2006年四川地区饲料原料霉菌毒素污染状况的调查报告

试验采用酶联免疫(ELISA)法对来自四川地区的5类10个品种133个饲料原料样品进行了伏马毒素、呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、T-2毒素、赭曲霉毒素A和黄曲霉毒素B1共6种常见霉菌毒素的测定,引用霉菌毒素污染程度判定标准和限量标准分析了所测样品的霉菌毒素污染状况。结论是所测饲料原料普遍受到6种霉菌毒素的污染,呕吐毒素和T-2毒素在所测饲料原料中污染较为严重;伏马毒素在玉米和玉米蛋白粉中,玉米赤霉烯酮在玉米蛋白粉、小麦和其它谷物副产品中的污染也较为严重;黄曲霉毒素B1和赭曲霉毒素A污染相对较轻。     

鲁北地区全株玉米青贮饲料霉菌毒素检测分析

为了评估鲁北地区全株玉米青贮饲料霉菌毒素含量及危害情况,在鲁北地区18家养殖场青贮池中采集青贮样品,利用ELISA检测方法,开展了呕吐毒素(DON)、黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、T-2、赭曲霉毒素(OTA)等5种常见霉菌毒素的检测分析。结果表明:呕吐毒素、T-2毒素检出率均为100%,黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素检出率分别为55.56%、27.78%、5.56%;5.56%的样品存在黄曲霉毒素B1超出限量标准,其他均在限量标准以下。添加乳酸菌制剂制备组的呕吐毒素、黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮3种霉菌毒素平均含量明显低于未添加组。全部样品中均检测出2种以上霉菌毒素,其中DON+T-2+AFB1三种霉菌毒素的组合检出率最高,达到38.89%,因此需提高对全株玉米青贮饲料霉菌毒素污染的认识和重视程度。     

广西地区配合饲料霉菌毒素污染状况调查研究

对广西分布在10个不同市县的19个规模化种猪场30批种猪配合饲料及全区的猪、牛、禽、鱼配合饲料47批,合计77批全区有代表性的饲料样品进行了6种常见霉菌毒素的检测,结果表明:①所测饲料普遍受到6种霉菌毒素的污染,呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素、T-2毒素和黄曲霉毒素B1的检出率为100%。呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素在所测饲料中污染较为严重,超标率为10.0%～100%;T-2毒素、赭曲霉毒素A和黄曲霉毒素B1污染相对较轻,未超标。②所检种猪配合饲料中至少含有一种霉菌毒素的污染率为100%,同时含有5种所检霉菌毒素的污染率为52.6%,同时含有2种超标的霉菌毒素(呕吐毒素和伏马毒素)的污染率为36.8%。③种猪场配合饲料比全区各地配合饲料样品污染要轻。     

奶牛场饲料霉菌毒素感染现状的调查与分析

随机抽取3家不同规模奶牛场饲料原料及自配料32份,采用进口ELISA试剂盒检测黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素和呕吐毒素等4种常见霉菌毒素含量。结果表明：所检测的4种霉菌毒素在所有样品中的检出率为100％,并同时含有2～3种霉菌毒素。其中,除豆粕、苜蓿干草、稻草、豆腐渣外,几乎在所有的饲料样本中玉米赤霉稀酮含量都超标,青贮玉米最高,超标4倍,TMR饲料中玉米赤霉酮含量超出了2倍以上;玉米副产品GGDS中赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉酮含量超标严重,呕吐霉素存在微量或少量超标;黄曲霉毒素在青贮玉米、稻草、豆腐渣中有超标,占总样品的15．63％。     

2013年上海浦东地区规模养殖场中饲料及原料霉菌毒素污染状况调查

调查采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对来自浦东地区规模养殖场中3类250份饲料及饲料原料样品进行了黄曲霉毒素B1、赭曲霉毒素A、呕吐毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮4种常见霉菌毒素的测定。调查结果表明:霉菌毒素污染以呕吐毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮为主,黄曲霉毒素B1的检出率增幅较大,平均含量超出国家标准;霉菌毒素污染非常普遍,同时含2~3种霉菌毒素的样品比达到62.80%;霉菌毒素的污染水平在二、三季度较高,具有一定的季节性,但不明显。     

山东省常用羊饲料霉菌毒素污染状况调查

利用酶联免疫吸附法测定了采集于山东省规模化羊场常用羊饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、呕吐毒素(DON)、赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)4种霉菌毒素含量。结果表明,被检样品中4种毒素污染较为严重的为呕吐毒素,其中玉米及副产品、玉米秸、米糠、酒糟、豆饼、豆渣中含量较高,其次为玉米赤霉烯酮,其中玉米秸、苜蓿、混合饲料和全价料中含量较高。赭曲霉毒素A主要污染棉粕,黄曲霉毒素B1污染较轻。     

霉菌毒素对鸡的危害及其控制措施

多年来,霉菌毒素污染问题给全球食品、饲料安全带来了极大的损失,从2012年超过4000个样品的分析结果来看,大多数饲料存在至少1种原料被多种霉菌毒素污染的情况,且与2011年的数据相比,镰刀霉菌毒素（玉米赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素、烟曲霉毒素）的发生率增高。迄今被分离和鉴定出来的霉菌毒素已经超过300多种。霉菌毒素主要是由4种霉菌属所产生：曲霉菌属（主要分泌黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素等）、青霉菌属（主要分泌桔霉素等）、麦角菌属（主要分泌麦角毒素）、梭菌属（主要分泌呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素等）。     

猪霉菌毒素中毒与蓝耳病感染的诊治

霉菌毒素是真菌产生的次级代谢产物,常见的霉菌包括曲霉菌、镰刀菌和青霉菌。饲料中常见的霉菌毒素有黄曲霉毒素、烟曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、呕吐毒素、T-2毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮。     

霉菌毒素对养殖业的影响

<正>霉菌毒素是一类存在于饲料原料和配合饲料中的抗营养因子,它们是由不同类属的真菌产生的二级有毒代谢产物。我国常见的霉菌毒素主要有:黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉素、橘霉素、T-2毒素、呕吐毒素(DON)、串珠镰孢菌毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮。Wang等(2003)分析了配合饲料样品中的黄曲霉毒素、烟曲霉毒素、赭曲霉素、T-2毒素、呕吐毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮,超过90%的样品中都含有以上这6种霉菌毒素(见表1和2)。有污染加重的趋势。     

饲料霉菌毒素的危害和预防

青岛诺和诺康生物技术有限公司对中国饲料及饲料原料受霉菌毒素污染的调查表明：黄曲霉毒素B1、赭曲霉毒素、烟曲霉毒素、T-2毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素,6种霉菌毒素在被检饲料和饲料原料中均普遍存在。在被检饲料和饲料原料中,黄曲霉毒素并非主要的霉菌毒素,呕吐毒素、烟曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮的污染甚为严重。因此,养殖者应充分认识饲料霉菌毒素的危害,采取合理的措施来预防霉菌毒素的污染,以保护动物正常的健康、生产及食品安全。     

Scrapie in goats in Cyprus

Ovine scrapie was first recorded in Cyprus in 1985. Subsequently four dairy goats kept in two mixed flocks with affected sheep developed characteristic clinical signs similar to those seen in sheep. Fifteen goats from the two flocks were examined histologically and neurological lesions consistent with a diagnosis of scrapie were found in the four animals and in three others which had subsequently developed early neurological signs. These lesions were similar to those of naturally-affected sheep although neuronal degeneration and vacuolation were more severe in some cases.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.