番茄茎叶提取物对8种植物病原菌的生物活性初步研究

采用6种溶剂对番茄茎叶进行平行提取,以葡萄白腐病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、瓜类枯萎病菌和番茄早疫病菌为供试菌,对番茄不同提取液进行抑菌活性测定。结果表明,各溶剂提取液对特定病菌都有极好的抑制作用,对葡萄白腐病菌和苹果腐烂病菌的抑制率均为100%,对其它病菌也都有很好的活性。番茄茎叶的水提取液对供试8种病原菌的综合抑制效果最好,对葡萄白腐病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌和苹果腐烂病菌的抑制作用高达100%,对瓜类枯萎病菌抑菌效果最差也为67.74%。,因此,水应作为番茄茎叶农用抑菌活性物质提取的首选溶剂,石油醚可作为有机溶剂提取番茄茎叶农用抑菌活性物质的溶剂。     

生物熏蒸用于植物土传病害治理的研究

采用以生物物质为材料的土壤熏蒸技术，研究了其对植物土传病害的治理效果。结果表明，在棉纱缸熏蒸装置中以甘蓝叶不同用量对黄瓜枯萎病菌在32℃条件下熏蒸，1．5kg／m^2以下时，6d后对菌落扩展的抑制率不足15％；2．5kg／m^2时抑制率快速上升到50％以上；继续增加施用量抑制率增长变缓；甘蓝叶对黄瓜枯萎病菌的EC50值为3．25kg／m^2。施用量为3．5kg／m^2时，黄瓜枯萎病菌生物量累积比对照减少83．1％，产孢量为对照的0．5％，所产孢子的萌发率为对照的18．8％。抑菌谱测定结果表明，在甘蓝叶施用量为3．5kg／m^2时对黄瓜枯萎病菌、番茄枯萎病菌、水稻纹枯病菌、番茄立枯病菌、番茄黄萎病菌和茄根腐疫病菌的抑制率达60％以上，对菌核病菌、辣椒猝倒病菌和小麦根腐病菌的抑制率分别为38．7％、17．4％和41．6％。对不同芸薹属植物熏蒸效果的测定结果表明，芥菜和雪里蕻的叶片组织及芥菜疙瘩对供试7种病菌的抑制效果优于甘蓝。对不同添加物增效作用的测定结果表明，在甘蓝碎叶中添加麦麸后比只施用甘蓝对番茄立枯病菌的抑制率提高6．7％，菌丝干重累积减少45．5％。温度试验结果表明，在25和32℃条件下甘蓝对番茄立枯病菌的抑制率分别为20．2％和62．9％。田间试验表明，用4种植物熏蒸土壤后对番茄枯萎病的防效显著优于太阳能和土壤还原消毒法的防效。其中，芥菜（3．5kg／m^2）添加麦麸（1．0kg/m^2）后的防效达到68．2％。     

吩胺霉素对黄瓜枯萎病的室内毒力测定及田间应用研究

以春雷霉素为对照药剂,采用生长速率法开展吩胺霉素对黄瓜枯萎病菌的室内毒力测定试验。结果表明：吩胺霉素对黄瓜枯萎病菌毒力很强,EGo和Ec如分别为1．1999、11．6096mg/L。田间药效试验表明：吩胺霉素防治黄瓜枯萎病效果较好,在150-250mg／L浓度范围内对该病害的防效为66．27-76．59％,且速效性和持效性等方面均优于对照药剂春雷霉素。     

3种丝柏油醇络合物对11种植物病原真菌的室内抑菌活性

采用生长速率法测定了丝柏油醇铜、钙、钠3种络合物对11种常见植物病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明,3种丝柏油醇络合物对小麦全蚀病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、柑橘炭疽病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、西瓜炭疽病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌、大葱紫斑病菌、玉米纹枯病菌和番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中对棉花枯萎病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的抑制效果相对较高,EC_(50)分别为21.69~27.13mg/L和25.18~29.43mg/L。而3种络合物对其他病菌的EC_(50),除钙络合物对柑橘炭疽病菌和西瓜炭疽病菌、钠络合物对柑橘炭疽病、西瓜炭疽病菌和小麦赤霉病菌的EC_(50)高于50mg/L外,均小于等于45.72mg/L。说明3种丝柏油醇络合物均具有防治上述植物病害的潜力,但以铜络合物的活性相对较高。     

秦岭山区链霉菌发酵产物杀菌活性的测定

从秦岭山区采集的200份土样中分离到6株链霉菌菌株。以菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法和盆栽法测定了其发酵液对常见十余种重要农作物病原真菌的杀菌活性。结果表明，N18菌株发酵产物在500μg/ml浓度下，对苹果炭疽病菌、棉花枯萎病菌的菌丝生长抑制率为100％，对番茄灰霉病菌、烟草赤星病菌、南瓜枯萎病菌的菌丝生长抑制率在90％以上。N18菌株发酵产物对小麦根腐病菌和玉米弯孢叶斑病菌的孢子萌发抑制率分别为98．47％和96．15％。在盆栽试验中，N18菌株发酵产物对小麦白粉病的防治效果为80．25％，治疗效果为69．31％。在大田防治小麦白粉病的试验中，N18菌株发酵液稀释200倍的防治效果为60．54％，而其它分离得到的5株链霉菌的活性较低。     

36—1菌对植物病原真菌的拮抗性

平板共生培养测定表明，３６－１菌对供试的８种植物病原真菌均有不同程度的拮抗性，其中含３６－１菌活菌体液剂对玉米小斑病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、黄瓜炭疽病菌、棉花枯萎病菌和水稻恶苗病菌菌丝生长抑制率依次为８０．２２％、８０．５０％、７７．７５％、７５．３０％、６１．３８％；处理柑桔（脐橙）病果，对果面青、绿霉病斑扩展的抑制率为６５．９７％；批量处理柑桔（桃叶橙），室温贮存９０天，好果率为７８．４４％，比对照     

一种快速鉴定玉米细菌性枯萎病菌的新技术——噬菌体株系鉴别法

利用８株玉米细菌性枯萎病菌噬菌体专化性的差异，结合氯化三苯基四氮唑（２，３，５－ｔｒｉｐｈｅｎｙｌｔｅｔｒａｚｏｌｉｕｍｃｈｌｏｒｉｄｅ）对不同致病力细菌显色反应的不同，组成了一种新的细菌快速鉴定技术，称为噬菌体株系鉴别法，可鉴定玉米细菌性枯萎病菌直至株系。用这个方法鉴定了从美国、日本、南斯拉夫、西德和罗马尼亚进口的玉米种子中截获的许多玉米细菌性枯萎病菌菌株，结果准确快速，并和血清学鉴定及致病性测定的结果相一致     

哈茨木霉发酵液中peptaibols抗茵肽的鉴定及活性研究

通过大孔吸附树脂、葡聚糖凝胶、薄层制备硅胶板（TLC）及制备高效液相色谱（HPLC）从哈茨木霉菌Trichoderma harzianum发酵液中分离、纯化出 4 种由 20 个氨基酸组成的线性peptaibols 抗菌肽FD1、FD2、FD3、FD4.经ESI-IT-MS串联质谱鉴定,其分别为抗菌肽Alamethicin F-50、Atroviridin B、Alamethicin II和Atroviridin C.菌丝生长及孢子萌发实验表明其对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani AG4、黄瓜立枯病菌R. solani、黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum、西瓜枯萎病菌F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum、水稻稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae具有较好的抑制作用,同时发现木霉素Trichodermin与peptaibols抗菌肽Alamethicin F-50联合作用时对菌丝生长具有协同抑制作用.     

苹果溃疡病菌

苹果溃疡病菌是一种危害苹果、桃、樱桃等木本植物的检疫性危险病害,侵染果树后能造成树体枯萎、死亡,严重影响水果的品质和产量。该病曾在北美、欧洲、南美等地发现,给当地水果种植业造成严重的经济损失,在中国尚无分布,因此对苹果溃疡病菌的研究具有重要的检疫意义。     

两种益微菌对枯萎病菌抑制能力的离体和活体测定

本文采用平板测定与生测法相结合,针对棉花枯萎病菌,将益微菌ＡＢ３０４－２、ＡＢ２７２与病原菌导入植物体中,测定益微菌的抑制能力。结果表明,在平板培养基中,对枯萎病菌具有较强抑菌能力,被抑制枯萎病菌的分生孢子数减少;在植物体中,两种益微菌对棉花枯萎病菌具有较强抗扩展能力;在盆钵试验中,两种益微菌的初步防效为９１．４９％和８８．６１％。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.