韭菜迟眼蕈蚊研究进展

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊是葱韭蒜类蔬菜重要的地下害虫,尤喜食韭菜,其幼虫俗称韭蛆。因该虫发生量大且为害严重,近几年有些菜农大量使用化学农药,造成韭菜农药残留超标,"毒韭菜"事件频发,已引起社会各界的广泛关注。有关韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的研究主要集中在生物学特性和防治方法两方面,如生活习性、发生规律、化学杀虫剂室内毒力测定和田间药效比较、筛选等。有关组织学、解剖学、生理学的研究甚少,而分子生物学方面的研究尚未见报道。本文对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的研究成果进行了综述,分析了当前防治方法存在的问题,为今后的研究和防治提供新的思路。     

Evaluation of medium treatments for management of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thripidae: Thysanoptera) and Bradysia coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae)

Two greenhouse experiments, each comprising two trials, were conducted to evaluate medium drenches of insect growth regulators and conventional insecticides to reduce emergence of adult western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and fungus gnats, Bradysia coprophila (Lintner) from the medium. In the insect growth regulator trials, diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen provided the greatest reduction in thrips emergence, and fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and azadirachtin resulted in the most significant reduction of fungus gnat emergence. Treatments with the contact insecticides, methiocarb and chlorpyrifos, resulted in the greatest reduction of thrips and fungus gnat populations. These data suggest that fungus gnats are susceptible to many compounds used in commercial greenhouse production. Even though medium drenches are not currently used for thrips management, drenches with diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, methiocarb and chlorpyrifos could aid in reducing thrips populations in greenhouse management programs. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and neonicotinoid insecticides on the fungus gnat Bradysia sp nr. coprophila (Lintner) (Diptera: Sciaridae)

The soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. israelensis (Bti), the neonicotinoid insecticides dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin and the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen were evaluated to determine their efficacy against the larval stages of the fungus gnat Bradysia sp nr. coprophila (Lintner) in the laboratory. Treatments were applied as a drench to the growing medium in polypropylene deli containers. The Bti treatments had no effect on either instar tested, whereas all the other compounds negatively affected both the second and third instars. This study demonstrates that the soil bacterium B. thuringiensis var. israelensis may not be active on these larval stages, whereas the neonicotinoid insecticides and the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen are effective on these stages. The fact that Bti is not effective on the second and third instars of the fungus gnat means that greenhouse producers using this insecticide must make applications before fungus gnat populations build up and before overlapping generations develop.     

Stem and root rot of scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) caused by Pythium myriotylum

A severe rot was found on the stems and roots of scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) in Ibaraki Prefecture (Japan) in August 2004. The causal fungus was identified as Pythium myriotylum. We propose the name of stem and root rot of scarlet runner bean (“Kuki-negusare-byo” in Japanese) for this new disease.     

Fluorescent Pseudomonas isolate E11.3 as biocontrol agent for Pythium root rot in tulips

FluorescentPseudomonas isolates were obtained from Pythium-diseased tulip roots or rhizospheres. A selection of these isolates was tested for root rot-suppressing capabilities, using tulip cultivar Paul Richter (ice-tulip) as host andPythium ultimum P17 as pathogen. With isolate E11.3 root rot suppression was consistently found, but the extent of the effects varied from experiment to experiment. Beneficial effects were obtained after introduction of the bacteria either by mixing them through the soil or by dipping the bulbs in a bacterial suspension, immediately before planting. Application of bacteria in methylcellulose also reduced disease, but is of no practical value as methylcellulose by itself increased disease. In steamed soil, disease was more severe than in natural soil. In both circumstances, however, beneficial effects of bacterization with E11.3 were observed.Samenvatting Fluorescerende pseudomonaden werden geïsoleerd van tulpewortels of uit de rhizosfeer daarvan. Een aantal van deze isolaten is getoetst op wortelrot-onderdrukkend vermogen in een experimenteel systeem met tulpecultivar Paul Richter (vriestulp) als waardplant enPythium ultimum isolaat P17 als pathogeen. Wortelrotonderdrukking werd consequent waargenomen na bacterisatie metPseudomonas isolaat E11.3; de mate waarin rotonderdrukking optrad verschilde echter van experiment tot experiment. Bacterisatie vond plaats òf door de bacteriën door de grond te mengen òf door de bollen vlak voor het planten in een bacteriesuspensie te dompelen. Met beide methoden werden positieve resultaten bereikt. Toedienen van bacteriën in methylcellulose leidde ook tot reductie van de ziekte, maar heeft geen practische betekenis aangezien methylcellulose op zich de ziekte doet toenemen. Wortelrot was ernstiger in gestoomde dan in nietgestoomde grond, maar in beide omstandigheden werkte E11.3 wortelrotonderdrukkend.     

Effect of compost and casing treatments of insecticides against the sciarid Bradysia ocellaris (Diptera: Sciaridae) and on the total yield of cultivated mushrooms,Agaricus bisporus

BACKGROUND: Bradysia ocellaris (Comstock) is one of the major pests of cultivated mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. The feeding of sciarid fly larvae causes damage to the cultivation substrates, compost and casing. A comparative study of insecticidal treatments incorporated into compost and casing against B. ocellaris was conducted during 2003–2004. Treatments with an organophosphate, diazinon, a pyrazole, fipronil, and an insect growth regulator (IGR), triflumuron, were incorporated into casing. Another IGR, cyromazine, was incorporated into compost. Insecticidal incorporation into compost and casing has been associated with reductions in mushroom yield. Therefore, the effect of these insecticidal treatments on the overall yield was evaluated. RESULTS: A combined treatment, incorporation of cyromazine at 10 mg kg^?1 into compost and of triflumuron at 20 mg kg^?1 into casing, provided 100% control against B. ocellaris. There was no apparent reduction in yield as a result of incorporation of the tested chemicals into either compost or casing. CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this study suggest that incorporation of insecticides into both compost and casing is required to control a moderate to high pressure of insect pests. There were no significant yield reductions as a result of the incorporation of pesticides in the Australian mushroom‐growing system. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Pythium rot of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis) caused by Pythium aphanidermatum

Severe rot was found at the base of leaves and stems of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis) in Ibaraki Prefecture every year in early September from 2002 through 2004. The causal fungus was identified as Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzpatrick. This is the first report of P. aphanidermatum on Chinese cabbage. A similar disease of Chinese cabbage caused by P. ultimum Trow var. ultimum is known as Pythium rot. We propose adding P. aphanidermatum as a new pathogen of this disease.     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫种群监测方法的效果比较

正韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang属双翅目眼蕈蚊科迟眼蕈蚊属,其幼虫俗称"韭蛆"(杨集昆和张学敏,1985),以钻蛀韭菜地下鳞茎进行为害,致使地下部腐烂、地上部瘦弱和萎蔫,严重时造成缺苗断垄甚至成片死亡,是我国韭菜生产上的主要害虫(梅增霞等,2003)。由于其幼虫在地下隐蔽为害,且主要依赖化学农药防治,以致"毒韭菜"事件屡有发生,严重威胁着人民生命、生活和生态环境。因此,本试验利用黄色粘虫板、糖醋液和水,系     

Grapevine inflorescences are susceptible to the bunch rot pathogens, Greeneria uvicola (bitter rot) and Colletotrichum acutatum (ripe rot)

Grapevine inflorescences (cv. Chardonnay) were found to be susceptible to infection by the berry rotting pathogens Colletotrichum acutatum and Greeneria uvicola responsible for ripe rot and bitter rot of grapes respectively. Infection of inflorescences on field-grown grapevines at mid-flowering led to subsequent berry rot at veraison. An application of the strobilurin fungicide Cabrio (active ingredient pyraclostrobin) at flowering reduced the incidence of ripe rot and bitter rot at veraison from 88% to 0% and from 86% to 2%, respectively. The infection of detached inflorescences was influenced by temperature and was greatest at 25–30°C for C. acutatum and 30°C for G. uvicola. Our results demonstrate for the first time that grapevine flowers are susceptible to C. acutatum and G. uvicola and that flower infections have the potential to lead to subsequent rotting of the grape berries. The findings have implications for the management of ripe rot and bitter rot of grapes.     

An integrated approach to the control of Lycoriella solani (Diptera:Sciaridae) during production of the cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

Individual and combined effects of light‐trapping, biological and chemical control on Lycoriella solani (Winnertz) populations in experimental mushroom production cubicles were examined. During three weeks following the introduction of recorded numbers of adult L solani into experimental cubicles, light‐traps caught a maximum 74% of flies initially released. However, light‐trapping stimulated adult fly activity and immature stages in the growing substrate throughout the experiment. Consequently, no yield improvements, independently or in combination with biological control agents, were recorded. Incorporation of diazinon (25 mg AI kg⁻¹) to compost following pasteurisation did not significantly reduce subsequent emergence of adult sciarids. Additional drench application of diflubenzuron (1 g AI m⁻²) to the casing layer reduced the number of immature sciarids during the first cropping period by 99% (P < 0.001). However, inclusion of chemical insecticides reduced the mushroom yield during this period by 14% (P < 0.001). Introduction of the predatory mite Hypoaspis miles (Berlese) to the compost during its colonisation by mycelium of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) reduced emergence of adult sciarids by 87% (P < 0.05). Later introduction of H miles at the beginning of the case‐run period was less effective. Application of the parasitic nematode, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev (=S bibionis Bovien, after Poinar, 1990)) to the compost during its colonisation by mycelium of A bisporus had no immediate effect on sciarid emergence and provided only limited reduction at later crop stages. Similar application immediately after casing reduced sciarid emergence at first flush by 82% (P < 0.05). Irrespective of application time, a formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) var israeliensis had no significant effect on sciarid emergence or mushroom yields at any production stage. © Crown copyright 2000. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Micronutrients reduce root rot in red clover (Trifolium pratense)

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is an important component of mixed grass-legume leys; however, fungal root rot decreases red clover viability over time....     

Protection of cucumber against Pythium root rot by fluorescent pseudomonads: predominant role of induced resistance over siderophores and antibiosis

Four Pseudomonas strains were evaluated for their intrinsic properties conferring their ability to protect long English cucumber against Pythium aphanidermatum in hydroponic culture. Two of the strains, BTP1 and its siderophore-negative mutant M3, increased plant yield as compared with the non-inoculated control plants. Strain BTP7 was intermediate in its biocontrol activity while strain ATCC 17400 failed to reduce disease development. The role of pyoverdines could not be confirmed since treatment with either BTP1 or its siderophore-negative mutant M3 provided similar suppression of Pythium disease. In addition, no siderophores were detected in the nutrient solution. BTP1 did not inhibit pathogen growth in vitro on several media, suggesting that antibiosis was not a mechanism of suppression. Quantification of root bacterial populations did not indicate differences among the strains. On the other hand, roots treated with either BTP1 or its sid⁻ mutant M3 contained more antifungal phenolics than roots from any other treatments including controls. These results suggest that antifungal compounds induced by inoculation of cucumber roots with the fluorescent Pseudomonas strains BTP1 and M3 participate actively in the protection of cucumber plants against P. aphanidermatum     

蜜柑大实蝇在中国的适生性研究

蜜柑大实蝇Bactrocera(Tetradacus)tsuneonis(Miyake)是重要的检疫性有害生物,危害柑橘类作物.本研究在中国748气象站点的气象数据和蜜柑大实蝇生物学数据的基础上综合运用CLIMEX软件与ArcGIS软件对蜜柑大实蝇在我国的适生性进行研究.结果显示:蜜柑大实蝇在我国具有较高的适生性,适生范围涉及33个省、市(区),其中广西、广东、贵州、重庆、湖北、江苏的广大地区,四川、云南的东南部,陕西、河南的南部,安徽、台湾的北部和海南的中部地区等为高度适生区.本研究明确了蜜柑大实蝇在我国的适生性,提出了针对不同适生程度区域内的防控措施建议,对科学制定我国蜜柑大实蝇检疫政策和措施、防止该实蝇入侵和进一步扩散等具有重要的意义.     

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) as a bean intercrop or rotation crop contributes to the survival of bean root rot pathogens and perpetuation of bean root rots

Root rots (RR) are the main cause of declining bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production in southwestern Uganda. Here, beans are mainly intercropped/rotated with maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and garden peas (Pisum sativum). These crops also suffer from RR and bean RR pathogens have been isolated from some of these crops. This study aimed to determine the extent of RR on maize, sorghum and peas, and their potential to contribute to the survival of bean RR pathogens. Therefore, experiments were carried out in bean RR‐infested farmers’ fields as well as soils inoculated with bean RR pathogens (Pythium spp. and Fusarium spp.) under screen house conditions and a susceptible bean cultivar served as a control. High RR incidence/severity scores were recorded in beans and sorghum in both farmers’ fields and screen house experiments. The high field RR incidence/severity in sorghum correlated with the screen house scores. This study shows that RR is also a problem to other crops, especially sorghum, warranting attention. The findings also imply that sorghum plays a potential role as an alternate host to bean RR pathogens, increasing inoculum density of bean RR pathogens and potentially negatively impacting the bean RR problem. Intercropping or rotating beans with sorghum in this region is not recommended. However, maize was RR‐resistant and therefore appropriate as an intercrop/rotational crop to beans in the system. A holistic rather than commodity approach is recommended for managing RR in this cropping system.     

Biological control of Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae) in commercial mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation: a comparison between Hypoaspis miles and Steinernema feltiae

BACKGROUND: Mushroom cultivation may be adversely affected by insect pests, including sciarids (Lycoriella spp.), which were previously controlled by application of chemical pesticides. However, owing to food safety and environmental concerns, availability of pesticides for use during mushroom cultivation has diminished. Consequently, it is imperative to investigate alternative control strategies, not reliant on chemical pesticides, which may be used in an integrated pest management system. RESULTS: Application of the predatory mite Hypoaspis miles Berlese to commercial mushroom‐growing beds at the beginning of spawn run or just prior to casing (830 mites m^?2) significantly reduced immature sciarids, Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour), in the growing substrate and also adult activity towards the conclusion of cropping. A trend towards lower sciarid emergence from substrates and reduced adult sciarid activity was observed following the application of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (1.5 × 10⁶ nematodes m^?2) at casing. No significant treatment effects on mushroom yield were observed. However, contamination of the mushroom crop by adult sciarids increased in untreated controls. Application of H. miles required a 12‐fold increase in labour when compared with application of S. feltiae. CONCLUSION: Contingent upon the development of an effective application system, H. miles has potential for the biological control of sciarids in commercial mushroom production. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

棉花根腐病菌在我国的适生性研究

棉花根腐病菌是我国进境植物检疫性有害生物,也是棉花上的一种毁灭性病菌,目前尚未在我国发生。本研究充分利用GIS工具及相关的计算机编程技术研制开发棉花根腐病菌地理信息系统（CRRGIS）。该系统可对该病菌进行生物学、气象学分析研究,以此揭示棉花根腐病菌在我国的适生性、可能发生的区域,并预测其田间流行规律。     

海南发生木瓜茎腐病

木瓜 (ＣａｒｉｃａｐａｐａｙａＬ .)是重要的热带、亚热带水果 ,从播种到采收只需 9个月 ,可周年结实 ,味美且富含ＶＡ 和ＶＣ,深受生产者和消费者的亲睐。 2 0 0 2年 6月 ,在海南省乐东一木瓜生产基地发现一种木瓜新病害 ,发病率高达 5 0 % ,严重影响木瓜产量。经初步鉴定认为是一种由瓜果腐霉引起的木瓜茎腐病。1　症状木瓜幼苗期和成株期均可受害。发病初期 ,在茎基部近地面处产生水渍状斑 ,并流出白色胶状物 ,后组织崩解、缢缩折倒 ,整株萎蔫。湿度大时 ,病部产生白色棉絮状菌丝体 ,即为病菌菌丝、孢囊梗和孢子囊。2　病原菌菌丝发达 …     

Paraphoma root rot of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in Inner Mongolia,China

Root rot symptoms were observed in fields of alfalfa in Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia, China in 2016. Disease incidences of seven alfalfa varieties planted in 2014 ranged from 56% to 95%, while incidence of Gongnong No. 1 planted in 2016 was 8%, 31% and 76% in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Paraphoma isolates were consistently recovered from black necrotic root tissues of diseased plants with a frequency of 77.1%. Based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) and β-tubulin (TUB), this fungus was identified as Paraphoma radicina. Glasshouse pathogenicity experiments showed that P. radicina significantly reduced above- and below-ground biomass of alfalfa plants 2 months after inoculation. Paraphoma radicina infected 70% of the plants inoculated with a root dip in conidia, and these symptoms were consistent with the symptoms in the field. Paraphoma radicina was successfully reisolated from disease roots of the inoculated alfalfa plants. This is the first report of P. radicina as the causal agent of alfalfa root rot in China.     

Phytopythium chamaehyphon causing corm and root rot of uncultivated taro (Colocasia esculenta)

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is a food crop cultivated in tropical areas of the world. However, when uncultivated, taro is considered an invasive plant species...     

Fumigant activity of plant essential oils and components from horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), anise (Pimpinella anisum) and garlic (Allium sativum) oils against Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae)

Plant essential oils from 40 plant species were tested for their insecticidal activities against larvae of Lycoriella ingénue (Dufour) using a fumigation bioassay. Good insecticidal activity against larvae of L. ingenua was achieved with essential oils of Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Eucalyptus smithii RT Baker, horseradish, anise and garlic at 10 and 5 microL L(-1) air. Horseradish, anise and garlic oils showed the most potent insecticidal activities among the plant essential oils. At 1.25 microL L(-1), horseradish, anise and garlic oils caused 100, 93.3 and 13.3% mortality, but at 0.625 microL L(-1) air this decreased to 3.3, 0 and 0% respectively. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to the identification of one major compound from horseradish, and three each from anise and garlic oils. These seven compounds and m-anisaldehyde and o-anisaldehyde, two positional isomers of p-anisaldehyde, were tested individually for their insecticidal activities against larvae of L. ingenua. Allyl isothiocyanate was the most toxic, followed by trans-anethole, diallyl disulfide and p-anisaldehyde with LC(50) values of 0.15, 0.20, 0.87 and 1.47 microL L(-1) respectively.