榆林市某兔场笼养比利时兔球虫感染情况调查

为了解榆林市某兔场笼养比利时兔球虫的感染情况,试验采用饱和盐水漂浮法、司陶尔虫卵计数法和重铬酸钾培养法对57份粪便样品进行兔球虫感染情况调查。结果表明:该兔场兔球虫平均感染率为64.9%。成年兔感染率为61.5%,感染强度为400个;幼兔感染率为72.2%,感染强度为600个。共检出8种球虫,分别为小型艾美耳球虫(E.exigua)、纳格浦尔艾美耳球虫(E.nagpurensis)、黄艾美耳球虫(E.flavescens)、梨形艾美耳球虫(E.piriformis)、大型艾美耳球虫(E.magna)、斯氏艾美耳球虫(E.stiedai)、盲肠艾美耳球虫(E.coecicola)、松林艾美耳球虫(E.matsubayashii),其中黄艾美耳球虫、梨形艾美耳球虫、斯氏艾美耳球虫所占比例较高,分别为23%、19%、17%。说明该兔场笼养兔球虫感染率较高,黄艾美耳球虫、梨形艾美耳球虫、斯氏艾美耳球虫为优势种。     

福建省某肉兔场球虫感染情况调查

为预防兔球虫病提供依据,采集福州郊区某肉兔场不同日龄肉兔粪便样本587份,采用饱和食盐水漂浮法和麦克马斯特计数法对该场兔球虫感染率、OPG值、球虫卵囊在兔群中的分布、球虫种类及优势种等进行调查分析。调查结果显示,该场兔球虫平均感染率为85.86%,平均OPG值为11 865,个体OPG最高达466 000;OPG值在兔群中呈负二项分布。调查共检测出13种艾美耳球虫,均为混合感染,以纳格浦尔艾美耳球虫(E.nagpurensis)、穿孔艾美耳球虫(E.perforans)、大型艾美耳球虫(E.magna)和盲肠艾美耳球虫(E.coecicola)为优势种。     

江苏省实验兔球虫感染情况调查研究

为了解江苏省实验兔球虫病流行情况,通过收集卵囊及显微镜观察,对江苏省4个实验兔养殖供应基地进行了球虫感染情况的调查,结果显示,调查的实验兔球虫感染率为100％,并且均为混合感染.共检测出10种艾美耳属的球虫,分别是斯氏艾美耳球虫(E.stiedai)、穿孔艾美耳球虫(E.perforans)、中型艾美耳球虫(E.media)、大型艾美耳球虫(E.magma)、梨形艾美耳球虫(E.piri ormis)、无残艾美耳球虫(E.irresdua)、盲肠艾美耳球虫(E.coecicola)、肠艾美耳球虫(E.intestinalis)、小型艾美耳球虫(E.exigua)、黄氏艾美耳球虫(E.flavescens).并且检测了实验兔球虫的感染强度(OPG)和优势虫种,为江苏省实验兔球虫病的防治提供了依据.     

福建省家兔球虫病感染情况调查

为掌握福建省家兔球虫病的发病情况及影响因素,采用饱和盐水漂浮法和卵囊培养法分别对福建省9县市的兔场进行了家兔球虫病感染情况的调查。结果表明,所调查的县市中家兔球虫病平均感染率为44.00%;幼兔的感染率较高,平均达59.33%,种兔的感染率相对较低,平均为4.71%;不同品种感染情况为福建黄兔感染率最高达51.52%,福建白兔较低为4.41%;种兔和幼兔的感染率2013年度分别为15.63%、89.26%明显高于2012年度的3.14%和32.85%;本次共检出12种艾美耳球虫,分别是斯氏艾美耳球虫、中型艾美耳球虫、大型艾美耳球虫、黄艾美耳球虫、新兔艾美耳球虫、野兔艾美耳球虫、纳格浦尔艾美耳球虫、无残艾美耳球虫、长形艾美耳球虫、穿孔艾美耳球虫、梨形艾美耳球虫、肠艾美耳球虫。     

新疆部分地区兔球虫种类调查研究

对新疆部分地区家兔球虫的种类进行调查,发现兔的艾美耳球虫检出率为100%,并检出10种兔艾美耳球虫,即斯氏艾美耳球虫(Eimera stiedai)、大型艾美耳球虫(E.magna)、无残艾美耳球虫(E.irrestidua)、梨型艾美耳球虫(E.piriformis)、小型艾美耳球虫(Eexigua)、肠艾美耳球虫(E.intestinalis)、盲肠艾美耳球虫(E.coecicola)、穿孔艾美耳球虫((E.perforans)、野兔艾美耳球虫(E.leporis)、黄艾美耳球虫(E.flsvescens),其中穿孔艾美耳球虫、小型艾美耳球虫和斯氏艾美耳球虫为优势虫种.     

安徽省肥西县家兔球虫感染情况初步调查

对安徽省肥西县不同地区的家兔球虫种类及感染情况进行调查,结果表明该地区家兔球虫感染率为100%,并均为混合感染。鉴定出9种艾美耳球虫(Eimeria),即大型艾美耳球虫(E.magna)、盲肠艾美耳球虫(E.coecicola)、穿孔艾美耳球虫(E.perforans)、斯氏艾美耳球虫(E.stiedai)、小型艾美耳球虫(E.exigua)、中型艾美耳球虫(E.media)、松林艾美耳球虫(E.matsubayashii)、肠艾美耳球虫(E.intestinalis)和那格浦耳艾美耳球虫(E.nagpurensis),并对家兔球虫的感染强度和优势虫种等进行了记述。     

陕西杨凌某兔场球虫种类与感染情况调查研究

本研究采用家兔粪便检查法和球虫卵曩培养法对杨凌某兔场球虫种类和感染情况进行了调查研究。结果表明,家兔球虫总感染率为67.5%,其中3~4月龄幼兔球虫感染率高达95%,15~16月龄的成年兔感染率为40%;鉴定出兔球虫种类8种,全为多种混合感染。优势种为穿孔艾美耳球虫(E.perforans)、黄艾美耳球虫(E.flavescens)、无残艾美耳球虫(E.irresidua)、斯氏艾美耳球虫(E.stiedai),所占比例分别为28.7%,19.3%,18.0%和16.7%。研究结果为该兔场球虫病的防治提供了参考资料。     

呼和浩特市某养兔场球虫感染情况调查与种类鉴定

采用饱和食盐水漂浮法对呼和浩特市某养兔场1月龄～3月龄共500只兔球虫感染情况进行了调查和种类鉴定,结果表明,该场2006年3月～5月共发生兔球虫病196只,死亡180只,其发病率为39.2%,病死率为91.8%.发病率和病死率在1月龄兔分别为5%和10%,2月龄兔分别为90.0%和98.8%,3月龄兔分别为6%和16.7%;其中2月龄幼兔发病和病死率最高.本次鉴定感染球虫总类共11种,其中以兔松林艾美耳球虫(Eimeria.matsubayashii)、小型艾美耳球虫(E.exigua)、中型艾美耳球虫(E.media)和穿孔艾美耳球虫(E.per foans)为优势种,分别占总感染率的24.5%、15%、14.5%和11.5%.     

杨凌某山羊场球虫种类及感染情况的调查研究

为了解陕西杨凌某奶山羊场山羊球虫的感染状况,采用粪便漂浮法、斯陶尔法和卵囊培养法等对山羊的球虫感染情况进行了初步调查,并对各虫种进行鉴定。结果检获12种艾美耳球虫(Eimeria),即艾丽艾美耳球虫(E.alijevi)、小型艾美耳球虫(E.parva)、浮氏艾美耳球虫(E.faurei)、阿氏艾美耳球虫(E.arloingi)、颗粒艾美耳球虫(E.granulosa)、山羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprina)、羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprovina)、槌状艾美耳球虫(E.crandallis)、克氏艾美耳球虫(E.christenseni)、阿普艾美耳球虫(E.apsheronica)、阿撒他艾美耳球虫(E.ahsata)和错乱艾美耳球虫(E.intricata)。山羊球虫平均感染率为95.2%(40/42),羔羊感染率为100%。平均感染强度(每克粪便卵囊数)为1 086OPG,多数羊为2种~6种卵囊混合感染。优势种为阿氏艾美耳球虫(E.arloingi)、小型艾美耳球虫(E.parva)、艾丽艾美耳球虫(E.alijevi)、山羊艾美耳球虫(E.caprina)、阿撒他艾美耳球虫(E.ahsata)和错乱艾美耳球虫(E.intricata)。     

新疆北疆地区犊牛球虫感染调查及虫种鉴定

为了解新疆北疆地区奶牛养殖场犊牛球虫的感染情况,对昌吉、石河子、奎屯地区6个大型奶牛养殖场1岁龄以内荷斯坦犊牛的球虫感染情况进行了调查。结果发现,犊牛球虫总感染率达到35.55%,其中0~6月龄犊牛平均感染率达42.25%,7~12月龄犊牛平均感染率达21.74%。经虫种鉴定,共鉴定出5种艾美耳属球虫,分别是邱氏艾美耳球虫(E.zurnii)、牛艾美耳球虫(E.bovi)、椭圆艾美耳球虫(E.ellipsoidall)、柱状艾美耳球虫(E.cylindrica)、亚球形艾美耳球虫(E.subspherica),其中邱氏艾美耳球虫、椭圆艾美尔球虫和牛艾美耳球虫为优势种。本次调查为新疆北疆地区犊牛球虫病的科学防控提供了流行病学资料。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.