24月龄生长母水牛绝食代谢的研究

用传统开路式牛用呼吸面具对24月龄母水牛绝食产热(Fasting heat production,FHP)进行研究。结果表明:①24月龄母水牛FHP为306.013kJ/kgW0.75·d;每天排出内源尿氮(EUN)为39.66g;单位代谢体重每天排出EUN为0.48g;蛋白分解产热占总产热量为17.13%;EUN与FHP比值为1.60mg/kJ。②24月龄母水牛维持净能需要:NEm=397.817kJ/W0.75·d。     

乳肉兼用水牛不同生长阶段绝食代谢的研究

用传统开路式牛用呼吸面具对12,18和24月龄乳肉兼用水牛绝食产热(FHP)进行研究。结果表明:12,18和24月龄乳肉兼用水牛FHP分别为334.03,328.55和306.01KJ/(kgW0.75·d);每天每头排出内源尿氮(EUN)分别为31.06,35.62和39.66g;单位代谢体重每天排出EUN分别为0.53,0.50和0.48g;蛋白分解产热占总产热量分别为17.99%,17.35%和17.98%;EUN与FHP比值分别为1.60,1.54和1.60mg/KJ。乳肉兼用生长水牛维持净能需要量:NEm=402.152KJ/(kgW0.75·d)。绝食代谢与体重指数关系为:FHP[KJ/(kgW0.75·d)]=877.864W0.57,(n=15,r=0.7075)。乳肉兼用生长水牛代谢体重为W0.57kg。     

12月龄生长母水牛绝食代谢的研究

用传统开路式牛用呼吸面具对12月龄母水牛绝食产热(FHP)进行研究。结果表明:①12月龄母水牛FHP为334.03KJ/KgW0.75·d;每天排出内源尿氮(EUN)为31.06g;代谢体重每天排出EUN为0.53g;蛋白分解产热占总产热量为17.99%;EUN与FHP比值为1.60mg/KJ。②12月龄母水牛维持净能需要:NEm=400.84KJ/W0.75d。     

青年尼里-拉菲母水牛绝食代谢的研究

用传统开路式牛用呼吸面具对青年尼里-拉菲水牛绝食产热(fasting heat production,FHP)进行研究.结果表明:青年尼里-拉菲水牛平均FHP为301.28 kJ/kgW0.75.d,绝食期间试牛的混合RQ(呼吸商)值平均为0.69,非蛋白分解RQ值平均为0.59,蛋白质分解RQ值很稳定为0.81,试牛平均每天排出内源尿氮(EUN)为39.54g,蛋白分解产热占总产热量平均为17.70%.     

杂种肉羊生长期蛋白质需要量及其代谢规律研究

选用 2 4只 4月龄杜泊羊与小尾寒羊杂交一代 ,采用饲养试验和消化试验 ,研究生长杂种肉羊的蛋白需要量及其代谢规律。试验分高、中、低三个蛋白水平。结果表明 :试羊对日粮蛋白质的消化率和代谢率分别为 6 6 .96 %和 34.96 %。生长肉羊代谢粪氮 (MFN)和内源尿氮 (EUN)的排出量分别为 0 .16 4 0g/kgW0 .75·d和 0 .0 997g/kgW0 .75·d。生长肉羊维持可消化粗蛋白质需要量为 2 .5 9g/kgW0 .75·d ,每增重 1kg需可消化粗蛋白 374 .98g。生长肉羊的可消化粗蛋白总需要量 (RDCP ,RCP ,g/d)可按下式计算 :　　RDCP =2 .5 9W0 .75+374 .98△W　　RCP =3.88W0 .75+5 6 0△W　　式中 :W0 .75,代谢体重 (kg) ;△W ,日增重 (kg)     

14～15月龄母水牛能量需要量初探

选用12头体况良好、14～15月龄、体重(262±3.5)kg的健康母水牛,按随机区组的试验设计分为3组进行饲养试验、消化代谢试验和气体代谢试验,以获得14～15月龄母水牛能量需要量。3组试验日粮均由精料和粗料(象草和发酵菠萝皮)组成。3组日粮粗蛋白水平一致(11.10%),能量水平不同,产奶净能分别为6.28(第1组),6.14(第2组)和6.00 MJ/kg(第3组)。饲养试验包括15 d的预试期和30 d的正试期,在正试期的第24和28天分别进行为期7 d的消化代谢试验和3 d的气体代谢试验,饲养试验结束后,试牛断料不断水,从绝食的第4天起进行为期2 d的绝食代谢试验。结果表明:14～15月龄母水牛正常采食状态下水牛畜体产热(HP)为0.638 MJ/(W0.75.d),绝食状态下水牛畜体产热(FHP)为0.321 MJ/(W0.75.d),热增耗(HI)为0.317 MJ/(W0.75.d),能量消化率为66.49%,能量代谢率为54.23/%。14～15月龄母水牛用于维持的净能需要量为0.401 MJ/(W0.75.d),每增重1 kg所需要的净能为12.22 MJ。14～15月龄母水牛总净能需要量可以按以下公式计算:NE(MJ/d)=(0.401+0.184△W)W0.75;NE(MJ/d)=0.401 W0.75+12.22△W,式中△W为日增重(kg/d)。     

异丁酸对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵及尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

本文旨在研究异丁酸对西门塔尔牛瘤胃pH、NH3-N、VFA和营养物质降解率及尿嘌呤衍生物浓度的影响。选用4头平均体重420 kg,年龄2.5岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,在基础日粮中分别添加异丁酸0、0.02、0.04和0.06 g/(kgW.d)。结果表明:各组瘤胃pH差异不显著(P>0.05),0.04 g/(kgW.d)组和0.06 g/(kgW.d)组NH3-N浓度极显著低于对照和0.02 g/(kgW.d)组(P<0.01);0.02 g/(kgW.d)组豆粕干物质、有机物和粗蛋白质动态降解率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.04 g/(kgW.d)组玉米秸干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的降解率显著提高(P<0.05),0.04 g/(kgW.d)组瘤胃乙酸、乙酸/丙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和尿嘌呤衍生物显著增加(P<0.05)。根据试验结果推断日粮中异丁酸的适宜添加水平为0.04 g/(kgW.d)。     

宁夏滩羊公羊育成期能量需要量和代谢规律的研究

利用"中型开放回流式呼吸测热装置",采用梯度饲养、消化代谢试验,结合生长代谢呼吸测热和绝食代谢呼吸测热试验,对育成期宁夏滩羊公羊的能量需要量和代谢规律进行了系统的研究.结果表明:①在(20±1)℃下滩羊公羊育成期绝食产热为203.49 kJ/(W0.75·d);同样温度环境条件下生长代谢畜体产热为369.53 kJ/(W0.75·d);能量平衡的结果表明,滩羊公羊在育成前期沉积蛋白质的能力高于后期,沉积体脂肪的能力后期高于前期.②通过绝食产热测得滩羊公羊育成期维持净能244.29 kJ/(W0.75·d),维持代谢能305.3 kJ/(W0.75·d),km=0.8.③热增耗HI=125.27 kJ/(W0.75·d).④滩羊公羊育成前期代谢能需要量MER=305.33 kJ/(W0.75·d)·d+618.4×△W0.136(△W,kg).     

西藏农区牛主要物质和能量代谢

为从主要物质和能量代谢方面揭示高海拔引起牛生产性能低下的问题,利用实地测试取样,对西藏农区14头牛的N平衡、能量物质、主要常量元素、微量元素、FHP、ADE、AME、P沉积、MEm、日增重(ADG)等代谢指标进行了分析.依据我国常规标准,大部分物质代谢值都在正常或较高的范围内,但P的沉积量较少,仅为0.090 1 g/(W0.75·d)±0.075 0 g/(W0.75·d),不及成牛需要量的1/3.FHP按Brouwer方程计算后,发现AME和FHP+EADG(体增重能耗)+ECH4(肠道内气体能)之差较大,平均值273.585 8 kcal/(W0.75·d).结果提示,西藏农区牛对P的摄入严重不足,同时AME-(FHP+EADG+ECH4)差值较大,这部分能量极有可能与高原环境物质无氧酵解或供能分解不完全有关, Brouwer方程对高海拔地区FHP的计算应进行修正.     

泌乳水牛日粮能量转化的研究

应用消化代谢实验对 6头泌乳前期的三品杂水牛日粮能量在体内的转化进行研究。结果表明 :①泌乳水牛能量消化率为 6 7 2 3% ,总能代谢率 (ME/GE)为 5 4 0 1% ,消化能代谢率 (ME/DE)为 80 2 4 % ,水牛产奶对代谢能的利用率为 36 85 % ;②可用采食总能的 10 %估算甲烷能的损失 ;③体增热为 339 5 9kJ/ (W0 75·d)。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -