自然保护区生态旅游业的管理

该文从自然保护区开展生态旅游业的必要性及自然保护区生态旅游业的特点出发,阐述了自然保护区生态旅游业五个利益关系主体的作用及其之间的相互关系,进而对自然保护区生态旅游业的管理提出几项建议。     

生态旅游业与地区经济可持续增长的关系研究——以河南省为例

在生态文明建设纵深推进的大背景下,为探讨生态旅游业发展与地区经济可持续增长的关系,结合河南省的实际情况,运用协整分析法就生态旅游业发展与地区经济可持续增长的关系进行了平稳性检验、协整检验、Granger因果检验,研究认为生态旅游业与地区经济可持续增长呈现出强关联性,生态旅游业发展对河南省经济的可持续增长有着正向影响,且生态旅游业对河南省经济可持续增长的长期效应更为明显。并提出新阶段河南应注重经济可持续增长的质量,挖掘生态旅游资源,以发展生态旅游业作为地区经济可持续增长的新动能。     

以建设生态省为契机促进海南西部旅游业跨越式发展

旅游业作为朝阳产业，正在蓬勃发展。当前，作为旅游业一重要分支的生态旅游已成为旅游事业发展的新时尚．西部旅游业尤其是生态旅游业的发展如何，将直接影响海南生态旅游业的发展，加快发展海南生态旅游业，不但是海南产业发展的要求，也是建设海南生态省战略目标和把海南建设成为中华民族的四季花园和全国人民的度假村的战略需要。为此，有必要分析海南西部旅游发展现状及存在问题，并提出今后的发展策略和主要措施。     

旅游业生态补偿及操作方式探讨

指出了旅游业生态补偿是一个重要的现实难题,能促进旅游业的绿色发展与经济生态伦理的形成。分析了旅游业生态补偿的基本缘由,解读旅游业生态补偿的主要方式,特别强调旅游资源资本化折股补偿、收益机会差异补偿、环境治理与生态修复补偿、成本内化补偿、有偿使用补偿等。根据存在的问题提出了对策建议:提高旅游业生态补偿精准性,构建相关利益者的经济生态伦理;通过构建长效的、规范的生态补偿制度,刺激旅游经济活动生态化创新发展;推行生态补偿大数据信息管理,提升旅游企业的生态化管理水平;强化后续的跟踪问效措施,督促并积极培育旅游生态文化等。     

建立现代森林旅游业生态经济管理机制的思考

目前我国森林旅游业管理机制存在着严重的缺陷,并已成为制约我国森林旅游业可持续发展的主要障碍。现代森林旅游业管理机制必须是森林生态环境管理与森林旅游经济管理的有机统一,即生态经济管理机制。建立现代森林旅游业生态经济管理机制的主要对策是要强化政府主导功能,构建科学的森林旅游业生态经济评价体系等。     

南岭国家森林公园森林旅游资源现状与发展策略探讨

文章阐述了南岭国家森林公园旅游资源的现状,对南岭森林生态旅游业进行了分析,并提出了进一步发展南岭森林生态旅游业的应对措施。     

试论我省发展森林生态旅游业的思路与对策

在阐述发展森林生态旅游业必要性的基础上，分析了甘肃省森林生态旅游资源及其开发利用的现状，探讨了面向２１世纪甘肃省森林生态旅游业建设的对策。     

藏东南发展生态旅游业的SWOT分析

分析藏东南发展生态旅游业的优势有:①地处大香格里拉生态旅游区核心地带;②藏传佛教文化丰富;③旅游资源丰富;④相关配套产业长足发展;⑤气候宜人.劣势有:①生态环境脆弱,自然灾害多发;②对外开放程度低;③专业人才匮乏.机遇有:①实施西部大开发,青藏铁路通车;②旅游业快速发展;③交通条件改善.挑战有:①生态旅游发展与生态保护的矛盾;②周边地区生态旅游业快速发展引起的客源分流.论述了藏东南生态旅游业的发展战略:资源开发与生态环境保护并重,提倡政府主导型旅游,打造生态旅游品牌等.     

藏东南发展生态旅游业的SWOT分析

分析藏东南发展生态旅游业的优势有：①地处大香格里拉生态旅游区核心地带;②藏传佛教文化丰富;③旅游资源丰富;④相关配套产业长足发展;⑤气候宜人．劣势有：①生态环境脆弱,自然灾害多发;②对外开放程度低;③专业人才匮乏．机遇有：①实施西部大开发,青藏铁路通车;②旅游业快速发展;③交通条件改善．挑战有：①生态旅游发展与生态保护的矛盾;②周边地区生态旅游业快速发展引起的客源分流．论述了藏东南生态旅游业的发展战略：资源开发与生态环境保护并重,提倡政府主导型旅游,打造生态旅游品牌等．     

山西森林生态旅游发展现状与对策

旅游业是当今世界发展最快、最具活力的一项新兴产业,被称为是21世纪的朝阳产业。本文介绍了山西省森林生态旅游业发展现状,分析了当前存在的问题,提出了发展森林生态旅游应遵循的原则和加快山西森林生态旅游业发展的对策。     

Canopy management possibilities for arboreal Leucaena in mixed sorghum and livestock small farm production systems in semi-arid India

A major problem for small farmers in the semi-arid tropics is the chronic shortage of fodder for draft animals. Leucaena leucocephala has improved productivity in many places in India and in various cropping systems, usually as either a pure crop or in a hedgerow alley-cropping configuration. Mixed cropping with arboreal forms is seldom seen. For off-season fodder production, hedgerows have the disadvantage of being open to unmanaged browsing when unfenced (as is usual). Arboreal forms are generally far less vulnerable. In this paper, the components of production of sorghum and arboreal Leucaena are measured under different intensities of canopy lopping. The most productive management system of those examined was pollarding of the Leucaena at the time of under-sowing with sorghum. In a year with less than 50% of average seasonal rainfall, this system gave a yield of 4.6 tonnes/ha/yr fresh wt fodder and 3.8 tonnes/ha/yr dry wt. of fuel harvests, while increasing the standing crop of wood by 1.8 t/ha/yr and retaining a yield of sorghum grain equivalent to 46% of pure sorghum cropping; the LER of this system was 1.35. Cash values of the alternative management systems were estimated, including the discounted Net Present Value of the standing crop of timber. Maximum value was attained with unlopped pure crop Leucaena followed by pollarded Leucaena with sorghum; pure crop sorghum achieved a lower value. These results demonstrate both the high productivity of Leucaena/sorghum based systems, and the stability of production even in poor rainfall conditions. Pollarding transferred the high future value of Leucaena timber to the present value of sorghum grain and fuelwood.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

天牛体内纤维素酶研究进展

文章综述近年来国内外有关天牛体内纤维素酶的研究进展,主要包括:天牛体内纤维素酶的来源、不同天牛种类纤维素酶的性质、纤维素酶抑制剂、纤维素酶同工酶、纤维素酶基因以及天牛体内纤维素酶活性变化与寄主的关系,并展望了未来的研究方向。     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Modeling spatial variability and pattern of rust and brown eye spot in coffee agroecosystem

The advent of Precision Agriculture has made possible the analysis of complex spatial patterns of plant disease epidemiology considering statements of integrated disease management. The objective of this work was to use geostatistics, statistics and geographical information systems to characterize the structure and magnitude of spatial dependency of rust (Hemileia vastatrix) and brown eye spot (Cercospora coffeicola) incidence and severity in coffee agroecosystem cultivated with Catuai Vermelho IAC-99 (Coffea arabica L.). Evaluations of incidence and severity of rust and brown eye spot were accomplished at 67 georeferenced points arranged in 6.6202 ha of coffee crop, in the years of 2005, 2006 and 2007. Exponential models of covariance enabled the characterization of the magnitude and structure of rust and brown eye spot spatial variability in the evaluated dates. Ordinary block kriging presented satisfactory performance to map rust and brown eye spot outbreaks based on kriging error coefficients. Kriged maps enabled the visualization of intensity of rust and brown eye spot in each evaluation date. Assessments of incidence and severity presented highly statistical correlation based on linear regression models, also confirmed by the spatial variability of kriging maps. Kriging maps of rust and brown eye spot enabled to observe that intensity of disease was dispersed in foci patterns along the coffee plantation, indicating that the current strategy of disease control based in total area may be replaced by site specific disease management, with less environmental impact and sustainability of coffee crop, according to statements of integrated disease management and precision agriculture.     

Trade-Offs in Forest Utilization from a Sustainability Perspective

Abstract

A sustainable use of forests may be conceived of differently by different scientific disciplines. An underlying definition of sustainability is therefore central to the understanding of any analysis on the subject. This paper approaches the idea of sustainability from an economic perspective. The interpretation of sustainability in terms of concepts such as efficiency, equity and welfare are initially described. Empirical research aiming at obtaining basic elements of economic sustainability analyses is subsequently outlined. Finally, the implications for applied welfare and sustainability analysis at different economic and geographical levels of aggregation are discussed     

Nutrient cycling and growth in forest ecosystems of south western Australia: Relevance to agricultural landscapes

Nutrient and hydrologic cycles in harvested native forests in southern Australia are largely balanced. For example, we have little or no evidence of any decline in nutrient capital or availability in harvested forests. Short-term and small-scale reductions in evapotranspiration due to loss of leaf area after harvesting are adequately balanced at the landscape scale by large areas of regenerating or older-age forest. In contrast, agricultural systems on similar soils are a) dependent on large inputs of fertilisers to maintain growth and b) frequently subject to increasing salinity and waterlogging or other forms of degradation. The large-scale replacement of long-lived communities of perennial and often deep- rooting native species with annual crops or other communities of shallow-rooting species might be better managed within the framework of knowledge developed from studies of native plant communities. However, application of such a mimic concept to systems of low natural productivity is limited when agricultural systems require continued high productivity. Nonetheless, the mimic concept may help in developing sustainable management of agriculture on marginal lands, and contribute to the nutritional resilience of agroecosystems. Relevant characteristics for mimic agroecosystems in south western Australia include: high species diversity, diversity of rooting attributes, utilisation of different forms of nutrients (especially of N and P) in space and time, and the promotion of practices which increase soil organic matter content. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Native woody species regeneration in exotic tree plantations at Munessa-Shashemene Forest,southern Ethiopia

Regeneration of native woody species was studied in the plantations and the adjacent natural forest at Munessa-Shashemene Forest Project Area, Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that tree plantations foster regeneration of native woody species. A total of 60 plots, having 10 × 10 m area each, were studied in monoculture plantations of 4 exotic species (Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus globulus, E. saligna, Pinus patula) and an adjacent natural forest. Ages of the plantations ranged between 9 and 28 years. Soil seed bank analysis was also undertaken from soil samples collected in each of the 60 plots to examine the similarity between the soil seed flora and aboveground vegetation. A total of 56 naturally regenerated woody species were recorded beneath all plantation stands with densities ranging between 2300 and 18650 individuals / ha in different stands. There was a significant difference among plantation stands with regard to understorey density (standard deviation: 4836 ± 1341). Vegetation diversity was assessed through analyses of floristic composition, species richness and abundance. Generally, seedling populations were the most abundant components of the regeneration in most of the plantation stands, forming 68 % of the total regeneration count in all stands. A total of 77 plant species represented by 44 herbs, 13 woody species, 8 grasses and 12 unidentified species were recorded in the soil seed bank from all stands. Similarity between the soil seed bank and aboveground flora was very low implying that the role of soil seed banks is negligible rather dispersal plays an important role in the process of regeneration. These results support the concept that forest plantations can foster the regeneration of native woody species, thereby increasing biological diversity, provided that there are seed sources in the vicinity of the plantations.     

Trees and shrubs as sources of fodder in Australia

Experience with browse plants in Australia is briefly reviewed in terms of their forage value to animals, their economic value to the landholder and their ecological contribution to landscape stability. Of the cultivated species only two have achieved any degree of commercial acceptance (Leucaena leucocephala and Chamaecytisus palmensis). Both of these are of sufficiently high forage value to be used as the sole source of feed during seasonal periods of nutritional shortage. Both are also leguminous shrubs that establish readily from seed. It is suggested that a limitation in their present use is the reliance on stands of single species which leaves these grazing systems vulnerable to disease and insects. Grazing systems so far developed for high production and persistence of cultivated species involve short periods of intense grazing followed by long periods of recovery. Similar management may be necessary in the arid and semi-arid rangelands where palatable browse species are in decline.     

Measurement of Green Plank Shape for Prediction and Elimination of Compression Wood

The objective of this study was to predict the amount and the distribution of compression wood (CW) within a Norway spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst.] plank based on green plank curvature. The findings indicated a possibility of predicting the longitudinal distribution of CW from the green plank curvature. Areas free from CW showed a typical concave shape in relation to the centre of the log, while CW was present when a convex shape was shown. The larger the magnitude of convex curvature, the higher the concentrations of CW that could be found, and a larger fraction of dried planks was rejected due to excessive warp. This study also determined what information can be used to eliminate areas of high concentrations of CW by cutting and how cutting affects the grading results with respect to warp. Over 50% of the plank length showing a high concentration of CW (>30% of the cross-cut volume) was successfully cut off. Cutting strategies based on predicted CW concentrations resulted in a 10-40% increase in accepted plank length.