刚毛藻分解对荣成天鹅湖沉积物磷释放的影响

在荣成天鹅湖刚毛藻暴发和非暴发区域分别采集沉积物进行室内加藻模拟试验,定期监测上覆水的溶解氧（DO）、pH、化学需氧量（COD）和可溶性磷（SRP）等指标的变化,并分析了刚毛藻分解对沉积物磷释放的影响。结果表明,避光培养过程中,刚毛藻分解使上覆水体的DO含量大幅降低,形成厌氧环境（0~0.14 mg.L-1）;COD含量则明显增加,各处理最大值变化在0.59~6.93 mg.L-1之间。刚毛藻分解可明显促进沉积物中磷的释放,培养期间上覆水SRP的含量大幅上升,变幅为0.01~1.51 mg.L-1;暴发区沉积物＋10 g藻和沉积物＋30 g藻处理的最大释磷量分别为沉积物处理的2.06倍和1.91倍。不同湖区沉积物磷的释放能力存在较大差异,暴发区沉积物的释磷量明显高于非暴发区,沉积物释放是前者上覆水磷含量增加的主要来源,而在非暴发区藻类分解释放的磷高于沉积物中释放的磷。     

伊乐藻对污染水体中氮、磷的净化效果及其克藻效应

为了科学评价伊乐藻在水生态修复中的实际应用价值,在模拟条件下初步研究了沉水植物伊乐藻（Elodea nuttallii）对污染水体中氮、磷的净化效果及其克藻效应。结果表明,伊乐藻对总氮、氨态氮、硝态氮和总磷均具有一定的净化效果,并且水体中氮、磷起始浓度越高,其去除效果越明显;不同生物量伊乐藻对河水中其他藻类均具有较强抑制作用,并且随着生物量增加,其克藻效应更加明显。     

几种植物去除污染水体中养分效果研究

对城市尾水和人工模拟富营养化水体进行了静态培养试验.通过比较不同植物对城市尾水中氮、磷去除效果,以及它们在不同磷浓度条件下对不同形态氮素去除效果研究,目的在于筛选出适合治理富养分污染水体的植物品种.研究结果表明,空心菜(Ipomiea aquatica)、酸模(Rumex acetosa)、莎草(Cyperus glomeratus)3种植物都能很好地吸收尾水中的营养物质,且生长状况良好.经3种植物处理的城市尾水,其氮、磷浓度随水培时间的增加而降低.莎草、酸模对污水中TN的去除率达90%以上,其中莎草最高,达93.4%;空心菜对全磷的去除率最高达76.9%.NH_4~+-N在处理前期变化显著,且莎草的净化效果最好达94.4%;污水中NO_3~--N含量随着水培时间的增加而逐渐下降,但在试验后期NO_3~--N又有所增加.酸模去除NO_3~--N效果最好,达65.4%.另外3种植物对NH4+-N和NO_3~--N都具有一定的吸收作用,并且优先吸收NH_4~+-N.且从对于NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N净化效果看,莎草>酸模>空心菜.     

低温季节水生植物对污染水体的净化效果研究

利用人工模拟的方法,在低温季节用金鱼藻等6种植物对养鱼池污水进行净化处理。结果表明,低温季节6种植物对TN、TP和硝态氮仍有较好的吸收效果,对氨态氮的吸收效果稍差;处理4～8天后能显著提高水体透明度,改善水质,但对改善COD和DO的效果不理想,可能与冬季温度低、植物换叶等因素有关。     

浮萍对富营养化水体中磷的去除规律

磷是藻类增殖的限制因子,引起水体富营养化的关键营养物质。修复富营养化水体的重点在于磷的去除。通过对三种浮萍的磷吸收动力学特征和动态吸收特点研究,选择适合不同富营养化程度水体的修复植物。吸收试验结果表明,浮萍吸收磷的动力学特征可用Michaelis-Menten方程来描述。青萍对磷有较大的亲和力,适宜修复轻度富营养化水体;紫萍对磷有较大的最大吸收速率,适宜修复重度富营养化水体;而少根紫萍由于吸收速率小,生长速度慢,不适宜作为水体生态修复植物使用。     

极大硬毛藻无性系对海水养殖废水中氮盐的去除效果

养殖水体中无机氮的高效去除是开展循环水养殖的重要保障条件之一。该论文研究了极大硬毛藻无性系(简称极大硬毛藻)对循环水养殖水体中无机氮盐的去除效率及特征。结果表明,当藻体密度为(10±1) g/L时,在一定浓度范围(氨氮:0～15 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮:0～3 mg/L,硝酸盐氮:0～15 mg/L),极大硬毛藻对海水中3类无机氮盐的吸收速率随着时间变化即氮盐浓度降低而降低;其中藻类对氨氮的吸收速率变化较大,而对亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的吸收速率相对稳定。当3种氮盐质量浓度为3 mg/L,极大硬毛藻首先选择吸收氨氮;当氨氮质量浓度降至1.5 mg/L时,藻开始吸收亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮。极大硬毛藻对人工模拟养殖废水中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的15 h去除率可达到94.3%、100%、82.2%。该研究可为极大硬毛藻在循环水养殖水体净化的应用、养殖废水资源化利用和无害化处理技术的建立提供科学依据。     

10种水生观赏植物对不同富营养化水体的净化效果研究

通过温室静态试验研究了路易斯安娜鸢尾等10种水生观赏植物在中浓度和高浓度富营养化水体环境下的生长状况及对不同富营养化水体TN、TP和COD的去除能力。结果表明,无论中浓度还是高浓度富营养化水体环境下10种水生观赏植物中泽苔草、水芋、水生美人蕉、再力花长势均非常旺盛,而菖蒲、千屈菜和马蔺长势相对最弱,鲜重增加量最低。水芋、水生美人蕉、泽苔草和再力花对TN的去除能力较强,其在高浓度富营养化水体生长30d时对TN的去除率依次为97.85%,97.79%,96.12%,95.74%;千屈菜和菖蒲对TN的去除能力较弱,试验结束时其对高浓度富营养化水体TN去除率为77.43%和63.16%。不同植物对TP的去除能力存在差异,泽苔草对TP去除能力最强,试验结束时其对高浓度富营养水体TP去除率达99.17%,达国家Ⅰ类水质TP标准;其次为再力花和水芋,在高浓度富营养水体生长30d时TP去除率分别为98.65%和98.66%,达国家Ⅱ类水质TP标准;菖蒲、千屈菜和马蔺对TP去除能力最弱。此外,不同植物对降低水体COD也有一定作用,但是水体自净化也能够达到较好的降低COD的效果。从不同植物对水体N、P积累量来看,泽苔草在中、高2种浓度富营养化水体下单株植物净化能力居于10种植物之首,而路易斯安娜鸢尾尽管对N、P的去除能力居中,但其是10种植物中唯一的四季常绿观赏水生花卉植物,一年四季均可修复水体,具有较大的应用潜力。     

土壤中苯系物的顶空气相色谱-质谱联用测定方法研究

苯系物是有机化学品泄漏事故中导致土壤污染的主要污染物之一,但我国目前还没建立土壤中苯系物的标准监测方法。采用顶空气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC-MS）研究了模拟污染土壤中苯系物的测定方法,优化了顶空作为土壤中苯系物预处理方法的参数,分析了顶空GC-MS测定的精密度、回收率、检出限和定量限等质量控制参数。结果表明,基质修正液加入量2 mL、顶空平衡温度70 ℃和顶空平衡时间10 min为最佳的顶空方法参数;在11-550 μg·kg-1 的质量浓度范围内,苯系物各组分的浓度与选择离子峰面积线性相关系数均大于0.99。采用该方法测定土壤中苯系物的平均加标回收率为89.77%-98.64%,相对标准偏差为0.72%-4.64%（n=5）;苯系物的检出限（S/N=3）为0.01-0.21 μg·kg-1,定量限（S/N=10）为0.03-0.71 μg·kg-1。     

水体氮浓度对狐尾藻和金鱼藻片段萌发及生长的影响

为了厘清水体氮浓度对沉水植物片段萌发及生长的影响,通过模拟控制试验,设计了水体总氮浓度分别为0 (CK)、 0.5 mg/L (N1)、 2 mg/L (N2)、 8 mg/L (N3)和12 mg/L (N4）共5个处理,研究了水体不同氮浓度条件下狐尾藻 (Myriophyllum spicatum) 和金鱼藻 (Ceratophyllum demersum)片段(3节)萌芽数、 萌发位置、 芽长和生物量的差异。结果表明, 水体氮浓度对不同沉水植物片段萌发的影响存在差异,较高的水体氮浓度不利于狐尾藻片断萌发,而对金鱼藻片段却有一定程度的促进;氮浓度处理促进了狐尾藻顶端优势,却抑制了金鱼藻的顶端优势。狐尾藻以0.5 mg/L处理的芽长较长,生物量以2 mg/L处理最大;而金鱼藻以8 mg/L处理芽长最长,生物量以2 mg/L处理最大。由此可见,不同沉水植物对水体氮适应性存在差异,水体氮浓度较低时,沉水植物断枝可以进行萌发和生长, 而当氮浓度超过2 mg/L时,对沉水植物断枝萌发及生长反而有抑制作用;金鱼藻片段比狐尾藻对水体氮浓度的耐受性强。     

海水净化过程中球等鞭金藻对硬壳蛤风味品质的影响

为了探究微藻在贝类净化中的作用,以及净化处理对贝类风味成分的影响,本研究以球等鞭金藻作为净化贝类的食物来源,通过多元统计及判别分析,对比添加球等鞭金藻净化前后贝肉挥发性成分的变化.结果表明,净化后贝类中绝大多数特征性风味成分含量增加,如醛、醇、酯、酮类化合物;其中含量增加最明显的风味成分是具有黄油、肉香的酮类;而部分具...     

Characterization of Treatment Processes and Mechanisms of COD, Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal in a Multi-Soil-Layering System

Characteristics of the treatment processes inside a MSL system were investigated by using a laboratory-scale MSL system, which was set up in a D 10 × W 50 × H 73 cm acrylic box enclosing "soil mixture blocks" alternating with permeable zeolite layers. For the study of the treatment processes inside the system, wastewater, with mean concentrations (mg L⁻¹) of COD: 70, T-N: 12, T-P: 0.9, was introduced into the system at a loading rate of 1,000 L m⁻² d⁻¹. Treatment processes in the MSL system were different for the COD, P and N pollutants. Eighty percent of COD was removed in the 1st soil layer among the 6 layers, and the removal rate increased as water moved down and finally reached 90% in the last layer of the system. Phosphorus concentration was lower under the soil mixture layers than under the permeable layers, presumably because P was adsorbed mainly by soil and mixed iron particles. The P concentration in water gradually decreased in the lower layers of the system. The concentration of PO₄^3--P was generally lower in the aerated MSL system than in the non-aerated one. NH₄⁺-N was adsorbed and nitrified in the upper part of the system. The NO₃⁻-N concentration was lower in water under the soil mixture layers than under the permeable layers, indicating that denitrification mainly occurred in the soil mixture layers.     

Effect of pH on Removal of Cu,Cd, Zn,and Ni by Cement Kiln Dust in Aqueous Solution

A batch experiment was conducted to study the effect of pH on the sorption of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) by cement kiln dust (CKD). The experiment was carried out by adding 25 mL of solutions containing concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg/L of each of these heavy metal cations to 1.00 g of CKD. The pH of these suspensions was adjusted to 2, 5, and 7 as well as non-adjusted. The sorbed amount (Cs) and the sorption percentage of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Ni by CKD increased with increasing the suspension pH. The adsorption data of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Ni were generally well correlated with Langmuir model when the suspension pH was adjusted to 5, 7, non-adjusted and 7, respectively. However, they could be well described by Freundlich model when the suspension pH was adjusted to 5, 2, non-adjusted and 5, respectively.     

稻麦轮作体系养殖肥水灌溉对产量、氨挥发和 氧化亚氮排放的影响

稻麦轮作体系进行养殖肥水灌溉可能导致氮(N)素的氨挥发(NH3)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放增加。本文通过土柱模拟试验,定量评价了稻麦轮作体系推荐施N量(稻季225 kg/hm2,麦季150 kg/hm2)下,不同N浓度养殖肥水灌溉对水稻、小麦籽粒产量以及NH3挥发和N2O排放的影响。试验处理为:1无N检出的清水灌溉(CK),2低N浓度肥水灌溉(SI-L),3中N浓度肥水灌溉(SI-M)和4高N浓度肥水灌溉(SI-H)。稻季结果表明,NH3挥发与N2O排放量随灌溉肥水N浓度的提高而增加,其决定系数(R2)可达0.895与0.998。与清水对照相比,不同N浓度的肥水灌溉使NH3挥发增加19.7%~40.8%;SI-H处理N2O排放显著增加68.8%;不同N浓度肥水灌溉没有显著增加水稻产量。麦季结果亦表明,NH3挥发与N2O排放量随灌溉肥水N浓度的提高而增加,其决定系数(R2)可达0.939与0.980。与清水对照相比,SI-H处理使NH3挥发显著增加20.2%;SI-M与SI-H处理N2O排放分别显著增加64.9%和120.3%;SI-H处理小麦产量显著提高46.7%。利用稻田生态系统消纳养殖肥水中N时,须考虑肥水灌溉导致的NH3挥发和N2O排放所造成的环境影响,合理地进行水肥调控。     

镉和苯并[a]芘胁迫对小麦幼苗生理指标的影响

采用水培方法研究了镉（Cd）和苯并[a1芘（BaP）污染对小麦幼苗生理指标的影响。营养液中镉和苯并[a]芘的浓度分别为10mg·L^-0和54mg·L^-0。结果表明：与对照组相比,各胁迫组小麦生物量下降,株高降低,复合胁迫组地上及地下干重分别下降13．1％和49．8％,株高增长最低;各组超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性呈现升高-降低-升高趋势,且低于对照,过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（cAT）活性先升高再降低,复合胁迫组POD活性最高,CAT活性最低。镉、苯并[a]芘及其复合胁迫下,小麦幼苗的生长受到了一定抑制,且以复合胁迫最为显著。镉、苯并[a]芘联合作用的结果表现为协同促进作用。     

miR-let-7a在大白猪甲状腺中的表达及其对甲状腺细胞凋亡的影响

microRNA(miRNA)是一类内源性的非编码RNA,广泛参与细胞的生长发育、分化、增殖和凋亡等生物学过程.为了研究miR-let-7a对猪(Susscrofa)甲状腺的生长发育及甲状腺细胞凋亡的调控作用,本研究利用免疫荧光技术鉴定了大白猪的甲状腺组织及体外培养的甲状腺细胞,利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测了miR-let-7a在不同生长阶段大白猪甲状腺组织中的表达量变化,通过转染miR-let-7a mimics并利用流式细胞术检测了转染组与未转染组的甲状腺细胞凋亡率的差异性,同时预测了miR-let-7a与细胞凋亡相关基因的靶向关系.结果发现,甲状腺组织和细胞中的甲状腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,TG)发出绿色荧光,表明体外培养的甲状腺细胞功能正常.qRT-PCR结果显示,胚胎期随着胚龄的增加,miR-let-7a表达量逐渐增加.出生后miR-let-7a表达量下降,于60日龄达生长期最小值,之后有所上升,至90日龄后其表达量再次下降,120日龄后随日龄的增加let-7a表达量呈现逐渐增加的趋势.凋亡结果发现,和对照组相比,转染组细胞凋亡率明显升高(P＜0.05).根据研究结果推测,miR-let-7a的表达直接或间接影响了甲状腺细胞凋亡的调控过程.研究结果为深入研究猪甲状腺miR-let-7a的功能机制提供了有益的线索.     

Comparative Effect of Wastewater and Groundwater Irrigation Along with Nitrogenous Fertilizer on Growth,Photosynthesis and Productivity of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

A study was made in the net house of Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh to study the comparative effect of wastewater and groundwater along with three different rates of nitrogen (N) of 0, 30, and 60 kg ha^?1 on growth, physiology and yield of two varieties of chilli cv. ‘G4’ and ‘Pusa Jawala’. Wastewater irrigation resulted significant increase in shoot and root length, fresh weight, dry weight, leaf number and area, net photosynthetic rate (P_N), stomatal conductance (g_s), water use efficiency (WUE), chlorophyll content, and yield. The physio-chemical parameters of wastewater met the irrigational characteristics, being well within the permissible limit as outlined by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Among the nitrogen doses 30 kg ha^?1 N along with wastewater proved best for the growth and yield. Thus it may be concluded that wastewater reduced the demand of fertilizers and it may be used for the cultivation of chilli.     

Effect of Water Quality on Heavy Metal Redistribution and Mobility in Polluted Agricultural Soils in a Semi-Arid Region

Mornag Plain is a coastal area of the Mediterranean basin, which has undergone an agricultural industrial boom. The aim of this study was to investigate the different water qualities used for irrigation on heavy metal mobility in these polluted agricultural soils. The geo-accumulation indices for heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) revealed that industrial activities and used treated wastewater (TWW) contributed to soil pollution, and water irrigation always decreased this contamination. After long-term use of different water types, high perturbation of heavy metal redistribution has occurred. Groundwater use altered all heavy metal redistributions in the irrigated soil among various soil-solid and soil-solution fractions, as compared to the unirrigated soil. Slight acid water use transferred some metals from different solid phase components into water-soluble and exchangeable fractions. However, TWW use transformed some Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu, and Zn from water-soluble and exchangeable fractions to less labile fractions, particularly into organically bound fractions. Reuse of conventional water within the same soil decreased the whole soil redistribution index values, indicating tendency to return to the pattern of distribution of groundwater-irrigated soil.     

土壤pH、水分及温度对长期污染土壤中苯并[a]芘动态变化的影响初探

以受多环芳烃长期污染农田土壤中苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)为研究对象,采用室内模拟试验研究了pH、水分和温度对土壤中B[a]P的动态变化的影响。结果表明,供试污染土壤中B[a]P能被土著微生物快速去除,其消减过程受到pH、水分和温度的影响。初始pH为4.6、5.9和7.3的泥浆中B[a]P在7天内的去除率分别为43.8%、37.8%和14.0%。在土壤水分为22%、43%、65%和87%田间持水量,温度为28℃条件下培养80天后土壤中B[a]P的去除率分别为42.5%、96.6%、96.3%和34.3%。在土壤pH为4.5,土壤水分为60%±5%田间持水量,温度为25℃和40℃条件下土壤中B[a]P的半衰期分别为33天和16天。可见,pH、水分和温度等环境条件对土壤中B[a]P的消减过程具有明显的影响,可通过人为调控强化B[a]P污染土壤的生物修复。     

碳氮比对水芹浮床系统去除低污染水氮磷效果的影响

随着我国经济的快速发展,农业面源污染问题日益严重,加剧了淡水水质恶化的趋势。本研究以浮床水芹(Oenanthe javanica)系统和无植物对照(Control)为对象,研究了其对不同碳氮比农村低污染水[定义为农业生产或农民生活过程中产生的,富含植物生长所需的氮、磷等养分与多种微量元素且满足城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准一级B要求(GB 18918—2002一级B:TN≤20 mg·L~(-1),TP≤1 mg·L~(-1))的那部分污水]中氮(N)、磷(P)、化学需氧量(COD)的净化效果。试验所用低污染水为生活污水(TWW)和外加碳源生活污水(高碳氮比,TWW-HC)两种。整个试验历时82 d,中间换水一次。试验结果表明水芹浮床系统接纳高碳氮比低污染水对氮磷的去除效果较好。外加碳源能在短时间内快速降低低污染水中N、P的浓度,试验3 d时TWW-HC中总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、总磷(TP)的去除率分别达40.8%、38.4%、62.8%。整个试验周期TWW-HC组对TN的去除率为73.9%~96.0%,高于TWW组(60.6%~85.9%);该组对TP的去除率为68.0%~81.1%,高于TWW组和Control组(TP去除率分别为21.3%~54.9%和19.2%~58.1%)。收获时TWW-HC处理水芹生物量、平均株高和相对生长速率均显著高于TWW处理(P0.05)。TWW-HC处理通过植物吸收带走的N、P分别占系统对N、P去除量的58.2%和37.6%,明显高于TWW处理(相应比例分别为8.7%和11.0%)。这说明通过外加碳源调节进水C∶N比促进了水芹的生长和对污水中养分的吸收利用,有利于水芹浮床系统对N、P的去除。     

Effect of long-term chemical and organic fertilization on rice productivity,nutrient use-efficiency,and balance under a rice-fallow-rice system

Nutrient sources and management influence soil properties and crop productivity indicating that sustained crop production needs nutrient rate specific tuning after certain periods of time. We hypothesize that long-term use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources maintains soil fertility and improve crop production. Yield and nutrient use efficiencies have not been evaluated in Bangladesh from long-term fertilizer trials focusing on adaptation strategies for sustained food production. So, the objectives of the present investigation were to examine the effects of organic and inorganic amendments on yields and soil properties under a rice-fallow-rice system. The experiment was initiated in 1985 with 12 treatments under dry season irrigated rice culture at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur. The effects of organic and inorganic nutrient sources were evaluated under missing element techniques. The contributions of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers to yields were more in the dry season but the role of P was negligible in the wet season. The omissions of N, P and K nutrients are not suitable management option for rice cultivation during dry and wet seasons, although P can be omitted in the wet season provided its full dose is applied in the dry season. The combined use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources are the best option for improving rice productivity and sustaining soil fertility in a rice-fallow-rice system in Bangladesh.