毛竹扩张对常绿阔叶林土壤性质的影响及相关分析

[目的]为探讨毛竹向邻近常绿阔叶林扩张对土壤性质的影响。[方法]本研究选取江西大岗山森林生态定位站常绿阔叶林、2∶8竹阔混交林、8∶2竹阔混交林和毛竹纯林为研究对象,对土壤有机碳、密度、孔隙度、持水量和贮水量等土壤性质和水分特征进行研究。[结果]常绿阔叶林在毛竹扩张过程中,土壤碳元素含量呈先增后降的趋势。相关分析表明:土壤有机碳与非毛管持水量和现有贮水量呈极显著相关,与土壤密度和总孔隙度呈显著相关,各指标相互作用共同影响了土壤有机碳含量在扩张过程中的变化特征。[结论]常绿阔叶林表层土壤密度、孔隙度和持水量等特征综合优于混交林和毛竹纯林,这为竹鞭扩张后竹笋萌发创造了条件;当常绿阔叶林演替到毛竹纯林时,10 60 cm土壤物理性质和持水能力都有所改善,但有机碳含量降为4个林分最低值,大量竹鞭虽然优化了土壤物理性质,但无性繁殖导致土壤碳元素大量消耗,加之择伐和挖笋等人工干扰,毛竹纯林土壤有机碳含量较低。调节土壤碳含量以及土壤结构和水分特征可能是今后控制毛竹林扩张,维持群落生态系统稳定性的重要生态策略。     

毛竹天然混交林生物量及经济效益分析

为了衡量和反映毛竹天然混交林的生产力水平和经济效益,对不同林分组成的天然混交林的现存立竹生物量和立木蓄积量进行调查,并测算单位面积产量、产值。结果表明:不同林分组成的天然混交林经济效益均大于纯竹林,其产值比纯竹林增多18.6%~51.3%。其中,8竹1杉1阔混交林的立竹生物量最多,为99 388.4 kg/hm~2,比纯竹林增多24.1%;3竹5松2阔+杉混交林的立木蓄积量最多,达169.051 m~3/hm~2,为纯竹林的52.29倍;4竹4松1杉1阔混交林的单位面积产值最高,为39 219.2元/hm~2,比纯竹林增多51.3%。     

山东聊城城市竹林鸟类多样性初步调查

2022年7月至2023年2月对山东省聊城市3处城市竹林景观进行鸟类群落调查,共记录到鸟类15种,优势种为白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、棕头鸦雀(Paradoxornis webbianus)、树麻雀(Passer montanus)、银喉长尾山雀(Aegithalos caudatus)等小型鸟类。研究表明,适度发展混交林有利于丰富城市景观的生态多样性和物种多样性。     

湘中丘陵区3种林分林下植物多样性与土壤特性研究

在湘中丘陵区选取针叶林、针阔混交林和阔叶林为研究对象,研究三种林分林下植被多样性、土壤理化性质及其相关关系。结果表明:三种林分林下植物多样性总体表现为灌木层明显高于草本层,阔叶林、针阔混交林高于针叶林。土壤有机质、全N和全P含量基本表现为随土层加深而下降的规律。土壤含水率与各项多样性指标不相关,土壤容重、p H值与灌草层各多样性指数呈负相关关系,有机质、全N与灌木层均匀度指数呈负相关关系,有机质与草本层均匀度指数呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),全P、全K与灌木层多样性指数呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。     

关于云南竹类植物多样性及其保护研究

云南省是世界竹子种类最多、生态类型和天然竹林最丰富的地区之一。本文对云南竹类植物多样性的5个特征，即珍稀种质资源多样性、区系地理成分多样性、天然竹林类型多样性、生态竹林景观多样性、少数民族文化多样性进行了系统研究，论述了与周边地区（东南亚、南亚次大陆、珠江流域、长江流域和喜马拉雅山区等）的密切联系及内在分布格局等，提出了加强云南竹类植物多样性保护和利用的相关措施。作者建议将开发利用价值较高的世界性珍稀濒危竹种，建议列入我国保护植物名录，由国家自然科学基金立项资助进行专题研究，并给予专项资金在全国建成三大种质资源引种保存和试验研究基地。     

Potential use of pine plantations to restore native forests in a highly fragmented river basin

? In forests, the substitution of broadleaf species by conifers can reduce biodiversity because coniferous forests generally provide less diverse vascular understories than broadleaf forests. However, in some cases, former pine plantations might be useful for restoring native forests. We compared plant species composition on the plot scale in natural beech and mixed oak forests with that in plantations of Pinus radiata. Links between plant diversity and landscape parameters (patch size, fractal dimension and distance to the nearest patch of the same type) were investigated.

? The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of pine plantations for restoring native diversity in a zone where native forests are very fragmented.

? Similar to oak forests, plant diversity in pine plantations was high, mainly due to the presence of generalist species. Some species characteristic of oak forests also appeared in pine plantations, suggesting the onset of natural forest regeneration.

? These results suggest that pine plantations could be used to promote natural regeneration of original oak forests. Moreover, residual native stands should be conserved as important sources of native species and their seeds.

     

武夷山不同毛竹林类型毛竹生长与土壤养分研究

调查分析了武夷山不同毛竹林类型的毛竹生长效果和土壤养分状况。结果表明,毛竹混交林对培肥土壤、增加有机质、控制病虫害以及维护毛竹林分长期的生产力具有效果。竹杉林、竹阔林的林分密度较毛竹纯林明显增大,分别增长48.9%、54.3%,毛竹+杉木的混交方式对促进毛竹生长效果为最好,其林分立竹量、平均胸径、新竹产量最大,而毛竹+阔叶树的林分由于乔木所占比重稍大,影响了毛竹行鞭发笋和胸径生长,但其毛竹生物量最高,比毛竹纯林增加了20%。竹阔林土壤的有机质含量高于竹杉林、毛竹纯林,全N含量也相应增大,但磷素明显缺乏。     

紫蓬山区国家级森林公园春夏季鸟类群落生态的初步研究

１９９７年４～７月对紫蓬山区国家级森林公园的鸟类群落生态进行了调查,结果表明：８个鸟类群落中,针阔混交林中鸟类种类和数量最为丰富,优势种最多;针阔混交林、农田和岗坡灌丛群落鸟类多样指数较大,阔叶林、库塘、岗坡灌丛鸟类群落的均匀性指数较大;针阔混交林和针叶林鸟类群落极相似。鸟类群落的空间配置上的差异和生境特征以及植被类型相关,鸟类群落的多样性存在季节差异。     

云南竹亚科植物的"五个多样性"及其与周边区域的联系

云南是世界竹亚科植物种类最多、生态类型和天然竹林最丰富的地区之一。本文对云南竹类植物多样性的5个特征，即珍稀种质资源多样性、区系地理成分多样性、天然竹林类型多样性、生态竹林景观多样性、少数民族竹文化多样性进行了系统研究，论述了与周边地区(东南亚、南亚次大陆、珠江流域、长江流域和喜马拉稚山区等)的密切联系，提出了加强云南竹类植物多样性保护和利用的相关措施。作者建议将开发利用价值较高的世界性珍稀濒危竹种列入我国保护植物名录，由国家自然科学基金立项资助进行专题研究，并给予专项资金在全国建成三大种质资源引种保存和试验研究基地。     

南京紫金山毛竹景观林维护与质量提升

毛竹林是南京紫金山国家森林公园景观的重要组成部分,其健康状况关系着该区域森林景观效益和生态效益的发挥。文章调查分析了紫金山毛竹林的起源、林分结构及经营管理现状,提出了改善毛竹林质量的经营措施,包括：调整竹林结构、混交阔叶树种、生态防治病虫害等生态培育措施,垦复、施肥、劈山除灌、疏伐等退化竹林复壮措施,以及控制竹林扩张、改造荒芜竹林等措施。这些经营措施为紫金山毛竹林的可持续经营提供了技术支撑。     

金佛山方竹林水源涵养功能的初步研究

金佛山方竹(Chimonbambusa utilis)不仅是材、笋两用竹种,而且是涵养水源,保持水土的优良竹种,但以往缺乏这方面的研究,为了较系统地揭示方竹蓄水保土的功能。本次对金佛山方竹的林冠层、枯枝落叶层、土壤层的蓄水保土功能加以调查;同时为了便于比较还结合调查其它的林分。通过研究其结果: 1.林冠截留量: 方竹>针叶混交林>针叶纯林 2.枯枝落叶层蓄水量亮叶水青冈—方竹林>方竹林>针叶混交林>针叶林 3.土壤层的蓄水功能方竹林>亮叶水青冈—方竹林>马尾松林>枫香×麻栎林从而,本研究将为防护林建设中重视竹子的功能与作用,为适地适竹,合理选择与配置树种提供较可靠的依据。     

中山市7种林分类型土壤涵养水源效能的初步研究

以马尾松、湿地松、大叶相思、竹林、杉木、针阔混交林、阔叶林等7种林分为研究对象,研究了中山市不同林分类型的土壤贮水能力和土壤渗透性能。结果如下:7种林分类型0～100 cm土壤最大持水量平均值为562.7 mm,以大叶相思和阔叶林这两种阔叶林分为最大、在600 mm以上,而杉木、湿地松和马尾松等针叶林较小、在510～536 mm之间;针阔混交林和竹林居中。土壤的初渗速度15.78～39.50 mm/min,稳渗速度2.08～4.40 mm/min;土壤入渗过程的回归方程表现为幂函数形式,回归系数R值均大于0.95,方程拟合效果好。     

昆明市云龙水库水源涵养林群落结构功能分析

针对昆明市云龙水库水源涵养林云南松群落,选取了15块标准地作为典型林分类型的代表进行群落结构研究。运用坐标综合分析法和分级评定法,评价了不同林分类型的群落结构及其与水源涵养生态服务功能的关系,结果表明:具有乔灌草复层紧密结构的针叶林和软阔树种的混交林分为水源涵养功能最优林分类型,针叶林与硬阔树种混交的林分水源涵养功能次之,草类—云南松单层纯林的水源涵养功能最差。     

茂兰喀斯特峰丛中部常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落特征及多样性研究

研究了贵州茂兰自然保护区喀斯特峰丛中部典型常绿落叶阔叶混交林的群落特征、群落内种子植物的区系特点以及群落物种多样性。结果表明:茂兰喀斯特峰丛中部常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落由乔、灌、草及层间藤本植物组成,种类组成丰富,样地(1 800 m2)共有植物146种,分属55个科,其中种属比较多的科有樟科、壳斗科、山茱萸科、胡桃科、榛科等,群落无明显优势树种;群落以常绿树种、革质叶、高位芽植物为主;群落的植物区系与泛热带植物区系和热带亚洲植物区系的关系最为密切,热带、亚热带分布的属占65.31%,群落具有明显的热带亚热带植物区系特征。群落物种多样性指数、均匀度指数,生态优势度指数较高,群落结构复杂、稳定。     

广东省竹类植物多样性的特点及其应用与保护策略的初步探讨

对广东省竹类植物多样性的四个特征,即珍稀种质资源多样性、竹林类型多样性、生态功能多样性、民族竹文化多样性的特点进行了系统研究,提出了加强广东省竹类植物多样性保护和利用的相关措施。建议将开发利用价值较高的世界性珍稀濒危竹种列入我国保护植物名录,由国家自然科学基金立项资助进行专题研究,给予专项资金在我省建成三大竹类种质资源引种保存和试验研究基地。     

浙江安吉退化毛竹林改为竹阔混交林模式初探

为提高退化毛竹纯林的生态价值,重建森林生态系统,结合安吉县培育珍贵树种、营造彩色森林建设目标,试点研究了将安吉退化毛竹纯林改造成彩色林分或竹阔混交林的具体模式。结果显示,退化毛竹林通过采用留养抚育、适度透光间伐、适当清理林下灌木、补植乡土珍贵树种等方法改造后,阔叶树种均生长良好。     

The potential of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa [Sieb. et Zucc.] Endlicher) plantation forests for the restoration of the original plant community in Japan

We estimated the potential of plantation forests for the restoration of the original plant community. We compared the understory vegetation in hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa [Sieb. et Zucc.] Endlicher) plantations at the understory re-initiation stage and in adjacent natural forests. To estimate the effect of the original natural forests on the understory species composition of plantation forests, we established study sites in five types of natural forests (mature evergreen broadleaf, mature deciduous broadleaf, mature evergreen coniferous, immature deciduous broadleaf warm-temperate, and immature deciduous broadleaf cool-temperate) and nearby plantation forests. The understory vegetation of the plantation forests had a higher species richness, a higher proportion of early-seral species, and a higher proportion of herb or fern species than the natural forests. The differences between natural and plantation forests varied according to the species composition of the natural forests. The composition of the understory vegetation of the plantations at the understory re-initiation stage was similar to that of the immature deciduous forests. The characteristics of immature, disturbed forests remained in the understory vegetation of the hinoki forests. No great loss of species was observed. Our findings suggest that most of the original forest species still survive in the understory of the plantation forests. These forests have the potential to follow the successional pathway to broadleaf or mixed forests via thinning or clear-cutting without planting.     

不同类型毛竹林植物物种多样性研究

通过对不同类型毛竹林植物物种多样性的研究,结果表明:毛竹林内物种是丰富的,但较大部分物种是脆弱的;乔木层植物物种多样性指数与林下木本植物物种多样性指数相关显著,与草本植物物种多样性指数相关不显著,乔木层物种多样性指数小于林下植物物种多样性指数;木本植物物种多样性指数,竹阔混交林＞竹针混交林＞毛竹纯林,粗放经营竹林＞中等集约经营竹林＞集约经营竹林;林下草本植物物种多样性指数,竹针混交林＞毛竹纯林＞竹阔混交林,中等集约经营竹林＞粗放经营竹林＞集约经营竹林;竹阔混交林向毛竹纯林转型时,林下木本植物部分丧失,而草本植物将可能增加,也可能减少.     

Understory plant communities of boreal mixedwood forests in western Canada: Natural patterns and response to variable-retention harvesting

We examined patterns of variation in richness, diversity, and composition of understory vascular plant communities in mixedwood boreal forests of varying composition (broadleaf, mixedwood, conifer) in Alberta, Canada, before and for 2 years following variable-retention harvesting (clearcut, 20 and 75% dispersed green tree retention, control). Broadleaf-dominated forests differed from mixedwood or conifer-dominated forests in that they had greater canopy cover, litter depth, soil nitrogen, warmer soils, as well as greater shrub cover, herb and shrub richness and diversity (plot scale). In contrast, conifer, and to a lesser extent mixedwood, forest had greater β diversity than broadleaf forest. Overall, mixedwood and conifer forests were similar to one another, both differed from broadleaf forest. Several species were found to be significant indicators of broadleaf forest but most of these also occurred in the other forest types. Understory composition was related to canopy composition and edaphic conditions. Variable-retention harvesting had little effect on understory cover, richness, or diversity but resulted in reduced richness and β diversity at a larger scale. The clearcut and 20% treatments affected composition in all forest types. Early successional species and those common in disturbed sites were indicators of harvesting while evergreen, shade-tolerant understory herbs were indicators of the control forest and 75% retention harvest. We conclude that it is important to maintain a range of variation in canopy composition of mixedwood forests in order to conserve the associated understory communities. The presence of conifers in these forests has a particularly important influence on understory communities. The threshold for a lifeboat effect of variable-retention harvesting is between 20 and 75% retention. Examination of richness and β diversity at a variety of scales can provide interesting information on effects of harvesting on spatial reorganization and homogenization of understory plant communities.     

竹子混交林对林木生长及林分土壤的影响研究

研究了多竹种混交、竹桉混交和竹橡胶混交对林木生长及林分土壤条件的影响。结果显示:不同竹种混交以及竹树混交其林木生长状况及土壤条件均优于纯林;竹子纯林、多竹种混交林、竹树混交林3种不同类型的林分其土壤含水量和有机质含量排序为:多竹种混交林 > 竹子纯林 > 竹树混交林 > 乔木纯林。研究结果表明,在桉树林和橡胶林中适当套种竹子可以改善桉树林和橡胶林的生长环境,增强生态系统的稳定性,对于维护生态平衡、提高林地生产力、维持土壤肥力具有显著作用。研究结果可为桉树和橡胶树纯林的改造提供理论支持。