Resistant starch content of Indian foods

Resistant starch (RS) was determined in a few selected cereals, legumes and vegetables after processing. Higher RS contents were observed in foods subjected to dry heat treatment compared to wet processed ones. Among the foods studied, sorghum, green gram dhal, and green plantain showed relatively higher RS content. Based on the RS content thus determined in individual foods and the known composition of the Indian diet, RS content of Indian diets were computed.     

Effect of dietary fibre from cereal brans and legume seedcoats on serum lipids in rats

The present investigation was carried out to study the hypolipidemic effect of dietary fibre from cornbran and blackgram seedcoat in rats. Isoproteinous diet having one percent cholesterol and ten percent dietary fibre from cornbran and blackgram seedcoat was fed to four groups of albino rats for six weeks. With consumption of both the grain husks, total lipids, cholesterol and tryglycerides were lowered while HDL-cholesterol was found to be significantly increased. However, serum phospholipids were not affected significantly by grain husks. Cornbran was observed to be more hypolipidemic than blackgram seedcoat.     

A study on composition and hypolipidemic effect of dietary fibre from some plant foods

Dietary fibre content of foods namely,khejri beans (Prsopsis cinceria),peepalbanti (Ficus religiosa),barbanti (Ficus bengalensis),gullar (Ficus glomerata) andteent (Capparis decidua) varied from 38.5% to 55.7%. Cellulose and lignin were predominating constituents inpeepalbanti,barbanti andgullar; hemicellulose inteent and pectin inkhejri beans. Fibre from all these plant foods, fed at the 10% dietary level to rats, induced a greater resistance to hyperlipidemia than cellulose.Teent had the most pronounced hypocholesterolemic effect which appeared to operate through increased fecal excretion of cholesterol as well as bile acids. Dietary hemicellulose showed a significant negative correlation with serum and liver cholesterol and a significant positive correlation with fecal bile acids. The dietary fibre influenced total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids of the liver to varying extents.     

The nutritive value of some selected Tanzanian plant food sources

The chemical composition of different varieties of field beans (Vicia faba L.), cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), groundnuts (Voandzeia subterranea), and sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) were determined. Nutrients analysed in these materials included amino acids, starch, sugar, fibre, minerals and antinutritional factors. All the materials were further tested in balance trials with rats; true protein digestibility (TD), biological value (BV), net protein utilization (NPU) and digestible energy (DE) were evaluated. Based on the chemical analyses as well as on the biological data, the nutritive value of plant materials between species as well as between varieties within species differed considerably. Therefore, more quality evaluation studies along with plant breeding programmes are needed to select the most promising varieties from the nutritional point of view.     

Nutritional value of some non-conventional plant foods of India

Thirteen non-conventional foods including fruits, leaves and grains consumed in various parts of the Indian subcontinent were analysed for their nutritional value. Khejri beans (Prsopsis cineria), Pinju (Capparis decidua) and Kachri (Cucumis species) contained considerable amounts of protein (15–18%). Kachri was rich in fat (13%). Bhakri (Tribulus terristris), Gullar (Ficus glomerata) and Peehl (Salvadora oleoides) were found to be rich sources of calcium; Gullar contained about 15 times the amount of calcium present in wheat. Phosphorus content of Santhi (Boernavia diffusa), Khejri beans, Bhakri, Pinju and Lehsora (Cordia dichotoma) were noticeable. Zinc was present in high amounts in Peepalbanti (Ficus religiosa) and Gullar; as was iron in Santhi and Bhakri and manganese in Santhi. Besides iron, zinc and calcium, Pinju contained appreciable amounts of -carotene and vitamin C. However, Santhi contained high amounts of oxalic acid.     

The trypsin inhibitor content of 61 wild edible plant foods of Niger

In the western Sahel and many other regions of sub-Saharan Africa,wild edible plants contribute significantly to human diets, notonly during periods when cereal staples are scarce, but also whenthey are readily available. Although there have been publishedreports regarding the nutrient contents of these plant foods,little attention has been devoted to their content of antinutrientssuch as calcium chelators and inhibitors of the pancreas-derivedproteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin, which are required for theefficient digestion and absorption of dietary proteins. In thisstudy, aqueous extracts of 61 different leaves, seeds, fruits andflowers of edible plants gathered in the Republic of Niger wereanalyzed for their content of trypsin inhibitory substances using-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide as the substrate andbovine trypsin as the enzyme source. Twelve of these plant foodscontained more antitrypsin activity than soybeans (1.34–8.18 vs.1.32 g trypsin inhibited/mg dry weight). Boiling for 3 mindid not inactivate the antitrypsin activity in most of the plantextracts. These data confirm that more than half of the wildedible plant foods widely consumed by various populations whoinhabit the western Sahel contain significant quantities of heat-stable trypsin inhibitor that could possibly compromise thebioavailability of proteins present in the diets of these populations.     

Trypsin inhibitor activity of conventional foods which are part of the British diet and some soya products

The inhibition of bovine trypsin by ordinary Western foods was estimated and the daily intake of trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) from the average British diet was calculated and shown to be 330 mg per person per day. Examination of some traditional Oriental soya foods showed that most of the TIA had been removed or inactivated during processing and the remainder was further reduced during cooking. The Japanese food, miso, was an exception and showed heat-stable inhibition of unknown biological significance, associated with the presence of free fatty acids rather than the specific soya bean trypsin inhibitors which are proteins.     

玉米茎秆纤维组分近红外反射光谱模型的建立

以200份玉米自交系作为试验材料,利用近红外反射光谱技术建立3种茎秆组分的近红外光谱模型,研究更快速、准确地测定玉米茎秆中木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的含量的方法。结果表明,在4 017.94～8 053.28、4 017.94～8 067.89和4 027.08～8 928.20谱区内建立的测定玉米茎秆木质素、纤维素和半纤维素含量的近红外光谱模型效果最好。利用偏最小二乘回归法建立校正模型,木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的校正相关系数分别为0.932 9、0.925 1和0.926 5,校正标准差分别为1.57、1.68和1.18。选取30份玉米茎秆样品作为检验集对模型进行验证,木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的外部相关系数分别为0.938 9、0.891 1和0.905 0,其预测标准差分别为1.57、2.14和1.49。同样选取30份茎秆样品对模型进行交叉验证,其相关系数分别为0.897 3、0.944 2和0.891 8,交叉验证标准差分别为1.87、2.32和1.43。研究结果表明,所建模型质量较好,能快速、准确测量玉米茎秆木质素、纤维素和半纤维素含量。     

Fractionation of flax shives with pressurized aqueous ethanol

Fractionation of flax shives into major biopolymer constituents, such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, was carried out with pressurized aqueous ethanol in a pressurized low-polarity water extractor. The effect of processing parameters such as temperature, ethanol concentration, flow rate, sample size and solvent/feed ratio on the simultaneous extraction of hemicelluloses and lignin was determined. More than 80% of total hemicelluloses and ∼78% of total lignin were removed simultaneously in a single step under the following conditions: 180 °C, 30% (v/v) ethanol concentration, 3 mL/min flow rate, and 45 mL/g solvent/feed ratio. Under these extraction conditions, cellulose degradation was negligible. Further, the separation of lignin from hemicelluloses was carried out using two simple alternative methodologies based on precipitation. Since no acidic or alkali catalysts were used, the degradation of biopolymers was negligible and the oligomer/monomer ratio of sugars was 825:1. Characterization of fractionated biopolymers was carried out with scanning electron microscopy and a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). FT-IR spectra of isolated lignin and hemicelluloses showed that both polymers were comparable to commercially available products.     

Chemical evaluation of multimixes formulated from some local staples for use as complementary foods in Nigeria

The nutrient composition of eight multimixesformulated for use as complementary foods fromprocessed soybeans, cowpeas, maize, sorghum, yams,cocoyams, plantains and sweet potatoes were examined. The foods were processed by sprouting, cooking andfermentation. The samples were separately dried andmilled to fine flours. A ratio of 65% cereal, 30%legume and 5% starchy staple (65:30:5) calculated ona protein basis was used to formulate the multimixes. The blends were chemically analyzed using standardprocedures. The mixtures containing soybeans hadhigher protein, lipid, energy, crude fiber and calciumlevels but lower carbohydrate content than thosemixtures without soybean. The protein and energylevels of the multimixes were higher than those ofsome commercial infant foods (Cerelac, Farex andNestrum) in Nigeria but were comparable to that of`soy-ogi'. The multimixes contained fair quantitiesof calcium and phosphorus and an adequate amount ofsome of the essential amino acids. Methionine was themost limiting amino acid in all the mixtures. Blending cowpeas with maize produced a higher proteinscore than blending cowpeas or soybeans with sorghum. The cowpea/maize/sweet potato mixture had the highestprotein score.     

不同生育期橡胶树幼茎细胞壁三要素的变化动态

对巴西橡胶树热研7-33-97半年生组培苗的木质部不同发育时期的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素含量进行测定分析,用Van Soes方法计算得到木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的含量。结果表明,木质素、纤维素和半纤维素在生长发育过程中的含量随着生长发育逐渐增加。其中木质素与纤维素的含量随着生长发育趋于稳定状态,而半纤维素的含量从GX期开始迅速增加,直到SX期也没有出现趋向稳定的趋势;木质素/纤维素的比值在发育过程中变化不大,木质素/半纤维素的比值及纤维素/半纤维素的比值在GX期均达最大。木质素与纤维素的相关性显著,积累是同步的。     

麻类纤维在非织造领域的应用

本文阐述了麻类纤维在我国非织造行业新用途的开发和拓展，对麻类纤维在非织造领域的利用符合国家农业可持续性发展的方向。     

Fibre digestion potential in sugarcane across the harvesting window

The objectives of this study were to determine the proportion of indigestible neutral detergent fibre (iNDF) in the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) fraction of sugarcane, to estimate changes in NDF digestibility (NDFD) during the harvesting window and to predict sugarcane digestibility based on its fibre fractions. Whole plants of the IAC86‐2480 and IAC93‐3046 varieties were collected during the harvesting windows in 2007 and 2009, respectively. The in vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD) and fibre contents (NDF, iNDF, acid detergent fibre) were determined by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). The NDFD and potentially digestible NDF digestibility (pdNDFD) were estimated, and the fractional digestion rate of pdNDF was calculated. There was no relationship between growing days and iNDF as a proportion of NDF (P = 0·28) or with the fractional digestion rate of pdNDF (P = 0·30). Therefore, NDFD (mean = 335 g kg^?1) and pdNDFD (mean = 657 g kg^?1) remained almost constant during the harvesting window (P = 0·70 and P = 0·32 respectively). Acid detergent fibre and NDF were the best predictors of sugarcane dry matter (DM) digestibility. In conclusion, NDFD seems to be unchanged during crop growth. The point at which to harvest sugarcane as a forage source should therefore be decided based on NDF concentration, which is greatly influenced by sucrose accumulation.     

甜菜纤维开发与利用

综述了甜菜膳食纤维具有减肥、预防糖尿病、促进消化、降低胆固醇、预防心脑血管疾病等保健功能和颗粒粕饲料的开发应用情况,认为其将成为21世纪主流的功能性食品之一。     

Effect of feeding some plant foods as source of dietary fibre on biological utilisation of diet in rats

Isoproteinous diets containing 1% cholesterol and 10% fibre derived from plant foods namely,peepalbanti (Ficus religiosa),barbanti (Ficus bengalensis),gullar (Ficus glomerata),teent (Capparis decidua) andkhejri beans (Prsopsis cineria) or pure cellulose, were fed to rats for 40 days. Effect of incorporation of these whole plant parts on feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency ratio (FER), dry matter digestibility (DMD) and true protein digestibility (TPD) in weanling rats was studied. Their inclusion did not affect the weight gain significantly whereas all other parameters were influenced to a varying extent. Foods rich in lignin had relatively lower FER, DMD and TPD whereas cellulose and pectin rich foods had higher DMD and TPD.     

Peanut as a source of protein for human foods

Peanut has traditionally been used as a source, of oil; however, its worldwide annual protein harvest has reached nearly 4.5 million tons. India followed by China and the United States are the major producers of peanut. In recent years, several cereals and legumes-based foods using peanuts as protein supplements have been developed to alleviate protein caloriesmalnutrition problem. Peanut in the form of flour, protein isolates, and meal in a mixed product have been found to be very desirable from a sensory quality point of view. Peanut protein is deficient with respect to certain essential amino acids, but its true digestibility is comparable with that of animal protein. Even though various processing methods influence the nutritional and sensory quality of peanut fortified human foods available information on these aspects have been reviewed and summarised in this paper in order to optimize the utilization of peanut protein to increase protein value of cereal-based foods in developing countries of the peanut growing regions, of the world.     

环境条件对亚麻纤维品质的影响

品种区域试验结果显示，黑龙江省不同地区的气候、土壤环境条件差异极大，亚麻纤维强度在不同（区域）间、品种间和两者的互作均达到极显著水平，因此有必要对黑龙江省亚麻（种植）进行优质区划，选择适宜的品种在适宜的区域种植，全面提高黑龙江省亚麻纤维的品质。相关分析表明，土壤缓效钾和速效钾含量与纤维强度和可挠度均呈正相关，其它指标与两个品质指标间呈负相关。土壤全磷和速效磷含量与可挠度呈显著负相关，速效磷与纤维强度呈较大的负相关，有机质含量、全氮含量与之呈较大的正相关，二者与可挠度呈负相关。3个品种的纤维强度与开花前后的气象因子的关系比较复杂，开花前日照时数与强度负相关；开花后较多的积温、日照时数和降雨量有利于提高纤雏的纤维强度和可挠度。     

农产品及食品黄曲霉毒素污染研究

黄曲霉毒素主要由黄曲霉等产毒真菌产生,属生物源危害物,是毒性极强的一类真菌毒素,历史上因食用黄曲霉毒素污染产品造成过多次人及家养动物群体中毒死亡事件。黄曲霉毒素通过污染农产品与动物饲料进入食物链,严重威胁全球食品安全与人类健康。为了减少黄曲霉毒素污染危害,非常有必要掌握黄曲霉毒素污染农产品及食品主要种类。因此,本文通过研究国内外相关文献报道,较为全面地总结了近年来黄曲霉毒素污染农产品及其制品的主要种类,包括：谷物及其制品、调味品、饲料等12个类别,共计143种产品。通过归纳总结黄曲霉毒素污染产品种类,可以为农产品及食品黄曲霉毒素污染防治研究提供重要科学依据,对保障消费安全和产业健康发展具有重要指导意义。     

环境条件对亚麻纤维品质的影响

品种区域试验结果显示,黑龙江省不同地区的气候、土壤环境条件差异极大,亚麻纤维强度在不同(区域)间、品种间和两者的互作均达到极显著水平,因此有必要对黑龙江省亚麻(种植)进行优质区划,选择适宜的品种在适宜的区域种植,全面提高黑龙江省亚麻纤维的品质。相关分析表明,土壤缓效钾和速效钾含量与纤维强度和可挠度均呈正相关,其它指标与两个品质指标间呈负相关。土壤全磷和速效磷含量与可挠度呈显著负相关,速效磷与纤维强度呈较大的负相关,有机质含量、全氮含量与之呈较大的正相关,二者与可挠度呈负相关。3个品种的纤维强度与开花前后的气象因子的关系比较复杂,开花前日照时数与强度负相关;开花后较多的积温、日照时数和降雨量有利于提高纤维的纤维强度和可挠度。