松材线虫抗逆态基因Bx-DAF6鉴定及基因沉默

为探究松材线虫抗逆态幼虫形成的分子机理,本文对抗逆态基因daf-6进行了鉴定和基因沉默研究。应用BLAST比对技术,在松材线虫基因组数据中鉴定得到秀丽线虫daf-6的同源基因,命名为Bx-DAF6。应用PCR技术进行Bx-DAF6完整蛋白编码区(CDS)扩增。采用RNAi技术进行Bx-DAF6沉默,分析该基因的沉默对松材线虫抗逆态幼虫形成的影响。PCR扩增得到CDS区全长2 700 bp,Bx-DAF6编码的蛋白质具有固醇传感结构域。Bx-DAF6沉默抑制了2龄幼虫转变为抗逆态幼虫,表明Bx-DAF6在2龄幼虫转变为抗逆态幼虫生理过程中起正向调控作用。      

Autophagy genes are essential for dauer development and life-span extension in C. elegans

Both dauer formation (a stage of developmental arrest) and adult life-span in Caenorhabditis elegans are negatively regulated by insulin-like signaling, but little is known about cellular pathways that mediate these processes. Autophagy, through the sequestration and delivery of cargo to the lysosomes, is the major route for degrading long-lived proteins and cytoplasmic organelles in eukaryotic cells. Using nematodes with a loss-of-function mutation in the insulin-like signaling pathway, we show that bec-1, the C. elegans ortholog of the yeast and mammalian autophagy gene APG6/VPS30/beclin1, is essential for normal dauer morphogenesis and life-span extension. Dauer formation is associated with increased autophagy and also requires C. elegans orthologs of the yeast autophagy genes APG1, APG7, APG8, and AUT10. Thus, autophagy is a cellular pathway essential for dauer development and life-span extension in C. elegans.     

昆虫化学感受蛋白研究进展

为了研究昆虫嗅觉系统中化学感受蛋白(CSPs)在昆虫体内所发挥的作用,综述了国内外30年来对CSPs蛋白的研究。发现CSPs蛋白不仅存在于昆虫的嗅觉器官触角中,而且在非嗅觉器官中也被鉴定出来,如在小地老虎的性腺中。CSPs蛋白除了行使嗅觉功能外,还具有抗药性、视觉色素载体、营养吸收、再生和发育等功能。在一些昆虫中,同一种CSPs蛋白在性腺和触角中同时表达,因此具有接受信号和释放信号的双重功能。然而,研究还存在不足,今后还需要研究CSPs参与嗅觉识别的具体过程和发挥的作用,以及CSPs参与提高昆虫抗药性的功能。     

Morphological correlates of differences in pheromone sensitivity in insect sensilla

Scanning electron microscopy and single unit recordings of male Trichoplusia ni antennae reveal at least two classes of pheromone-sensitive sensilla trichodea. The longer sensillum contains two receptor neurons each with small amounts of spontaneous activity. One neuron responds to large (10-microgram) doses of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, a component of the female sex pheromone. The shorter sensillum contains two receptor neurons both with larger amounts of spontaneous activity and increased sensitivity to low (0.01-microgram) doses of pheromone.     

营养化学感应系统研究进展

人和动物消化器官的营养化学感应系统是胃肠上皮细胞受体对食物信息感受与内脏迷走神经元之间信息传递和互作的复杂信号传递系统。营养化学感应系统由独立化学感应细胞组成,具有形态学的多样性,在体内分布十分广泛,这为其功能作用的发挥奠定了基础。研究表明,营养化学感应系统在调控采食、消化与吸收、肠道生长与功能、肠道防御机制以及宿主与微生物的互作中起着重要作用,并且不同细胞型之间具有不同的功能。它们是营养物质消化吸收的重要调控途径,其功能研究有助于化学感应机制的营养学作用的理解。因此,为了更好的理解和研究营养化学感应系统,本文就营养化学感应系统的分布及其功能作用进行了简要综述。     

Control of local protein synthesis and initial events in myelination by action potentials

Formation of myelin, the electrical insulation on axons produced by oligodendrocytes, is controlled by complex cell-cell signaling that regulates oligodendrocyte development and myelin formation on appropriate axons. If electrical activity could stimulate myelin induction, then neurodevelopment and the speed of information transmission through circuits could be modified by neural activity. We find that release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles along axons of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture promotes myelin induction by stimulating formation of cholesterol-rich signaling domains between oligodendrocytes and axons, and increasing local synthesis of the major protein in the myelin sheath, myelin basic protein, through Fyn kinase-dependent signaling. This axon-oligodendrocyte signaling would promote myelination of electrically active axons to regulate neural development and function according to environmental experience.     

性诱剂对食物诱剂控制瓜实蝇的干扰影响

[目的]探讨性诱剂对食物诱剂引诱作用的影响。[方法]通过室内试验和田间试验研究了性诱剂对食物诱剂控制瓜实蝇的干扰作用。[结果]实验室测试结果表明,在食物诱剂中添加性诱剂对瓜实蝇的干扰较大,引诱虫口数量显著减少。田间试验也证明了这种影响明显存在并影响食物诱剂的防效。在只悬挂食物诱剂时,食物诱剂能迅速降低瓜实蝇的田间虫口密度并长期控制在较低的水平之下,防治效果显著,好瓜率在90%以上,而添加性诱剂的食物诱剂处理的好瓜率低于80%。[结论]试验结果为食物诱剂的合理使用提供了参考。     

Production of immunoglobulin isotypes by Ly-1+ B cells in viable motheaten and normal mice

Almost all B cells in autoimmune mice with the viable motheaten (mev) mutation express the Ly-1 cell surface antigen, which marks a minor population of B cells constituting a separate lineage in normal mice. Immunoglobulins primarily of the M and G3 classes, which in both normal and mev mice contain high levels of lambda light chain, are produced in excess in mev mice. These and other observations suggest that the development of B cells that express Ly-1 is regulated independently from the development of B cells that do not express Ly-1. B cells bearing the Ly-1 surface antigen may play specialized roles in the normal immune system and in autoimmunity by regulating other B cells via lymphokines, by producing antibodies to self and certain foreign antigens, and by preferentially secreting immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G3.     

Insect sex-pheromone signals mediated by specific combinations of olfactory receptors

We describe two male-specific olfactory receptors (ORs) in the silk moth, Bombyx mori, that are mutually exclusively expressed in a pair of adjacent pheromone-sensitive neurons of male antennae: One is specifically tuned to bombykol, the sex pheromone, and the other to bombykal, its oxidized form. Both pheromone ORs are coexpressed with an OR from the highly conserved insect OR subfamily. This coexpression promotes the functional expression of pheromone receptors and confers ligand-stimulated nonselective cation channel activity. The same effects were also observed for general ORs. Both odorant and pheromone signaling pathways are mediated by means of a common mechanism in insects.     

用食物引诱剂和昆虫信息素联合作用监控储粮害虫的研究

论述了食物引诱剂和昆虫信息素在储粮害虫防治方面的优缺点,重点介绍了食物引诱剂和昆虫信息素联合作用方面的研究.研究表明,食物引诱剂和信息素联合作用必将成为监控储粮害虫的有效工具.     

Cell cycle dependence of laminar determination in developing neocortex

The neocortex is patterned in layers of neurons that are generated in an orderly sequence during development. This correlation between cell birthday and laminar fate prompted an examination of how neuronal phenotypes are determined in the developing cortex. At various times after labeling with [3H]thymidine, embryonic progenitor cells were transplanted into older host brains. The laminar fate of transplanted neurons correlates with the position of their progenitors in the cell cycle at the time of transplantation. Daughters of cells transplanted in S-phase migrate to layer 2/3, as do host neurons. Progenitors transplanted later in the cell cycle, however, produce daughters that are committed to their normal, deep-layer fates. Thus, environmental factors are important determinants of laminar fate, but embryonic progenitors undergo cyclical changes in their ability to respond to such cues.     

Brain factor control of sex pheromone production in the female corn earworm moth

Sex pheromone production in the female corn earworm moth Heliothis zea is controlled by a hormonal substance produced in the female's brain. It is present in the brain in scotophase as well as photophase, but it is released into the hemolymph to stimulate pheromone production only in the scotophase. The stimulatory activity was also detected in the brains of male corn earworm moths and of other moths.     

Responses of vomeronasal neurons to natural stimuli

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) of mammals plays an essential role in the detection of pheromones. We obtained simultaneous recordings of action potentials from large subsets of VNO neurons. These cells responded to components of urine by increasing their firing rate. This chemosensory activation required phospholipase C function. Unlike most other sensory neurons, VNO neurons did not adapt under prolonged stimulus exposure. The full time course of the VNO spiking response is captured by a simple quantitative model of ligand binding. Many individual VNO neurons were strongly selective for either male or female mouse urine, with the effective concentrations differing as much as a thousandfold. These results establish a framework for understanding sensory coding in the vomeronasal system.     

Quantitative mass spectrometry identifies insulin signaling targets in C. elegans

DAF-2, an insulin receptor-like protein, regulates metabolism, development, and aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. In a quantitative proteomic study, we identified 86 proteins that were more or less abundant in long-lived daf-2 mutant worms than in wild-type worms. Genetic studies on a subset of these proteins indicated that they act in one or more processes regulated by DAF-2, including entry into the dauer developmental stage and aging. In particular, we discovered a compensatory mechanism activated in response to reduced DAF-2 signaling, which involves the protein phosphatase calcineurin.     

New insights into neuron-glia communication

Two-way communication between neurons and nonneural cells called glia is essential for axonal conduction, synaptic transmission, and information processing and thus is required for normal functioning of the nervous system during development and throughout adult life. The signals between neurons and glia include ion fluxes, neurotransmitters, cell adhesion molecules, and specialized signaling molecules released from synaptic and nonsynaptic regions of the neuron. In contrast to the serial flow of information along chains of neurons, glia communicate with other glial cells through intracellular waves of calcium and via intercellular diffusion of chemical messengers. By releasing neurotransmitters and other extracellular signaling molecules, glia can affect neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission and perhaps coordinate activity across networks of neurons.     

A major food web component in the orinoco river channel: evidence from planktivorous electric fishes

Deep-water sampling of the Orinoco River main channel resulted in the collection of an unexpectedly high abundance and diversity of specialized fishes. Twenty-eight of the more than 60 species collected belong to the Gymnotiformes(New World electric or knife fishes). One of the more numerous of these, a recently described species of the genus Rhabdolichops, consumes large numbers of very small planktonic Crustacea and insect larvae. These items are captured in the very swift, turbid, and deep waters of the Orinoco. Although the strong dependence of the river food web on terrestrial and floodplain food sources is well known, the specialized capabilities of Rhabdolichops and of other fishes that occur with it indicate a significant extension of the river food web into the main channel.     

Generating and exploiting polarity in bacteria

Bacteria are often highly polarized, exhibiting specialized structures at or near the ends of the cell. Among such structures are actin-organizing centers, which mediate the movement of certain pathogenic bacteria within the cytoplasm of an animal host cell; organized arrays of membrane receptors, which govern chemosensory behavior in swimming bacteria; and asymmetrically positioned septa, which generate specialized progeny in differentiating bacteria. This polarization is orchestrated by complex and dynamic changes in the subcellular localization of signal transduction and cytoskeleton proteins as well as of specific regions of the chromosome. Recent work has provided information on how dynamic subcellular localization occurs and how it is exploited by the bacterial cell. The main task of a bacterial cell is to survive and duplicate itself. The bacterium must replicate its genetic material and divide at the correct site in the cell and at the correct time in the cell cycle with high precision. Each kind of bacterium also executes its own strategy to find nutrients in its habitat and to cope with conditions of stress from its environment. This involves moving toward food, adapting to environmental extremes, and, in many cases, entering and exploiting a eukaryotic host. These activities often involve processes that take place at or near the poles of the cell. Here we explore some of the schemes bacteria use to orchestrate dynamic changes at their poles and how these polar events execute cellular functions. In spite of their small size, bacteria have a remarkably complex internal organization and external architecture. Bacterial cells are inherently asymmetric, some more obviously so than others. The most easily recognized asymmetries involve surface structures, e.g., flagella, pili, and stalks that are preferentially assembled at one pole by many bacteria. "New" poles generated at the cell division plane differ from old poles from the previous round of cell division. Even in Escherichia coli, which is generally thought to be symmetrical, old poles are more static than new poles with respect to cell wall assembly (1), and they differ in the deposition of phospholipid domains (2). There are many instances of differential polar functions; among these is the preferential use of old poles when attaching to host cells as in the interaction of Bradyrhizobium with plant root hairs (3) or the polar pili-mediated attachment of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogen to tracheal epithelia (4). An unusual polar organelle that mediates directed motility on solid surfaces is found in the nonpathogenic bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. The gliding motility of this bacterium is propelled by a nozzle-like structure that squirts a polysaccharide-containing slime from the pole of the cell (5). Interestingly, M. xanthus, which has nozzles at both poles, can reverse direction by closing one nozzle and opening the other in response to end-to-end interactions between cells.     

挥发性化合物介导的植物-植食性昆虫-天敌三级营养级互作机制及应用

农业生态系统中植物-植食性昆虫-天敌三级营养级间存在复杂的互作关系,挥发性化合物在三级营养级互作中发挥着重要作用.植食性昆虫能够以植物挥发物为化学线索精准地识别和定位寄主,而虫害诱导的挥发物作为关键的化学信息物质对于调控三级营养级关系起到不可或缺的作用,一直是该领域研究的重点和热点问题.另外,植物为传粉昆虫提供花粉或者...     

蜜蜂蜂王与雄蜂幼虫饥饿信息素鉴定及其生物合成通路

【目的】蜜蜂幼虫在饥饿状态下会通过释放特定信息素来向外界传递饥饿信号,称为蜜蜂幼虫饥饿信息素(hunger pheromone)。论文旨在研究西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)蜂王与雄蜂幼虫饥饿信息素化学成分及在幼虫体内的生物合成通路,明确蜜蜂幼虫与成年蜂之间的化学信息素交流机制。【方法】采集2日龄与4日龄西方蜜蜂蜂王与雄蜂幼虫及其食物,将其分为饥饿组、饲喂组与纯食物组。饲喂组幼虫平躺在预先准备好的食物表面,饥饿处理组则不提供食物。所有样品分别放入20 m L密封采样瓶中并在35℃条件下放置45 min。利用Needle trap技术从样品瓶中采集10 m L气体,富集气体中的挥发性化学物质。在气质联用进样口以250℃高温将富集的化学物质解离,并通过气质联用技术分析鉴定蜂王与雄蜂幼虫饥饿信息素。同时,采用RNA-Seq技术分析饥饿信息素在蜂王与雄蜂幼虫体内的生物合成通路及相关基因表达。【结果】从蜂王与雄蜂幼虫中分别分析鉴定出10种与9种信息素,其中蜂王幼虫含有一种特有的幼虫信息素——2-庚酮,且在蜂王食物中含量最高。E-β-罗勒烯在蜂王与雄蜂幼虫各饥饿组含量均显著高于其饲喂幼虫组与食物组,表明蜂王与雄蜂幼虫均以E-β-罗勒烯为其饥饿信息素。2日龄蜂王与雄蜂幼虫饥饿组E-β-罗勒烯含量均差异不显著,但4日龄蜂王幼虫饥饿组E-β-罗勒烯含量显著低于雄蜂幼虫组。其余8种信息素为肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、甲基棕榈酸脂、硬脂酸、棕榈油酸、十五烷酸、乙酸与乙酸乙酯,均未出现饥饿组高于其他两组的规律。其中乙酸乙酯与乙酸在食物组与饲喂组含量高于饥饿组,推测其可能来自于幼虫食物。RNA-Seq结果表明蜂王与雄蜂幼虫通过甲羟戊酸途径由乙酰辅酶A从头合成E-β-罗勒烯。发现Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase-like与Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase等9个基因参与该通路,但在饥饿组与其饲喂组幼虫中表达差异均不显著。【结论】蜜蜂蜂王与雄蜂幼虫利用E-β-罗勒烯作为其饥饿信息素乞求食物,并且在体内从头合成E-β-罗勒烯。工蜂利用2-庚酮标记蜂王幼虫,但未对雄蜂幼虫进行标记。