左旋咪唑对鸡离体外周血淋巴细胞的作用

本文报道了左旋咪唑对鸡离体外周血淋巴细胞（PBL）增殖及伴刀豆球蛋白A（ConA)诱导细胞（CIC）活性的作用；左旋咪唑以剂量依赖性方式促进鸡PBL的增殖；与ConA对促进鸡PBL增殖呈现协同作用；对脂多糖（LPS）激活鸡PBL具有明显促增殖作用；可逆转磷酸组胺和肾上腺素对ConA和LPS激活鸡PBL增殖的抑制作用；低浓度左旋咪唑不能逆转氢化可的松对ConA激活鸡PBL增殖的抑制作用，但高浓度（100-400μg/ml）可明显逆转氢化可的松的抑制作用；左旋咪唑可明显逆转氢化可的松的对LPS激活鸡PBL增殖的抑制作用；可促进CD4^ 细胞增殖，抑制CD8^ 细胞增殖，使CD4^ /CD8^ 细胞比值升高，CIC活性增强。     

左旋咪唑对鸡离体外周血淋巴细胞的作用

本文报道了左旋咪唑对鸡离体外周血淋巴细胞穴PBL雪增殖及伴刀豆球蛋白A穴ConA雪诱导细胞穴CIC雪活性的作用:左旋咪唑以剂量依赖性方式促进鸡PBL的增殖;与ConA对促进鸡PBL增殖呈现协同作用;对脂多糖穴LPS雪激活鸡PBL具有明显促增殖作用;可逆转磷酸组胺和肾上腺素对ConA和LPS激活鸡PBL增殖的抑制作用;低浓度左旋咪唑不能逆转氢化可的松对ConA激活鸡PBL增殖的抑制作用,但高浓度穴100～400μg/ml雪可明显逆转氢化可的松的抑制作用;左旋咪唑可明显逆转氢化可的松的对LPS激活鸡PBL增殖的抑制作用;可促进CD+4细胞增殖,抑制CD+8细胞增殖,使CD+4/CD+8细胞比值升高,CIC活性增强。     

甲硝唑对地塞米松预处理鸡免疫功能的影响

对地塞米松预处理鸡投以10mg／kg剂量的甲硝唑，观察后者对前者作用的影响。结果表明：地塞米松明显抑制由伴刀豆球蛋白A(ConA)引起的鸡外周血淋巴细胞(PBL)产生IL-2活性，而甲硝唑对这种抑制作用有显著的拮抗作用；地塞米松能抑制鸡对绵羊红细胞(SRBC)悬液和牛血清白蛋白(BSA)两种胸腺依赖性抗原的免疫应答和对布鲁氏菌非胸腺依赖性抗原的抗体应答，但甲硝唑会逆转这种抑制作用；甲硝唑能封闭地塞米松对补体产生的抑制作用。对比实验结果同时表明，在拮抗地塞米松对鸡免疫功能负面影响方面，左旋咪唑与甲硝唑作用非常类似。     

甲哨唑对鸡细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的作用

本试验观察了甲硝唑对鸡细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的作用，并与左旋咪唑进行了比较。结果表明2．5－400mg/kg甲哨唑可显著促进鸡外周血T淋巴细胞增殖，但对B淋巴细胞无明显影响；可使CD4^ /CD8^ 淋巴细胞比值明显升高；可使鸡外周血淋巴细胞诱生IL－2活性明显增强；可使鸡体内抗颗粒性胸腺依赖性抗原SRBC抗体滴度、抗可溶性胸腺依赖性抗原BSA抗体滴度和抗非胸腺依赖性抗原BA抗体滴度明显升高；可使鸡血清总补体活性明显升高。与甲硝唑比较，左旋咪唑也存在着非常类似的作用，2．5－10mg/kg左旋咪唑可明显促进外周血T淋巴细胞增殖，可使CD4^ /CD8^ 淋巴细胞比值明显升高；可使鸡外周血淋巴细胞诱生IL－2活性明显增强；可使鸡体内抗SRBC抗体滴度、抗BSA抗体滴度和抗BA抗体滴度均明显升高；10mg/kg左旋咪唑甲硝唑可使血清补体总活性升高。上述结果表明甲硝唑和左旋咪唑两种咪唑类化合物在促进鸡细胞免疫和体液免疫可能存在着相似的作用机制。     

甲硝唑对鸡回忆性体液免疫应答反应的作用

本试验系统观察了甲硝唑对鸡回忆性体液免疫应答反应的作用,并与咪唑类化合物左旋咪唑进行了比较。28日龄鸡,免疫注射绵羊红细胞 牛血清白蛋白(SRBC BSA)悬液,或稀释的布氏杆菌(BA)抗原。56日龄时,以10.0、100.0mg/kg甲硝唑或10.0mg/kg 左旋咪唑饮水给药,连用3d,给药第二天同时进行第二次免疫注射。结果表明甲硝唑(10.0~100.0mg/kg)可使鸡体内对颗粒性胸腺依赖性抗原SRBC和非胸腺依赖性抗原BA抗体滴度回忆性免疫应答反应明显升高;但使鸡对可溶性胸腺依赖性抗原BSA抗体滴度回忆性免疫应答反应明显降低。与甲硝唑比较,左旋咪唑(10.0mg/kg)也存在着非常类似的作用。     

西咪替丁对鸡离体外周血淋巴细胞增殖的作用

本试验系统观察了西咪替丁对离体鸡外周血淋巴细胞（ＰＢＬ）增殖及ＣｏａＡ诱导细胞（ＣＩＣ）活性的作用;西咪替丁以剂量依赖性方式促进鸡ＰＢＬ的增殖;低浓度与ＣｏｎＡ对促进鸡ＰＢＬ增殖无协同作用,但高浓度与ＣｏｎＡ呈现协同途径地ＬＰＳ激活鸡ＰＢＬ具有明显促增殖作用;逆转磷酸组胺对ＣｏｎＡ激活鸡ＰＢＬ增殖的抑制作用;损坏抗肾上腺素对ＣｏｎＡ激活鸡ＰＢＬ增殖的抑制作用,可拮抗氢化可的松对ＬＰＳ激活鸡ＰＢＬ增     

几种化学合成类免疫增强剂在鸡病中的应用

1左旋咪唑左旋咪唑是具有免疫调节作用的人工合成化合物,具有广泛的免疫调节活性,可促进细胞和体液免疫。左旋咪唑能增强鸡体液免疫应答反应,使鸡抗胸腺依赖性抗原抗体滴度、抗非胸腺依赖性抗原抗体滴度均明显升高。     

左旋咪唑在应用中的进展

<正> 左旋咪唑是四咪唑的左旋异构体,为白色或黄白色结品性粉末,无臭、味苦,在水中易溶解,抗蛔虫作用较好,口服单剂量疗效可达100%,对牛羊主要是消化道线虫和肺线虫有极佳的驱虫效果。因此引起人们极大关注,对左旋咪唑在动物生产上的新用途进行了大量研究。1 左旋眯唑的作用机理1.1 左旋咪唑是一种高效低毒驱虫药,又是免疫调节剂,可使细胞免疫力原来较低者得到恢复,但不会过度升高正常免疫力。具有拟胸腺素的作用,诱导 T 细胞成熟和增强周围T 细胞、吞噬细胞和嗜中性粒细胞活性,增加淋巴因子产生。实验结果表明,左旋咪唑可影响正常鸡免疫功能,显著促进鸡外周血 T 淋巴细胞增殖,但对 B 淋巴细胞无明显影响。曹继跃等(2002)报道用 LMS 小(5毫克/下克)、中(10毫克/千克)剂量,对雏鸡抗体的产生有显著的增强作用(P<0.01),可使由于受地塞米松抑制免疫鸡的抗体滴度恢复到对照组水平甚至超过对照组水平,而大剂量(25毫克/千克)对抗体滴度无显著影响,也不能逆转由于地塞米松而造成的免疫抑制。     

左旋咪唑在动物生产中的新用途

左旋咪唑(Levamisole，LMS)是动物生产和兽医临床上常用的广谱、高效、低毒、安全的咪唑类驱虫药。研究发现，它除了具有驱虫的功能，还具有免疫调节作用，能促进免疫细胞的增殖成熟，增强其吞噬、趋化功能，诱导机体产生各种细胞因子；提高补体活性，增强机体巨噬细胞功能和抗体的产生水平：具有抗氧化和清除机体自由基的作用，可用于动物的抗菌消炎、抗病毒、抑制肿瘤和促进生长等方面。     

免疫增强剂的研究应用（下）

5，化学合成类 左旋咪唑左旋咪唑是第一个被发现具有免疫调节作用的人工合成化合物，具有广泛的免疫调节活性，可促进细胞免疫和体液免疫，增强正常鸡体体液免疫应答反应，使鸡抗胸腺依赖性抗原抗体滴度、抗非胸腺依赖性抗原抗体滴度均明显升高。左旋咪唑对鸡新城疫疫苗、马立克疫苗和鸡传染性法氏囊疫苗均有免疫增强作用。     

左旋咪唑对鸡细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的作用

系统研究了左旋咪唑对鸡细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的作用。结果表明左旋咪唑可影响正常鸡的免疫功能 :左旋咪唑可显著促进鸡外周血T淋巴细胞增殖 ,但对B淋巴细胞无明显影响 :2 5～ 1 0mg/kg左旋咪唑可使CD+4/CD+8淋巴细胞比值明显升高 ;左旋咪唑可使鸡体内抗颗粒性、胸腺依赖性抗原SRBC抗体滴度 ,抗可溶性、胸腺依赖性抗原BSA抗体滴度和抗非胸腺依赖性抗原BA抗体滴度均明显升高 ;2 5～ 1 0mg/kg左旋咪唑可使鸡血清总补体活性明显升高。左旋咪唑影响正常鸡回忆性免疫应答反应 :左旋咪唑 ( 1 0mg/kg)可使二次免疫鸡抗SRBC抗体滴度和抗BA抗体滴度回忆性免疫应答反应明显升高 ;但使鸡对抗BSA抗体滴度回忆性免疫应答反应明显降低。     

Changes of immunological response after experimentally ozonated autohemoadministration in calves.

Changes in subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymphocyte blastogenesis reaction were observed after ozonated autohemoadministration (OAHA) in calves. Ten healthy calves were used in this study. After OAHA, CD8+ cells, CD14+ cells and WCl+cells increased (p<0.05). The level of lymphocyte blastogenesis stimulated by PHA decreased after OAHA. A significant increase in serum IL-6 activity was observed in OAHA calves. These results suggested that OAHA induced immunological changes in calves.     

A comparative analysis of the mitogenic response of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in various age groups of turkeys.

Mitogenic responsiveness of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IEL) to concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin P (PHA-P), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella typhimurium were evaluated in various age groups of turkeys by a colorimetric blastogenic microassay. Comparisons were made between mitogenic responses of turkey i-IEL and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The results from this study demonstrated that i-IEL and PBL of turkeys responded to T-cell mitogens, Con A and PHA-P, in every age group examined. The LPS induced a significant mitogenic response in PBL but not in i-IEL of turkeys. The mitogenic responses of turkey i-IEL and PBL to the three mitogens examined were similar to mitogenic responses observed in an earlier study performed by using chicken i-IEL and PBL. The results indicated a difference in mitogenic response between different age groups. An increase was found in mitogenic response of i-IEL to both T-cell mitogens from 3 days of age to 1 wk of age, whereas mitogenic response of PBL to all three mitogens declined significantly from 1 day of age to 3 days of age. The highest mitogenic response of i-IEL to T-cell mitogens was observed at 1 wk of age. The highest mitogenic response of PBL to both T-cell mitogens was observed at 1 day of age and the highest PBL response to LPS was observed at 16 wk of age. The mitogenic response induced by PHA-P provided less variability between age groups than the mitogenic response induced by Con A.     

The effects of a single injection of dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate on the lymphocyte functions of dairy cows at two weeks post partum

Dexamethasone is a potent therapeutic for treatment of the fatty liver syndrome or primary ketosis in post partum dairy cows. Reservations exist, however, among practitioners with respect to the risk of immunosuppression induced by corticosteroids. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a single injection of dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate on distinct immune functions of postpartum dairy cows because only scarce information is available on the effects of corticosteroid preparations when administered at a dosage and frequency for treatment of the fatty liver syndrome or primary ketosis. Sixteen Swedish red-pied dairy cows, between days 9 and 15 post partum, were allotted to either a control group (n = 8) or a treatment group (n = 8). The cows in the treatment group received a single intramuscular injection of a dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate suspension at a dosage of 0.02 mg/kg i.m. at the start of the experiment. White blood cell counts and selected lymphocyte functions (lymphocyte proliferation, expression of lymphocyte markers and the b2 and a4 chain of adhesion molecules belonging to the integrin family) and some parameters of the energy metabolism (glucose, insulin) were determined before the administration of corticosteroids (day 0) and subsequently at days 2, 4, 7 and 9 of the experiment. Changes in glucose and insulin were within the target range for treatment of the fatty liver syndrome or primary ketosis. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in the number of circulating white blood cells were observed in treated cows on the second day following treatment which was exclusively caused by an increase in the number of circulating neutrophils. Lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to ConA and the percentages of lymphocytes positive for CD2, CD4, CD8, CD49d and CD18 as well as the intensity of CD49d expression did not differ between the treatment and control groups. There was, however, a significant reduction (P < 0.01) in the intensity of CD18 expression on lymphocytes in the treated animals on the fourth day after treatment. In conclusion, a single administration of dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate in a dosage of 0.02 mg/kg i.m. at two weeks post partum in healthy cows had a significant but highly transient effect on CD18 expression on lymphocytes and the number of peripheral blood neutrophils, but did not affect lymphocyte blastogenesis or lymphocyte subpopulation patterns in peripheral blood.     

Alterations in lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood of sheep persistently infected with border disease virus.

Fourteen sheep persistently infected with border disease virus were investigated to examine the effects of persistent viraemia on lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood and their responses to the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in vitro. Persistently infected sheep had significantly more CD8+ (cytotoxic-suppressor) T-lymphocytes than uninfected sheep of the same age (P less than 0.001). The total number of CD4+ (helper) T-lymphocytes were not significantly different but there were more T-lymphocytes (CD5+) which were CD4- and CD8- in normal sheep than persistently infected sheep (P less than 0.001). Peripheral lymphocytes obtained from persistently infected sheep showed significantly reduced blastogenesis induced by PHA than those obtained from normal sheep (P less than 0.001).     

Alteration of cellular immune responses by nutrition and weaning in calves

The effects of two levels of nutrition (400 g and 1000 g air dry matter milk substitute powder per day) and three ages of weaning (rive, nine and 13 weeks) on cellular immune responses were determined in 32 calves. The lower level of nutrition was found to increase skin sensitivity responses to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) and decrease lymphocyte blastogenesis test (LBT) responses to ConA and pokewood mitogen (P<0·05). Weaning at five weeks old resulted in increased KLH skin responses at nine weeks old compared with unweaned calves and decreased LBT responses to ConA and phyto-haemagglutinin at 10 weeks old compared with calves weaned at nine weeks old (P<0·05). Weaning at five weeks old also increased peripheral blood concentrations of BoCD2+ and BoCD8+ lymphocytes (P<0·05). The results show that the choice of husbandry conditions alters cellular immune responses in young calves and suggest that early weaning effects are essentially nutritional.     

Blood and milk cellular immune responses of mastitic non-periparturient cows inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus

Lymphocyte function and phenotype of peripheral blood and mammary gland cells were evaluated in non-periparturient cows before and at 1, 4 to 8 and 9 to 14 d after inoculation with Staphylococcus aureus, as expressed by percentage of CD3+, CD2+, and CD45R+ cells, antigen density of these markers per lymphocyte, and mitogen-induced blastogenesis. Milk bacterial counts and somatic cell counts (SCC) were also assessed. Mitogen-induced blastogenic responses were strong in blood and weak in mammary gland cells in all observations and positively correlated with the percent of CD45R+ cells. Significantly greater percentages of milk CD3+ lymphocytes and increased CD3, CD2, and CD45R antigen density per cell were observed after challenge. The blood CD3 and CD2 antigen density per lymphocyte and the milk CD2+ lymphocyte percent were negatively correlated with SCC (P ≤ 0.01). No mastitis (SCC ≤ 500 000 cells/mL) was observed in cows showing blood lymphocyte CD2 and CD3 antigen density indices ≥ 2.5 and 6, respectively. Forty-one percent of SCC values were predicted by the combined blood CD2 and milk CD3 antigen density (P ≤ 0.01). These findings support the hypotheses that mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis is not a valid test to assess mammary gland immunocompetence and that CD2 expression may facilitate immune responses by decreasing the number of T cell receptors required to achieve full activation.     

Culture conditions for blastogenic responses of bovine mammary mononuclear cells

Several experimental parameters were examined to determine optimal conditions for proliferative responses of mammary mononuclear cells (MMC) obtained from six nonlactating dairy cows. These parameters were: pre-incubation of cells in medium prior to assay, mitogen concentration, assay incubation time, and type of culture medium. Response variables included viability of cells and the rate of proliferation as assessed by tritiated thymidine incorporation. Pre-incubation of cells in medium had no effect on the proliferative response of MMC. Whereas Concanavalin A (ConA; 3.3 or 6.6 micrograms/ml) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA; 1, 5, 10 micrograms/ml) did stimulate proliferation of MMC, the higher doses did not stimulate greater proliferation than the lower doses of mitogens. The greatest mitogenic response was obtained on days 2 and 3 of incubation. Proliferative responses were significantly higher at all mitogen levels tested in a 50-50 mixture of Rosewell Park Memorial Institute medium 1640 and Liebovitz-15 medium (RPMI/L-15) than in RPMI alone. Viability of MMC was also significantly higher in the RPMI/L-15 medium. To test whether the significant effect of media on blastogenesis was specific for mononuclear cells from the bovine mammary gland, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from four dairy cows were cultured with ConA and PHA in a mitogen assay in both RPMI and RPMI/L-15. Viability was measured on day of collection and on all culture days. PBL were stimulated equally in both media. PBL viability decreased significantly on day 1 in both RPMI and RPMI/L-15. These results suggest that the optimal culture conditions for blastogenic responses of mammary mononuclear cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes may differ.     

基因枪与肌肉注射猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒ORF5基因疫苗诱导小鼠体液及细胞免疫的比较研究

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒ORF5基因疫苗（pcDNA—PRRSV—ORF5）以不同免疫途径（基因枪和肌肉注射）免疫BALB／c小鼠，以PBS和空载质粒pcDNA3．1（＋）为对照，采用流式细胞仪（FACS）、淋巴细胞增殖试验（MTT法）及间接ELISA试验分别对小鼠外周血中CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞数、T淋巴细胞的转化功能及小鼠血清中特异性PRRSV血清抗体IgG动态变化进行了检测。结果表明，pcDNA—PRRSV-ORF5基因疫苗接种小鼠后外周血对ConA有明显的反应性，试验组与对照组比较差异极显著（P〈0．01）或显著（P〈0．05），CD4^＋T淋巴细胞数在免疫后7d高于对照组（P〈0．01），CD8^＋T淋巴细胞在免疫后28d高于对照组，不同途径基因疫苗接种小鼠后均诱导小鼠产生PRRSV特异性IgG。在诱导细胞免疫方面，基因枪和肌肉注射各组间无明显差异；在诱导体液免疫方面，基因枪法优于肌肉注射。研究表明制备的pcDNA—PRRSV—ORF5基因疫苗免疫小鼠能够诱导其机体产生良好的体液和细胞免疫应答，基因枪法较肌肉注射更能诱导体液免疫应答的产生。     

Cellular immune response of pigeons in the conditions of endotoxin fever and pyrogenic tolerance

The aim of this study was to investigate changes in selected parameters of cellular immune response in the conditions of endotoxin fever and pyrogenic tolerance in pigeons. On the first day of observation the experimental birds (n = 18) were intravenously injected with Escherichia coli LPS at a dose of 10 microg/kg b.w., while the control animals (n = 6) received apyrogenic physiological saline also in the form of injection. On the second and the third day of the experiment LPS was injected additionally at 24 h intervals. Four and a half hours after the saline and pyrogen administration blood samples were collected from the control and experimental pigeons. The following immunological assays were performed: WBC, leucogram and immunophenotyping of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood, i.e. CD 3+ (T lymphocytes), CD 4+ (T helper lymphocytes) and CD 8+ (T suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocytes) cells. In the conditions of endotoxin fever (i.e. after the first LPS injection) leucopenia, monocytopenia, heterophilia and eosinophilia were observed. Additionally, the immunophenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes indicated an increase in percentage of CD 3+, CD 4+ and CD 8+ cells in response to the single injection of LPS. In contrast, the consecutive injections of LPS, which created a pyrogenic tolerance effect, caused a decrease in WBC value, heteropenia, eosinopenia and lymphocytosis. Moreover, during this state an increase in percentage of CD 3+ and CD 8+ cells was demonstrated in contrast to the percentage of CD 4+ lymphocytes. The general tendencies in cellular immune response of the affected pigeons in the conditions of endotoxin fever and pyrogenic tolerance aim at activation of defence mechanisms against LPS for its prompt elimination from the animal's organism.