葡萄‘小白玫瑰’及其突变品种‘小红玫瑰’果皮颜色变异机理分析

‘小红玫瑰’葡萄是源自于‘小白玫瑰’的突变品种,二者都是优良的酿酒葡萄品种,但其果实颜色变异的分子机理尚不清楚。用12对SSR(Simple sequence repeats)荧光标记特征引物对两品种进行分析,结果表明这些位点在二者之间无差别。对色泽变异决定基因Vvmyb A1的基因型进行分析,‘小白玫瑰’仅检测到含有插入逆转座子Gret1(grapevine retrotransposon 1)的VvmybA1a,说明其为VvmybA1a/VvmybA1a纯合体;而‘小红玫瑰’检测到了Vvmyb A1a和残留Gret1 3′-LTR(long terminal repeat)的VvmybA1b,说明其为VvmybA1a/VvmybA1b的杂合体。花色苷合成相关基因的表达分析表明,VvmybA1、UFGT、F3′5′H、CHS、GST和OMT在‘小红玫瑰’及有色对照品种‘黑比诺’中大量表达,而在‘小白玫瑰’和无色对照品种‘白比诺’中几乎不表达。通过HPLC–ESI–MS/MS对花色苷主要成分进行测定,结果表明矢车菊素3–O–葡萄糖苷(CyG)、矢车菊素3,5–O–双葡萄糖苷(Cy2G)、飞燕草素3–O–葡萄糖苷(DpG)、锦葵色素3–O–葡萄糖苷(MvG)、芍药色素3–O–葡萄糖苷(PnG)和矮牵牛色素3–O–葡萄糖苷(PtG)等6种花色苷在有色品种‘小红玫瑰’和‘黑比诺’果皮中的含量均显著高于无色品种,花葵素3–O–葡萄糖苷(Pg G)、花葵素3,5–O–双葡萄糖苷(Pg2G)在有色/无色品种间无显著差异,且含量很低。说明‘小红玫瑰’的着色是由于转录因子基因Vvmyb A1及其调控结构基因的表达引起的,而无功能的VvmybA1a等位基因突变为有功能的VvmybA1b等位基因是其果皮颜色变异的遗传学原因。     

辣椒种质的抗性基因分子标记检测

利用已发表的与辣椒抗细菌性疮痂病Bs2、Bs3基因,抗根结线虫Me1、Me3/Me4基因,抗病毒病L4、Pvr4、Tsw基因,抗白粉病PMR1基因,抗疫病Phyto5.2位点连锁的分子标记,对209份辣椒种质进行分子标记检测。结果表明,209份辣椒种质中携带Bs2基因的种质1份、携带Bs3基因的种质4份;携带Me1基因连锁标记16880-1-V2片段的纯合位点种质48份、杂合位点种质12份,携带Me3/Me4基因连锁标记片段SCAR_B94的种质1份;携带抗TMV L~4/L~4基因型的纯合抗病材料11份,L~4/L~0基因型的杂合抗病材料1份;携带抗PVY Pvr4基因连锁标记CSO片段的纯合位点种质30份,杂合位点种质8份;携带抗TSWV Tsw位点连锁标记SCAC_(568)片段的种质4份;携带PMR1基因连锁标记ZL1_1826片段的种质3份;携带Phyto5.2位点连锁标记OpD04.717片段的种质38份,初步明确了209份供试辣椒种质的抗性基因型,为辣椒抗病育种提供材料选择依据。     

宽皮柑橘单核苷酸多态性的高分辨率熔解曲线分型

 高分辨率熔解曲线分析（High resolution melting analysis,HRM）可以检测单碱基改变引起的DNA双链熔解温度（T_m）值变化,从而可以对样本在单核苷酸多态性分子标记（Single nucleotide polymor- phism,SNP）上进行基因分型。通过分析NCBI数据库中宽皮柑橘的表达序列标签（Expressed sequence tag,EST）数据鉴别SNP位点,并用小片段扩增法高分辨率熔解曲线分型技术（High resolution melting analysis of small amplicons）分析11个宽皮柑橘（Citrus reticulata）品种以及柳橙（Citrus sinensis Osbeck var.‘Liucheng’）的5个SNP位点的基因型。结果显示,小片段扩增法高分辨率熔解曲线分型可以快速、清楚地分辨纯合与杂合基因型,在校正温度差异后也可以很好地分辨同一个SNP位点不同的纯合型。统计分析表明样本在所有SNP位点上均存在多态性,5个SNP位点的平均多态性信息含量（PIC）为0.3190,显示样本在这组SNP位点上具有较高的杂合率。     

126份番茄材料的抗性基因分子标记检测

利用分子标记技术,对56份大、中果型番茄进行烟草花叶病毒病抗性基因Tm-2a、番茄黄化曲叶病毒病抗性基因Ty-1、Ty-2、Ty-3、叶霉病抗性基因Cf-9、晚疫病抗性基因Ph-3、枯萎病抗性基因I-2和根结线虫病抗性基因Mi-1 8个抗性基因的检测,对70份小果型番茄进行Tm-2a、Ty-1、Cf-9、I-2、Mi-1 5个抗性基因的检测。共获得含烟草花叶病毒病抗性基因Tm-2a的材料71份;在番茄黄化曲叶病毒病的3个抗性基因方面,含纯合抗性基因Ty-1的材料7份,杂合16份;含杂合抗性基因Ty-2的材料1份;含纯合抗性基因Ty-3的材料5份,杂合7份。真菌性病害方面,含叶霉病抗性基因Cf-9的材料101份;含纯合晚疫病抗性基因Ph-3的材料1份,杂合6份;含枯萎病抗性基因I-2的材料68份;含根结线虫病抗性基因Mi-1的材料45份。供试番茄材料中,DHG-27同时含有7个抗性基因;含有6个抗性基因的材料有5份,分别为:DHG-11、DHG-20、DHG-34、ZHG-8、HG-4;含有5个抗性基因的有HG-3、XHG-352份材料。     

‘蛇龙珠’葡萄新株系遗传多样性的SSR、ISSR和VvmybA1基因片段分析

【目的】探究‘蛇龙珠’8个新株系的亲缘关系和遗传多样性,选育出具有推广价值的‘蛇龙珠’新株系。【方法】以‘蛇龙珠’8个新株系(E01~E08)为样品,近缘品种‘品丽珠’‘赤霞珠’等为对照,利用SSR、ISSR分子标记和VvmybA1基因序列进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。【结果】利用14对SSR引物对10份葡萄材料进行基因组DNA的扩增,通过聚类分析得出只有‘蛇龙珠’E06与其他7个株系有差异,另外7个株系聚为一类。利用11个ISSR引物进一步研究得出,‘蛇龙珠’E02(栖霞北)和E03(栖霞南)聚为一类,遗传距离与地理距离一致,E05(莱山)和E08(开发区)聚为一类,E01、E04、E06、E07之间差异显著。分析VvmybA1基因片段的差异探讨‘蛇龙珠’8个新株系的遗传差异,得出‘蛇龙珠’E01、E02、E04、E05、E06、E07的VvmybA1基因亲缘关系较近,聚为一支。‘蛇龙珠’E08和E03的VvmybA1基因分别单独聚为一支。【结论】利用SSR和ISSR可以显示‘蛇龙珠’8个新株系的亲缘关系,在区别‘蛇龙珠’8个株系时首先考虑遗传距离而不是地理距离。这些葡萄样品的VvmybA1基因片段的遗传多样性较低,在近期进化史上VvmybA1基因较稳定,在过去一段历史未发生种群扩张。     

利用PSY基因标记探讨枇杷果肉颜色的遗传倾向

【目的】研究枇杷果肉颜色的遗传倾向。【方法】以黄肉品种‘梅花霞’和‘早钟6号’及白肉品种‘白玉’为亲本,创建了9个杂交和自交后代群体,利用SRAP和RAPD分子标记技术,鉴定真杂种。利用枇杷果实特异DNA分子标记PSY基因对9个杂交和自交组合后代的果肉颜色进行早期鉴定,并对其遗传倾向进行分析。【结果】9个杂交和自交后代群体中,共鉴定出1 166株真杂种‘。梅花霞’与‘白玉’和‘梅花霞’与‘早钟6号’的正反交组合后代未出现果肉颜色性状的分离倾向,果肉颜色均鉴定为黄色;而‘早钟6号’与‘白玉’的正反交组合后代果肉黄、白色的分离比分别为1∶0.89和1∶0.87。自交组合‘梅花霞’和‘白玉’的后代无果肉颜色性状的分离,后代果肉颜色分别鉴定为黄色和白色;而‘早钟6号’自交后代黄肉与白肉分离比例为2.94∶1。【结论】枇杷果肉颜色黄色和白色可能受到一对呈显隐关系的基因控制,其中黄肉性状为显性,存在纯合和杂合的情况,其分子标记类型不同,DNA分子标记分别表现为1 031 bp(纯合)或1 031 bp和319 bp(杂合);白肉性状为隐性,DNA分子标记为319 bp。     

不同酿酒葡萄品种白藜芦醇合酶基因的克隆和序列分析

以红葡萄品种“赤霞珠”、“品丽珠”、“黑比诺”和白葡萄品种“雷司令”为试材,采用改良CTAB法提取葡萄叶片组织中的DNA,并扩增得到4个酿酒葡萄品种的白藜芦醇合酶基因部分片段.结果表明:红葡萄品种“赤霞珠”、“品丽珠”、“黑比诺”的扩增产物均为1 419 bp,白葡萄品种“雷司令”扩增产物为1 417 bp.通过序列多重比较分析,所得到的4个白藜芦醇基因片段与Genbank中河岸葡萄(AF128861)的该基因序列同源性较高(90％以上),外显子区同源性高于内含子;红色葡萄姊妹品种之间、红色葡萄不同品种之间、红色葡萄与白色葡萄品种之间的序列同源性依次递减.     

利用SSR荧光标记构建92个梨品种指纹图谱

 利用SSR荧光标记技术筛选出的10对SSR荧光标记引物,构建中国建国以后选育的92个梨品种的SSR指纹图谱。10对SSR引物共扩增出132个等位基因,位点的杂合度在0.2421 ~ 0.8632之间。10对引物的扩增带型为8 ~ 44个,平均为29.7个。利用其中5对引物KA16、NH009b、NH013a、CH02b121和CH05d04可区分所有供试品种。92个梨品种10个SSR位点的遗传多样性和多态性信息含量的变化范围分别为0.4886 ~ 0.8810和0.4537 ~ 0.8707,平均值分别为0.7920和0.7732。92个梨品种的SSR指纹图谱互不相同,可以作为各品种特定的图谱,为品种鉴别提供依据。     

‘红地球’葡萄杂交F_1代重要果实性状遗传倾向分析

【目的】探索‘红地球’葡萄果实性状的遗传规律。【方法】以‘红地球’为母本的8个杂交组合的384个F_1植株为试材,测定其果皮颜色、果肉香味、质地、果粒质量及种子发育状况等,并进行遗传倾向分析。【结果】红地球与白色和红色品种的杂交组合均出现了白色单株,白色∶红色比为51∶141(白色包括绿色、黄绿色、绿黄色、黄色;红色包括:微红、粉红、红、暗红、紫红、红紫);与香味品种(系)杂交的组合中出现了少量香味单株;与脆肉型或软肉型杂交,组合表现连续分布,软肉型:中等型:脆肉型比约为5.3∶6.0∶1.0;各组合F_1代的平均粒质量大多低于或接近亲中值;与有核品种(系)杂交的组合中出现了无核后代,而在有些与无核品种杂交的组合中却未出现无核后代。【结论】‘红地球’可能携带有微效或隐性香味基因,与香味品种(系)杂交时,表现少量表达;红色性状在F_1表现分离;脆肉和果粒质量性状呈减弱趋势,但也有获得大果粒的可能;无核性状在后代中的遗传比较复杂。     

桃属植物等位酶遗传变异分析及品种基因型指纹利用

利用不连续双垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对国家种质郑州桃资源圃所收集到的97份桃(Amygdalus L.)材料扣2份近缘种李(Prunus salicina L.)共计99份材料进行了等位酶遗传变异分析.结果表明:①在11个酶系统中共检测到24个清晰位点和69个等位基因,多态位点为22个,位点最大等位基因数为8,体现出桃资源丰富的遗传多样性.②不同的分类群具有特有等位基因:如Est-2a、Est-2d、G6pdh-1a、Mdh-1c、Pod-3b、Pod-3d、Sod-3a、Sod-3b仅存在于普通桃中,Cat-1h、Est-2f、G6pdh-1b、Me-1a只存在于山桃中,Cod-3c、Est-3c、Me-1c、Me-2b只存在于光核桃,体现了桃种间的遗传组成差异.③利用11个酶系统的24个位点的69个等位基因所构建的桃品种(株系)等位酶基因型指纹可以将99份试材完全区分,表明等位酶是桃品种鉴定的一种有效工具.     

沙地葡萄茎痘相关病毒RT-PCR检测

为建立快速、灵敏、可靠的沙地葡萄茎痘相关病毒(GRSPaV)检测方法,以总RNA为模板,采用2组GRSPaV特异性引物对29个品种52株葡萄样品进行RT-PCR检测,并对扩增产物进行了测序和分析。结果表明,从20个品种25株葡萄样品中检测到GRSPaV,平均带毒株率为48.1%。外壳蛋白基因片段引物F1/R1从25个样品中扩增到905bp的特异片段,复制酶基因片段引物F2/R2从20个样品中扩增到498bp的特异片段,表明GRSPaV外壳蛋白基因比复制酶基因更加保守,RT-PCR检测时采用F1/R1则更为适宜。PCR产物测序结果与GenBank中登录的GRSPaV序列比较,同源性为97.90%～98.11%。     

龙眼属rDNA的ITS序列分析

为了讨论龙眼属(Dimocarpus Lour.)的遗传多样性及鉴别技术,运用克隆测序法测定了主产区龙眼(Dimo-carpus longan Lour)品种及其近缘种龙荔[Dimocarpus confinis(Howet Ho)H.S.Lo.]的核糖体DNA中的内转录间隔区(ITS)序列(包括ITS1,5.8S和ITS2)。结果表明,龙眼及其近缘种龙荔的ITS区序列的长度范围为618～646 bp,长度变异为28 bp;其中,ITS1和ITS2的长度范围分别为227～235 bp和227～247 bp。龙眼品种间ITS序列变异位点比较丰富,通过单个或组合变异位点可以作为特异位点用于品种之间的鉴别。龙荔的ITS序列变异较大,在609处插入一个19个碱基的片段;系统发育树也表明龙荔自为一单树系,为其是龙眼近缘种提供了新的分子证据。结果还表明龙眼果实香味、流汁程度和质地与基于ITS序列的系统发育树结果表现较多品种的吻合性。     

Discovery and characterization of SNPs in Vitis vinifera and genetic assessment of some grapevine cultivars

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are among the current generation of molecular markers. SNPs occur at high frequencies in both plant and animal genomes and can provide broader genome coverage and reliable estimates of genetic relevance. In this study, 144 sequences, amplified by 9 pairs of primers from 16 cultivars of Vitis vinifera, were cloned. The sequence alignment of the 9 group sequences derived from 16 sample cultivars yielded 154 SNPs in a combined length of 3443 bp genomic sequences. SNPs were discovered with an average frequency of one SNP per 23 bp. The distribution of the SNPs comprised of 70% transitions, 20% transversions, 8% InDels and 2% others. A phylogenetic tree constructed from these data showed that all the 16 cultivars were separated well and grouped differently in the entire dendrogram derived from the SNP data, therefore confirming that single nucleotide polymorphisms could be an efficient and powerful method for grapevine cultivar identification and genetic diversity analysis in grapevine.     

Varietal discrimination and genetic relationships of Vitis vinifera L. cultivars from two major Controlled Appellation (DOC) regions in Portugal

Thirty-nine grapevine cultivars widely grown in Portugal, especially in Vinhos Verdes and Douro regions, and two well known international cultivars as standards, were genotyped at 12 microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 6 to 12, and the number of allelic combinations per locus from 13 to 26. The total number of unique genotypes in the 12 analysed loci was 120, having most of the cultivars (38 out of 41) at least one unique genotype in any of the loci. The microsatellite profiles were adequate to discriminate 41 cultivars. The level of observed heterozygosity at each locus varied from 70.7% to 95.1%. VVMD28 has been revealed as one of the most informative markers. Several synonymies between Spanish and Portuguese cultivars were confirmed, and some homonymies are discussed. The genetic profiles of all 41 cultivars were searched for possible parent-offspring groups. The data obtained revealed the possible descendence of Touriga Franca from Touriga Nacional and Marufo.     

Microsatellite fingerprinting of homonymous grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties in neighboring regions of South-East Turkey

Genotyping of Turkish grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) germplasm was characterized by use of six highly polymorphic microsatellite loci (VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VrZAG62, VrZAG79). In this study we aimed to clarify the relationships between homonymous varieties coming from different regions. Our results showed a large degree of genetic variability among most of the homonymous cultivars. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 10 to 21, and gene diversity (expected heterozygosity) values ranged from 0.85 to 0.93. Cultivars presenting the same names of Sergi karas? (sampled from ?anl?urfa and Gaziantep), Yediveren (sampled from ?anl?urfa, Gaziantep, and National Germplasm Repository Vineyard in Tekirda?) and Serpenek?ran (sampled from ?anl?urfa and Gaziantep) were clustered together, or very close to each other, in a phenogram. Moreover, the alleles at the six microsatellite loci analyzed were found to be similar in terms of base pairs within each of these three closely positioned varieties. However, all the other cultivars failed to show a suitable clustering pattern when comparing their DNA profiles and names. Similarly named cultivars were not generally grouped together in the phenogram. On the other hand, we detected a tendency for differently named homonymous grape cultivars to cluster together.     

Development of specific primers for cpSSR analysis in caper,olive and grapevine using consensus chloroplast primer pairs

Chloroplast SSR (cpSSR) markers have demonstrated utility in studying genetic relationships. DNA sequence information of the chloroplast genome is necessary for the development of cpSSR primer pairs. To overcome this limitation, “consensus” primers have been developed to amplify the homologous regions in plants where chloroplast sequences are not available. However, 80% Pinus thunbergi and Nicotiana tabacum developed “consensus” primers tested with grapevine, olive and caper showed multi-locus patterns. The presence of multi-locus patterns requires the use of agarose gel electrophoresis followed from isolation and sequencing of the bands. Herein, a PCR-strategy is proposed to construct specific cpSSR primer pairs without genomic sequence information, giving single-band amplifications that can be directly sequenced. Twelve new specific cpSSR primer pairs were developed for Capparis spinosa L., Olea europea L. and Vitis vinifera L. PCR products were sequenced to confirm the presence of microsatellite sequences, and their transportability was tested on six V. vinifera cultivars. Both single-nucleotide polymorphisms and polymorphic cpSSR were observed in the six grapevine cultivars using the specific cpSSR primers.     

Origin and genetic diversity of Tunisian grapes as revealed by microsatellite markers

Ten SSR loci, previously developed for grapevine, were analyzed to evaluate the genetic variability, cultivar relatedness, and parentage in a collection of 61 autochthonous Vitis vinifera cultivars from Tunisia.The number of alleles per locus ranged from 6 to 11, while the number of genotype patterns varied between 10 and 21. The expected heterozygosity varied between 0.621 and 0.855 and the observed heterozygosity was higher than 0.9 at 4 loci (VVMD28, VVMD5, VVIP31 and VVS2) indicating that the SSRs were highly informative.Cluster analysis using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) suggested 14 groups among studied cultivars and 53 grapevine denominations out of 61 were unequivocally distinguished, with all accessions showing at least one-specific combination of alleles.On the other hand, in order to overcome the existing confusion in Tunisian grapevine nomenclature, of the analyzed homonymous pairs of cultivars, only ‘Balta 2’ and ‘Balta 3’ have shown identical allelic profiles, consistent with their being the same genotype. Hence, nomenclature distinction is meaningless and only one denomination should be retained.Due to the high overall power of exclusion (Q) (greater than 99.99%) and to the absence of null alleles, the set of microsatellite loci used is appropriate to determine parentage in Tunisian grapevines beyond any reasonable doubt. The analysis of fingerprints indicated that the Tunisian grape vines have evolved through out crossing between five possible parents: Balta 1, Beldi Baddar, Beldi Rafraf, Beldi Local Rafraf and Khedhiri 3.     

葡萄4 种病毒多重RT-PCR 检测体系的建立

 以复合感染4种病毒的‘红地球’（Red Globe）葡萄样品为试材,对影响多重PCR的dNTPS浓度、Taq酶浓度、引物浓度、退火温度及模板量进行了调整和优化,建立了能同时检测葡萄卷叶伴随病毒3（Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3,GLRaV-3）、沙地葡萄茎痘相关病毒（Grapevine rupestris stem pitting associated virus,GRSPaV）、葡萄病毒B（Grapevine virus B,GVB）和葡萄病毒A（Grapevine virus A,GVA）的多重RT-PCR方法。灵敏度测验结果显示,多重RT-PCR与单一RT-PCR检测灵敏度基本一致。多重RT-PCR获得的特异性片段大小分别为905、546、460和196 bp,经过克隆、测序及序列比对,表明其序列与已报道的病毒序列具有较高的同源性。对7个已知带病毒的葡萄样品进行检测验证的结果表明,所建立的多重RT-PCR技术可用于大量田间样品中这些病毒的检测。