鸡空肠弯曲菌对SPF雏鸡致病性研究

用鸡空肠弯曲菌（Ｃａｍｐｙｔｏｂａｃｅｃｒｉｅｊｕｎ：）对１日龄ＳＰＦ（Ｓｐｃｉｉｃ－ｐａｔｈｏｇｅｎｆｒｃｅ）雏鸡进行感染实验。随机将６０只１日龄ＳＰＦ雏鸡分为４组，那和对照组，每组１５只。分别用含菌７．５Ｘ１０８ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ、７．５ｘ１０４ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ，７．５×１０２ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ布氏肉汤菌液经口时ｔ、Ｊ、Ｉ组接种。接种后分别于２、４、６，８、１０日踏踏机取３只／组、经剖构观察病理变化；从心血、肝、胆汁、脾、肠内容物分离病原菌，测量肠道内物空肠弯曲菌菌数。得出以下结论；经口接种３．７５ｘ１０２ＣＦＵ空场弯曲菌即可造成１日龄ＳＰＦ雏鸡感染发病；感染鸡的主要病理变化为肝脏表面有点状，条索状或片状出血，同时伴有形状不规则大小不等的黄白色坏死灶，盲肠膨大充满气泡，十二指肠、空肠、直肠粘膜有散在的小出血点，首选检苗材料为胆汁、其次是脾、肝等器宫。     

Pathogenicity for chickens of a reovirus isolated from turkeys

A viral agent that was isolated from livers of commercial turkey poults that died at approximately two weeks of age was characterized as a reovirus. Experimental infection of day-old chickens with this reovirus isolate resulted in the development of tenosynovitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis. In vitro neutralization of the turkey reovirus isolate by antiserum against chicken reovirus correlated with in vivo protection of maternally immune chickens from day-old oral challenge with the turkey reovirus isolate.     

空肠弯曲菌的致病性及防治研究进展

空肠弯曲菌(Campylobacter jejuni)是重要人兽共患细菌性肠道病原菌,该菌抗原结构复杂,在公共卫生学上具有重要意义。空肠弯曲菌感染可引起人和动物多种疾病,其主要致病机制为黏附、侵袭、定植以及产生毒素,被污染的食物或饮水进入人或动物体内后,首先通过胃酸屏障进入小肠,之后黏附并侵入肠道上皮细胞,同时释放多种毒素引起细胞毒作用。近年来对空肠弯曲菌的毒力因子检测及其致病机理研究都有了较多报道。论文针对空肠弯曲菌对人和不同动物的致病性进行总结、并对其致病机制相关的五大系统进行分类及对其防治研究进行综述,以期为更好地防治空肠弯曲菌病提供理论依据。     

Pathogenicity of turkey coronavirus in turkeys and chickens

We designed this study to compare the replication potential of turkey coronavirus (TCV) and its effect in chickens and turkeys and to study the effect of singleand combined infection of turkey poults with TCV and astrovirus. We studied the pathogenicity of TCV in experimentally inoculated turkey poults and chickens by observing the dinical signs and gross lesions. Two trials were conducted with 1-day-old and 4-wk-old specific-pathogen-free turkey poults and chickens. One-day-old turkey poults developed diarrhea at 48 hr postinoculation. Poults euthanatized at 3, 5, and 7 days postinoculation had flaccid, pale, and thin-walled intestines with watery contents. The 4-wk-old turkeys had no clinical signs or gross lesions. One-day-old and 4-wk-old chicks developed no clinical signs or gross lesions although the TCV was detected in gut contents of the birds throughout the experimental period (14 days). In another experiment, mean plasma D-xylose concentrations in 3-day-old turkey poults inoculated with TCV, turkey astrovirus, or a combination of both viruses were significantly lower than in the uninoculated controls.     

Campylobacter jejuni infection in broiler chickens

Day-old, straight-run broiler chickens were procured from a hatchery located in the Pacific Northwest. The chickens were subdivided individually into nine groups of 20 chickens. The chickens were tagged, housed in isolation chambers on wire, fed commercial broiler feed, and given water ad libitum. Three isolates of Campylobacter jejuni of poultry origin and one of human origin were tested in this study. Various C. jejuni cultures were inoculated into 9-day-old chickens by crop gavage. Four groups of 20 chickens were inoculated at a dose level of 0.5 ml of 1 x 10(2) colony-forming units (CFU)/ml. The other four groups were inoculated with 0.5 ml of 1 X 10(4) CFU/ml. One group of 20 chickens was kept as an uninoculated control group. Four randomly selected chickens from each of the inoculated and uninoculated groups were necropsied at 5, 12, and 19 days postinoculation (DPI). The C. jejuni was cultured and enumerated from a composite of the upper and midintestine and the cecum. Body weights of all chicken groups at 7 days of age and at 5, 12, and 19 DPI were measured and statistically analyzed. No significant differences were present in the mean body weights (MBWs) of 7-day-old, 5 DPI, and 12 DPI male and female broiler chickens inoculated with C. jejuni at both dose levels compared with uninoculated controls. Differences in MBWs of the male and female broilers at 19 DPI were observed in some of the groups. Results of the C. jejuni culture enumeration mean (CEM) of composite intestine samples at 5 DPI from all inoculated chicken groups, irrespective of the dose level, ranged from (2.5 +/- 5.0) x 10(2) to (2.8 +/- 4.8) x 10(5) CFU/g (mean +/- SD). Results of cecum C. jejuni CEM at 5 DPI inoculated at both dose levels ranged from (2.5 +/- 5.0) x 10(6) to (1 +/- 0.0) x 10(7) CFU/g in all treatment groups irrespective of the dose level. CEM results from the composite intestine samples at 12 and 19 DPI increased by 1 log unit, or sometimes more. Results of cecum C. jejuni CEM at 5 DPI inoculated at both dose levels ranged from (2.5 +/- 5.0) x 10(6) to (1 +/- 0.0) x 10(7) CFU/g in all treatment groups irrespective of the dose level. Increases of 2-5 log units in C. jejuni CEM was present in chicken groups inoculated with 1 X 10(2) CFU of C. jejuni, and a 2- to 3-log increase was present in groups inoculated with a higher dose level of C. jejuni at 12 DPI. The results of C. jejuni CEM from cecal samples at 19 DPI were similar to chicken groups at 12 DPI. Campylobacterjejuni was not isolated from the uninoculated control chickens at 5, 12, and 19 DPI. Clinical signs of illness or gross pathologic lesions were not present in any of the chicken groups during this study. No lesions were present on histopathologic evaluations in C. jejuni-inoculated chickens or uninoculated control chickens.     

Pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains in the pregnant guinea pig model

Pathogenicity of 17 Campylobacter isolates for pregnant guinea pigs was investigated. Of 14 isolates, 12 (86%) produced rates of abortion ranging from 13% to 87%. Two isolates did not produce abortion. Reference strains of C fetus subsp venerealis produced abortion in 60% to 87% and C fetus subsp fetus produced abortion in 60% of the guinea pigs. Inoculated organisms were recovered from uterus, blood, liver, kidney, spleen, and gallbladder of the guinea pigs at rates as high as 83% for 2 ovine isolates and as low as 13% for 2 bovine and 1 human isolates. Most isolations were from the uterus. Two avian isolates were not recovered. Within the C jejuni and C coli group, the ovine and the human isolates appear to be more pathogenic. Swine, bovine, and avian isolates were less pathogenic. Seemingly, the pregnant guinea pig was a suitable and practical model for evaluating the pathogenicity of Campylobacter organisms, regardless of their host of origin.     

禽源空肠弯曲杆菌耐药性与致病性研究

为了解不同环节禽源空肠弯曲杆菌携带状况及其耐药性与致病性,从肉鸡养殖环节和屠宰环节采集600份样品并分离到241株空肠弯曲杆菌,采用微量肉汤稀释法和PCR方法对分离菌株进行耐药性和毒力基因检测.结果显示:分离菌株对环丙沙星、萘啶酸、四环素的耐药情况尤为严重,耐药率分别为97.75％、96.78％、95.18％;养殖环节...     

鸡源空肠弯曲菌和结肠弯曲菌的临床分离及多重PCR鉴定

弯曲菌(Campylobacter)尤其是空肠弯曲菌(C.jejuni)是重要的人畜共患病病原菌,在人可引起急性胃肠炎,感染严重者伴有心内膜炎、肺炎、败血症、血栓静脉炎、脑膜炎、多发性关节炎以及格林-巴利综合征等疾病[1-3].家禽、家畜、宠物等动物是弯曲菌的常见宿主,因此研究动物源弯曲菌具有重要的公共卫生意义.     

Immunisation of chickens to reduce intestinal colonisation with Campylobacter jejuni

1. Systemic and intestinal antibody titres were measured in chickens following subcutaneous, intraperitoneal (IP), oral (po) and combined IP/po administration of antigen, in soluble, emulsified or microparticulate form. Antigens tested included keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), killed Campylobacter jejuni whole cells and purified campylobacter flagellin protein.

2. The effect of immunisation with purified flagellin protein or with killed C. jejuni whole cells in reducing intestinal colonisation was assessed. The ability of newly‐hatched chicks to respond to immunisation was limited, possibly because of the immaturity of the immune system rather than maternal suppression of an immune response. Only 5 of 13 birds that were first immunised when 1‐d‐old with KLH showed a systemic response, even after 4 immunisations, whereas 10 of 11 birds that were first immunised at 24 d‐old responded systemically.

3. In an immunisation and challenge experiment, birds that were immunised twice intraperitoneally, at 16 and 29 d‐old, with killed C. jejuni whole cells, had fewer C. jejuni, in the caecal contents than unimmunised control birds. This reduction in intestinal colonisation, to less than 2% of bacterial numbers in control birds, was associated with an increase in specific IgG in intestinal secretions. There was no significant increase in specific IgA or IgM in intestinal secretions following immunisation and challenge.

4. These results indicate that immunisation can reduce the level of intestinal infection with C. jejuni. The protection may be enhanced by developing improved methods of immunisation that stimulate production of increased titres of specific antibody in intestinal secretions, particularly specific IgA antibody.     

Presence and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni in organically raised chickens in Quebec

The objective of this study was to estimate the presence of the important foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni in organically raised chickens in the province of Quebec. The recovered isolates were further characterized for their antimicrobial resistance profile, autoagglutination property and chemotaxis. Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated using agar dilution for: tetracycline, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, clindamycin, ampicillin, azithromycin, bacitracin, and ceftiofur. Autoagglutination was measured by monitoring optical density changes in a bacterial suspension after 3 h of incubation at room temperature. Chemotaxis was evaluated after a contact time of 3 h between isolates and mucin, using a quantitative protocol. A total of 10 lots of chickens was sampled in August and September 2009; half of them were positive for the presence of C. jejuni. Antimicrobial resistance was found only for tetracycline (44%), erythromycin (6%), azithromycin (6%) and clindamycin (2%). Variation was observed in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for ceftiofur and bacitracin, for which C. jejuni possess intrinsic resistance. Autoagglutination and chemotaxis varied among isolates and lot-level differences in these were observed. Autoagglutination and chemotaxis levels appeared as independent isolate properties. Further monitoring and characterization of isolates originating from organic chickens is of interest since this type of production might represent another source of exposure of consumers to a variety of the foodborne pathogen C. jejuni.     

Influence of Campylobacter jejuni cecal colonization on immunoglobulin response in chickens

The immunoglobulin response of chickens to colonization by Campylobacter jejuni isolates B-540 and Clin-1 was monitored. Chicken humoral IgG and biliary secretory IgA (sIgA) responses were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples were taken from 128 C. jejuni-colonized chickens and 104 uncolonized chickens housed in a controlled environment. An indirect ELISA was performed using the homologous isolate of C. jejuni as the capture antigen and was developed with the specific goat anti-chicken IgG or IgA alkaline phosphatase conjugates. The ELISA absorbance values of the test samples at 405 nm (serum diluted 1:32 and bile diluted 1:10) were normalized in direct proportion to standard sera and bile sample values. In the colonized chickens, humoral IgG activities were highest at hatch, dropped to their lowest level after 2 weeks, and increased by 8 weeks to levels similar to those detected at hatch. The sIgA activity was lowest at hatch and increased by 4 weeks in colonized chickens while remaining lower in the control chickens. Chickens colonized with isolate B-540 showed a primary sIgA response during the first 4 weeks and reached a plateau over the final 4 weeks. In spite of these limited humoral and secretory immunoglobulin responses, once the chicken ceca was colonized by C. jejuni, the organism persisted throughout the 8-week experiment.     

禽源空肠弯曲杆菌的分离鉴定及其致病性的初步研究

本研究对广东部分地区不同品种家禽空肠弯曲杆菌的流行状况进行了调查。通过菌落和菌体形态、生化特征、培养特性等生物学特性和多重PCR方法对所分离菌株进行鉴定,结果表明广东地区鸡、鸭和鹅空肠弯曲杆菌的带菌率分别为7.93%、2.46%和4.16%。从分离株中选取10株进行了致病性试验,结果表明禽源空肠弯曲杆菌对雏鸡的主要病理变化是腹泻便血,肝脏出现白色坏死灶,盲肠充血、膨大充满气泡和红色内容物。     

Passive immunization to reduce Campylobacter jejuni colonization and transmission in broiler chickens

Campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of bacterium-mediated diarrheal disease in humans worldwide. Poultry products are considered the most important source of C. jejuni infections in humans but to date no effective strategy exists to eradicate this zoonotic pathogen from poultry production. Here, the potential use of passive immunization to reduce Campylobacter colonization in broiler chicks was examined. For this purpose, laying hens were immunized with either a whole-cell lysate or the hydrophobic protein fraction of C. jejuni and their eggs were collected. In vitro tests validated the induction of specific ImmunoglobulinY (IgY) against C. jejuni in the immunized hens’ egg yolks, in particular. In seeder experiments, preventive administration of hyperimmune egg yolk significantly (P < 0.01) reduced bacterial counts of seeder animals three days after oral inoculation with approximately 10⁴ cfu C. jejuni, compared with control birds. Moreover, transmission to non-seeder birds was dramatically reduced (hydrophobic protein fraction) or even completely prevented (whole-cell lysate). Purified IgY promoted bacterial binding to chicken intestinal mucus, suggesting enhanced mucosal clearance in vivo. Western blot analysis in combination with mass spectrometry after two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis revealed immunodominant antigens of C. jejuni that are involved in a variety of cell functions, including chemotaxis and adhesion. Some of these (AtpA, EF-Tu, GroEL and CtpA) are highly conserved proteins and could be promising targets for the development of subunit vaccines.     

Biotin-streptavidin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in chickens.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed in a homologous system with bacterial ultrasonic-treated proteins as the antigen and antisera from chickens infected orally and subcutaneously with the strain Campylobacter jejuni serovar 6 (CJ 6). The cut-off level was determined using antisera from non-infected specific-pathogen-free chickens up to the age of 10 weeks. The suitability of the ELISA system was verified using antisera taken from chickens orally infected at the age of 4 weeks with CJ 1, 6, 28 or 36 or with Campylobacter coli serovar 28 (CC 28). The development of antibodies was monitored up to 6 weeks post-infection (p.i.). Sera from chickens infected with CJ 1, 6, 36 or CC 28 contained specific antibodies to Campylobacter, whereas in those infected with CJ 28 no specific antibodies were found. Distinct cross-reactions were observed between CJ 6, 28 and CC 28 antigens and their antisera 6 weeks p.i., while poor cross-reactions were found with antisera to CJ 1 and 28. Antibodies to strains of all heterologous serovars were successfully detected with an antigen pool comprised of CJ 1, 6 and 36 antigens. In 11 out of the 12 field sera obtained from 5- and 9-week-old broiler chickens suffering from campylobacteriosis, high specific antibody titres to Campylobacter jejuni were found.     

不同MLST型禽源空肠弯曲菌致病性研究

为研究不同MLST型禽源空肠弯曲菌的致病性,挑取6个地区分离到的9种不同MLST分型的10株空肠弯曲菌代表株对SPF雏鸡进行攻毒试验及对细胞进行感染试验。结果显示,试验鸡肛拭子带菌率比较高(83%以上),不同组别的试验鸡体重增长差异不显著(P0.05),半数以上(60%)菌株对Vero细胞的入侵力和对Hela细胞的入侵能力均低于从腹泻病人分离得到人源标准株NCTC11168(P0.001),但菌株CJ079株攻毒SPF鸡后死亡超过50%,且对Vero细胞的侵袭力高于NCTC11168。CJ001和CJ079同属于ST51型,而菌株CJ001与其他MLST分型的菌株相比差异不显著(P0.05)。表明来源不同环境中同一种MLST分型中的不同菌株也可能具备不同的毒力特征,MLST序列型与毒力特征之间不存在某种确定的关系。     

Serum agglutinin titers against somatic and flagellar antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and isolation of Campylobacter spp in chickens

From June 1983 to June 1984, two hundred twenty-five 3- to 30-month-old chickens (hens) on 10 different farms were examined for Campylobacter spp. Watering trays and fly vectors also were examined for Campylobacter spp on 6 of the 10 farms. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from fecal specimens from 64 hens (28.4%), C coli was isolated from 6 hens (2.7%), and C laridis was isolated from 9 hens (4%). The isolation rate of C jejuni was 6.7% to 46.7% for 9 of the 10 farms. On 2 farms, agglutinin titers greater than or equal to 1:40 against somatic and flagellar antigen of C jejuni were detected in hens from which the bacteria were isolated. Hens having titers greater than or equal to 1:40 against C jejuni or hens from which C jejuni had been isolated often occupied adjacent pens. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from a watering tray on 1 farm and from fly vectors on 2 farms.     

Influence of host lineage on cecal colonization by Campylobacter jejuni in chickens

The resistance to cecal colonization by Campylobacter jejuni was assessed by challenging three crossbred stocks of commercially available broiler chickens. These three stocks, designated A, B, and C, were related as follows: Offspring from four pedigreed grandparent flocks were used as progenitors. Stock B was derived by cross-breeding grandparent 1 with grandparent 3. Stocks A and C were crossbreeds from grandparents 1 and 2 and grandparents 3 and 4, respectively. Campylobacter jejuni were gavaged into 48-hour-old chicks, using the same levels of challenge dose for each of the different chicken stocks. Six days post-challenge, the birds were sacrificed, and cecal contents were plated onto Campylobacter-selective media. Results from two replicate trials with three isolates of C. jejuni indicated that chicken stock A was colonized in only two of 60 ceca, stock B in six of 60, and stock C in 19 of 60 chicken ceca. Statistical analysis of these data indicate that resistance to cecal colonization by C. jejuni was significantly (P less than 0.05) influenced through chicken host lineage.