄酿酒品质的影响

旨在探讨不同砧木对马瑟兰葡萄酿酒品质的影响,为酿酒葡萄栽培调控提供理论参考,以2018年不同砧木(SO4、5BB、3309M和101-14)嫁接的酿酒葡萄马瑟兰为试材,以扦插苗为对照,2020,2021年果实成熟时进行采收,对果穗性状和酿酒品质等进行检测。结果显示,2021年砧穗组合的果穗紧密度、果穗质量、平均果粒质量、果粒纵横径、最大果粒质量、萎蔫数量较2020年有所下降,但对照的果粒纵横径和平均果粒质量增加;砧木嫁接可提高马瑟兰葡萄的果粒纵横径、平均果粒质量、平均种子数量,但2 a的果粒质量变异系数差别不大。2020年M/SO4、M/5BB和M/3309M的果粒质量大多分布在1.01～1.25 g, M/101-14果粒质量大多分布在0.76～1.00 g; 2021年M/5BB、M/3309M和M/101-14的果粒质量大多分布在0.76～1.00 g, M/SO4果粒质量大多分布在1.01～1.25 g。砧木可降低果实可溶性固形物、提高总酸质量浓度。经LCMS/MS法测定花色苷的组分和含量,结果显示,二甲花翠素含量最高,其次是花翠素,花葵素含量最少。与对照相比,M/5BB极显著...     

新农生物葡萄保鲜剂1号的应用效果初报

红提葡萄汁多、味浓、口感好,是消费者喜爱的水果,然而在保鲜过程中易受到微生物污染,影响葡萄的商品性。笔者历时5年,研制成新农生物葡萄保鲜剂1号。保鲜试验结果表明,新农生物保鲜剂1号具有抑制红提葡萄保鲜过程中微生物生长的作用,用质量分数为0.1%的该保鲜剂喷施的葡萄,在0~1℃条件下贮藏100d,其果穗和果粒外观优于对照;掉粒率和烂果率显著低于对照;果粒中的可溶性固形物含量高于对照。该葡萄口味浓,不含二氧化硫,无涩味。     

龙眼葡萄果实性状及相关性分析

为研究龙眼葡萄的果实性状特征,通过连续3年对龙眼葡萄的果粒重、果粒大小(果粒纵径、横径、果型指数、体积)、种籽数、种籽重和含糖量观测分析,结果表明,这些性状指标在不同年份间存在一定的差异,以2004年单果均重最大,2003年单果重变异系数最大。龙眼葡萄的果型为椭圆形或圆形,是完全种籽的果实类型,含2~3粒种籽的果实占大多数,其比例分别为69.4%,83.4%,82.3%。对2年的葡萄果粒含糖量分析发现,葡萄果粒的平均含糖量分别为16.03%,15.89%,含糖量在14%以上的分布频率分别占83.42%,82.29%。龙眼葡萄果实各品质指标之间存在着一定的相关性,单果重、种籽数、种籽重、果粒纵径、果粒横径和体积等性状间呈极显著正相关;果型指数与单果重及含糖量相关性不显著,表明龙眼葡萄果实的形态对果粒的重量和含糖量没有影响。果型指数与种籽数或种籽重呈极显著或显著负相关,说明果实的形态对种籽的个数及单果重有影响,推测椭圆形果粒的种籽个数及单果重小,而圆形果粒种籽个数及质量要多。含糖量与其他性状的相关性在不同年间有差异,2004年含糖量与单果重、果粒纵径存在弱相关性,2005年含糖量与种籽数存在弱相关性。果穗不同部位的果实在形态上和种籽含量上存在一定的差异,基部的果型指数最大,含糖量最高,种籽数及种籽重最小,尖部则反之。     

膨大剂处理对无核白葡萄贮藏品质的影响

以吐鲁番地区无核白葡萄为试材,研究使用2次920膨大剂(分别于葡萄果粒直径长到1.5和3.0 mm时对穗喷施药剂,2次的施药浓度均为35 mg/kg)和3次施特优膨大剂(分别于葡萄果粒直径长到1.5、3.0、4.0 mm时对穗喷施药剂,3次的施药浓度均为0.59μL/L)处理对-1~0℃条件下葡萄贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,使用2次920和3次施特优膨大剂,可有效抑制贮藏期间无核白葡萄的呼吸作用,延缓果梗褐变指数、落粒率和失重率的升高,并维持较高的可滴定酸含量和硬度;但无核白葡萄的可溶性固形物含量显著低于未使用膨大剂处理的果实(P0.05)。因此,在生产中要综合考虑,合理使用膨大剂。     

不同有机肥对葡萄产量和品质的影响*

通过田间试验研究施用不同有机肥对葡萄产量和品质的影响。结果表明施用牛粪葡萄产量最高，其次是猪粪，沼渣对葡萄产量影响不大。施用牛粪和沼渣对葡萄单果穗长、穗重、果粒数和果粒粒径影响不大；施用猪粪会导致葡萄单穗果粒数下降，但葡萄果粒粒径显著增加；沼渣对葡萄内在品质影响较大，可显著提高果品的含糖量和果胶质含量，但糖酸比有所下降。     

葡萄果实结构与耐贮性关系的研究

通过对巨峰、红地球、秋红、秋黑四个品种葡萄果实结构与耐压力、耐拉力关系的研究,发现葡萄浆果耐拉力大小与果柄粗细、果蒂大小以及果刷面积成正相关,与单位面积果柄和果蒂上所承受的浆果自重成负相关,耐压力强弱不仅受果肉质地影响,还与果粒大小有一定关系,与果皮厚度关系不大。果梗发育程度对葡萄耐贮性的影响远远大于果梗占果穗的比重,耐压力与耐拉力之间无明显关系。     

环剥技术在火焰无核葡萄上的应用效应研究

以火焰无核葡萄为试材,通过采用不同宽度、不同部位的环剥技术,研究环剥对葡萄穗长、穗宽、粒质量、粒长等性状的影响。结果表明,不同宽度及不同部位环剥对葡萄果实性状有较大影响,可显著增加葡萄果穗与果粒长度,增大果粒质量,特别能够显著提高葡萄含糖量。不同宽度环剥处理之间,8 mm环剥宽度的效果优于2 mm和5 mm;不同部位环剥处理之间,结果枝基部环剥效果较结果母枝基部显著。     

红地球葡萄花果管理技术

红地球葡萄要达到高产优质的要求，使果穗美观，果粒大小均匀一致，色泽鲜艳，除加强栽培管理以外，还必须对果穗进行技术处理。     

温宿红葡萄生物学特性及果实性状多样性研究

摘要：【研究目的】温宿红是新疆温宿县地方优异葡萄品种,当地长期栽培中形成了丰富的葡萄种质资源多样性,本文通过对温宿红葡萄果实与形态性状多样性的研究,以期为筛选出适合当地条件的温宿红葡萄系列新品种（系）提供材料基础。【方法】通过田间观察,以果实特性为主要指标,植株形态特征为辅,研究温宿红葡萄品种多样性。【结果】温宿红葡萄植株生长势强,晚熟、丰产,果穗松紧适中、穗梗粗壮,果粒圆、大小一致,果肉硬脆,味甜,果皮红色鲜丽,符合人们的消费习惯, 有一定的耐贮运性,是较为理想的鲜食品种。温宿红自然群体中存在诸多变异类型,初步筛选出的7个形态与果实性状多样性植株在果穗、果粒形态,果实耐压力、耐拉力、可溶性固形物含量和种子数等方面均存在显著性差异。【结论】温宿红葡萄自然群体中存在变异类型,对该品种的深入研究及初选的多样性植株具有一定育种及利用价值。     

紫云珠葡萄优质丰产栽培技术

紫云珠是我县2005年引进的葡萄品种,种植面积达500亩。种植后表现适应性强．结果早、丰产,综合性状良好。该品种果实耐衰老性强,口感极好,自然无核,可溶性固形物含量达22％,糖酸比为41：1。果粒紫黑色、发亮、形状类似珍珠,果皮韧性大,肉质硬脆;不落粒,不裂果,不失水,不变色,极耐储运;果粒、果穗均较大,平均粒重6．5克,最大可达10克,穗重700－1500克。     

架式与负载量对晚红葡萄果实品质的影响

以三年生晚红葡萄为试验材料,研究了不同架式及负载量对果实品质的影响。结果表明:立体棚架栽培的果实单粒重、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比等品质指标均高于平棚架和篱架,总酸含量低于二者;立体棚架叶片净光合速率(Pn)极显著高于棚架和篱架(P0.01),并且叶片Pn与果实单粒重、总糖含量呈显著正相关。单粒重与总糖、固酸比呈极显著正相关,与总酸呈显著负相关。总糖与固酸比呈极显著正相关。总酸与固酸比呈极显著负相关。立体棚架保留8～10个/m2新梢对其光能利用和果实品质较适宜。     

Kaolin over sun-exposed fruit affects berry temperature,must composition and wine sensory attributes of Sauvignon blanc

Under humid climatic conditions, crop loss due to bunch rot can be as high as 100% in a given year and, in many cases, it becomes the main factor determining harvest. Although the effectiveness of fruit zone leaf removal depends on initial fruit microclimate, it is generally extremely effective at reducing bunch rots. The impact of leaf removal on Sauvignon blanc must composition and wine sensory attributes, is in general considered detrimental. High temperature achieved as a result of excessive bunch exposure may negatively affect primary and secondary grape metabolites responsible for its typical wine style. The main objective of this work was to determine, if kaolin application over clusters, reduce sunburn and other berry damage associated with excessive fruit exposure. Three treatments were evaluated: untreated control (C); fruit zone leaf removal (LR); and fruit zone leaf removal plus kaolin application (LR + K). Kaolin application significantly reduced berry temperature, sunburn and other berry damage associated with excessive fruit exposure. Wines from the LR + K treatment had the highest sensory scores of all three treatments and were related more to a high intensity of fruity and tropical notes rather than to the absence of green notes as a consequence of leaf remova.     

不同果皮颜色酿酒葡萄品种果实不同部位酚类物质含量比较及抗氧化能力分析

为筛选出酚类物质含量高且具有较高抗氧化活性的酿酒葡萄种质资源,分别以4个红色和4个白色酿酒葡萄成熟果实为材料,比色法测定果皮、果肉和种子中的总酚、单宁、总类黄酮、原花色素和黄烷醇含量,以总还原力、DPPH自由基、ABTS⁺·自由基清除能力评价其抗氧化能力。结果表明,各品种果皮、果肉和种子中各酚类物质含量具有明显差异,但均以果肉中含量最低。红色品种果皮和种子中酚类物质含量均高于白色品种（‘小白玫瑰455’除外）,其中以‘黑比诺667’中总酚、单宁和总类黄酮含量最高,而果皮原花色素和黄烷醇含量以‘蛇龙珠’最高,种子原花色素含量以‘法国蓝’最高。白色品种中,‘小芒森’果皮各酚类物质含量均最低,而种子中含量以‘小白玫瑰455’最高。各葡萄品种果皮和种子的抗氧化能力和其总酚、单宁、总类黄酮、原花色素和黄烷醇含量之间均为显著正相关,相关系数在0.8383~0.9983,而果肉中的相关性较弱。选用的3种方法对葡萄果实抗氧化活性进行评价时,测定结果在不同方法间存在协同性与差异性。     

Effectiveness of pre- and post-veraison calcium applications to control decay and maintain table grape fruit quality during storage

A two year research was carried out on a table grape vineyard, cv. Italia, to evaluate the effectiveness of pre- and post-veraison calcium applications for controlling postharvest table grape rots and maintaining high fruit quality during cold storage. Two calcium application timings (from fruit set to veraison and from veraison to harvest) were compared to an untreated control. Clusters were sprayed with calcium chloride as Ca EDTA 44%. After each calcium application, bunch samples were collected and Ca²⁺ concentration was measured in berry compartments (skin, flesh and seeds). The main mechanical and chemical characteristics were measured on bunch samples at harvesting and during storage. In addition, the incidence of Botrytis cinerea rots, computed as McKinney index, was evaluated in field on natural inoculum and after harvesting on bunches artificially inoculated and maintained at room temperature. The highest Ca²⁺ concentrations were detected in skin tissues and after pre-veraison applications. Calcium accumulation in skin and flesh tissues stopped after veraison, whereas it continued up to ripening in seeds since the axial flow, differently from the peripheral, remains functional. In both years, calcium applications to bunches were effective both in maintaining postharvest fruit quality, as shown by flesh firmness and berry breaking force, and in reducing B. cinerea rots during storage. The applications were particularly efficacious if carried out between fruit set and veraison when stomata are functional and the re-translocation of calcium not directly absorbed by the bunches may occur via xylem transport.     

基于AFLP遗传多样性和叶片内含物的银杏特异种质资源分析

本研究以南京林业大学银杏种质资源库中新收集30份特异种质资源为材料,通过对AFLP遗传关系和叶片黄酮总量和3个主要单体(槲皮素,山奈酚,异鼠李素)及可溶性糖含量分析,探究各特异种质资源间遗传联系。研究表明各种质资源间存在不同程度的遗传差异,不同种质资源黄酮总量和单体组成比例均具有较大差异,筛选出具有较高特异性的种质资源C16。以黄酮单体和可溶性糖含量进行系统聚类,与UPGMA聚类结果不能完全吻合,说明UPGMA聚类分析结果和叶片内含物含量聚类具有一定的差别。通过结合AFLP分子标记技术和生理特征探究特异种质资源遗传多样性,发掘银杏种质遗传变异,可以为选育银杏特异种质资源提供思路,后续种质资源筛选与鉴定提供依据。     

果穗曝光对酿酒葡萄果实品质影响的研究进展

影响葡萄果实品质的因素很多,对于特定的葡萄产区而言,在大气候、小气候、土壤、品种等条件相对一定的前提下,通过改变栽培技术措施来改善果实区域微气候,从而提高果实品质显得尤为重要。简述了果实区域曝光,一项操作简便、高效,且能够实现机械化而备受国内外学者关注的新技术,在提高酿酒葡萄果实品质方面的研究概况,包括对总酚、花色苷、单宁等酚类物质含量、香气成分,尤其是甲氧基吡嗪类物质含量的影响。此外,就果穗曝光处理在调节葡萄产量、降低果穗紧实度从而减少病害发生率等方面进行了总结。以及该技术在我国农村劳动力不断减少,劳动力成本不断攀升,葡萄产业亟需集约化、机械化、简单化的大背景下的应用前景和研究方向进行了简要的分析。     

‘夏黑’葡萄花穗的不同整穗长度对果实生长及品质的影响

以‘夏黑’葡萄为试验材料,开花前一周分别留花穗穗尖的3 cm、4 cm、5 cm、7 cm,疏除花穗其余部分,并以不整穗作为对照。盛花期时统一采用50 mg/L GA3处理花穗,盛花期后15天再分3组用50 mg/L GA3、50 mg/L GA3 + 2.5 mg/L CPPU、50 mg/L GA3 + 5 mg/L CPPU处理花穗,研究‘夏黑’葡萄花穗的不同整穗长度对果实生长及品质的影响,以期为生产实践提供依据。结果表明,3 cm、4 cm、5 cm这3种整穗长度均能显著增大果实纵径、横径,提高果实单果重和可溶性固形物的含量,并能显著降低果实可滴定酸的含量。在‘夏黑’葡萄生产上配合花穗整穗技术使用生长调节剂进行果实膨大处理时,宜采用3 cm的整穗长度,盛花期施用50 mg/L GA3,盛花期后15天施用50 mg/L GA3 + 2.5 mg/L CPPU进行生产。     

Grapevine bud fertility and number of berries per bunch are determined by water and nitrogen stress around flowering in the previous year

Grapevine yield formation extends over two consecutive years (seasons 1 and 2). The inflorescence formation (around flowering in season 1) is crucial as it is involved in the formation of both the bunch number per vine and the berry number per bunch in season 2, that account for about 60% and 30% of year-to-year yield variation of grapevine, respectively. Light, temperature, water and nitrogen availability are known to affect this early stage. The aims of this work were to determine the critical periods during which inflorescence formation is sensitive to water and nitrogen stress and quantify their effects on it. To address these issues, we used a 3-year (2010–2012) field experiment (cv. Shiraz) in combination with a water balance simulation model (WaLIS) and a 6-year field experiment (cv. Aranel). In both experiments, different treatments were applied to create a gradient of water and nitrogen supply (treatments involved cover cropping, irrigation and fertilization). The grapevine yield and its components were recorded. Water and nitrogen status of grapevine were monitored throughout the season. Inflorescence formation was sensitive to water and nitrogen stress during a critical period that occurred between 400 and 700 °Cd after budburst in season 1. Bud fertility (number of bunches per shoot) and berry number per bunch in season 2 were significantly correlated with the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW), predawn leaf water potential and leaf nitrogen content at that time for both cultivars. Water and nitrogen stress during the critical period of season 1 determined 65–70% of grapevine yield in season 2. Our results show that the maximum yield that can be reached in season 2 is determined during the critical period of season 1 and they provide clues to estimate it. These results may help grape growers to adapt their practices (i) in season 1 to ensure a sufficient maximum yield for season 2 and (ii) to actually obtain the targeted yield in season 2 depending on the maximum yield determined in season 1.