深翻－旋耕轮耕与有机肥配施对黑土农田土壤物理性质的影响

针对东北松嫩平原中南部黑土区玉米带农田长期旋耕导致耕层变浅、容重增大等问题,开展深翻-旋耕轮耕模式改善土壤物理性质的研究。试验设置连年旋耕配施化肥（RT）、连年旋耕配施化肥与有机肥（RM）、深翻－旋耕轮耕配施化肥（DT）和深翻－旋耕轮耕配施化肥与有机肥（DM）4个处理,分析0 ~ 45 cm土壤含水量、容重、紧实度、团聚体的变化及10 cm、20 cm、30 cm各深度处土壤温度变化情况。结果表明,与RT处理相比,DT处理能够显著提高玉米苗期和拔节期20 cm、30 cm深度土壤温度,增加玉米各生育时期15 ~ 45 cm土层土壤含水量,并且显著降低土壤容重和紧实度,提高了30 ~ 45 cm土层 > 0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的比例;同时DM处理能够增加苗期、收获期各土层含水量,且对0 ~ 45 cm土壤容重均有显著降低作用;而RM处理仅使0 ~ 15 cm土层容重有降低,但并不显著,且对深层土壤容重无明显影响。相关分析表明,在0 ~ 15 cm土层中,土壤含水量、紧实度、容重与温度呈负相关关系（P < 0.05）;在0 ~ 45 cm土层中,土壤容重与土壤紧实度呈极显著正相关关系（P < 0.05）。DM的耕作模式能降低土壤容重和紧实度,有效提高土壤温度、土壤含水量以及 > 0.25 mm 水稳性团聚体的比例,能够较好的改善土壤耕层物理性质。     

有机无机肥配施对灌耕灰钙土碱性磷酸酶和土壤磷素的影响

在有机无机肥配施下,对灌耕灰钙土土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、速效磷、土壤全磷及其相关性进行研究。结果表明,土壤中碱性磷酸酶活性,剖面分布0~10 cm土层>10~20 cm土层>20~40 cm土层,有机处理明显高于无机处理,休闲(F)处理极显著高于无机处理,秸秆(S)、秸秆+NP肥(SNP)处理较高,N肥、NP肥处理显著高于对照(CK),NPK肥处理低于对照(CK),P肥处理活性较低;小麦苗期和灌浆期高于分蘖期和拔节期,收获期低于播种前。小麦收获期,在0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~40 cm土层中,土壤全磷含量施肥处理比对照(CK)分别减少0.06~0.18 g kg-1、增加0.02~0.14 g kg-1、增加0.02~0.14 g kg-1,秸秆+NP肥(SNP)和NP肥处理土壤全磷含量显著高于其他处理。土壤速效磷含量,各处理大小顺序依次是:NP肥>P肥>NPK肥>羊粪+NP肥>秸秆+NP肥,秸秆(S)>羊粪(M),小麦生育期呈先减小后增加又减少的趋势,在灌浆期和分蘖期较高。各个施肥处理,土壤碱性磷酸酶与土壤速效磷达到极显著直线正相关,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性可以反映土壤速效磷含量,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性可以作为指示灌耕灰钙土土壤磷素状况的灵敏指标。     

地表覆盖对大豆田土壤水热盐及产量的影响

[目的]研究不同覆盖措施对农田土壤水、热、盐及大豆产量的影响,为促进陕北安塞县山地梯田作物增产提供理论基础。[方法]以大豆(中黄35)为试验材料,设置地膜覆盖(M)、谷子秸秆覆盖量5 000 kg/hm~2(J_5)与2 500 kg/hm~2(J_2)和传统耕作(CK)4个处理进行了系统对比试验。[结果]①除20—40 cm土层的结荚期外,其他土层各时期M和J_5处理的土壤贮水量均高于CK处理。另外在0—60 cm各土层中,出苗期M处理的土壤贮水量均高于J_5处理;②在0—60 cm各土层中,全生育期M的土壤温度均高于CK处理,除结荚期外,J_5处理的土壤温度均低于CK处理;③在一定范围内,M处理可提高土壤电导率,且在0—20 cm土层中,M和CK处理的电导率差异达到极显著水平(p0.01);④M和J_5处理的大豆产量分别显著高于CK处理46.73%(p0.01)和34.61%(p0.05);⑤在一定范围内,大豆产量与其全生育期的平均土壤贮水量、土壤温度和土壤电导率呈正相关关系。且相较于其他生长阶段,出苗期土壤物理条件对大豆产量的影响更为明显。[结论]大豆产量与出苗期土壤贮水量和电导率极显著正相关,且地膜覆盖有利于提高出苗期土壤贮水量和电导率,可促进大豆增产。     

模拟降雨条件下保水剂对沙质土壤水分的影响

为了探究保水剂对沙质土壤水分的影响,采用室内重建土柱,在人工模拟降雨条件下研究不同用量保水剂对沙质土壤(0~30 cm)含水率的影响。结果表明:土壤含水率随着保水剂用量的增加而增加,保水剂用量为0.2%时不但省时省力,而且0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm 3个土层土壤含水率分别为45.42%、48.48%、46.16%,既能满足植物的生长需要,又能节省经济成本,可为干旱、半干旱区节水造林及保水剂的合理使用提供理论依据。     

2种保水剂对旱作土壤物理性状及马铃薯产量的影响比较

为促进宁夏干旱半干旱区马铃薯支柱产业的发展,解决马铃薯生产,特别是苗期干旱缺水等问题,以2种土壤保水剂(沃特保水剂和微生物保水剂)为对象,研究了不同保水剂施用量对旱作土壤物理性状及马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明,相对于不施保水剂处理(对照),2种保水剂均可有效降低土壤容重,改善土壤孔隙结构,穴施沃特保水剂90 kg·hm-2的0~30 cm土层土壤容重显著降低9.0%,穴施微生物保水剂90 kg·hm-2的30~60 cm土层土壤孔隙度显著增加8.9%。施用微生物保水剂各处理使0~30 cm土层0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体数量均较对照显著提高,施沃特保水剂各处理使30~60cm土层0.25 mm团聚体数量较对照显著提高。在马铃薯关键生育期,施用微生物保水剂可改善马铃薯生育前期0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量,而施用沃特保水剂可提高马铃薯生育中后期土壤水分状况。2种保水剂处理下,马铃薯产量均显著高于对照,其中穴施沃特保水剂60~90 kg·hm-2的增产效果最佳(41.4%),商品薯率最高(21.1%)。该研究可为宁夏旱作区马铃薯合理施用保水剂提供参考。     

秸秆和地膜覆盖对旱作玉米田土壤团聚体及有机碳的影响

利用田间试验研究了不同覆盖条件下黄土高原旱作春玉米田土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布状况。试验设无覆盖(CK)、秸秆覆盖(SM)和地膜覆盖(PM)3个处理。结果表明,与CK处理相比,PM处理提高了0~10 cm土层中0.25 mm粒径机械稳定性团聚体含量;SM处理提高了0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层0.25 mm水稳性大团聚体含量和稳定性,且降低了团聚体的破坏率;SM和PM处理均提高了0~10 cm土层水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径值。在各土层,0.25 mm粒径微团聚体有机碳含量在各粒径团聚体中最低。SM处理较CK处理显著提高了0~10 cm土层总有机碳和土壤团聚体各粒径有机碳含量(0.5~0.25 mm粒径除外),PM处理较CK处理10~20 cm和20~40 cm土层总有机碳和团聚体有机碳有降低趋势。在各土层中,土壤有机碳主要储存在水稳性大团聚体中。SM处理较CK处理提高了0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层大团聚体对土壤总有机碳的贡献率,PM处理作用不显著。总体而言,秸秆覆盖对改善土壤结构及提高固碳作用均具有明显的效果,地膜覆盖仅对土壤团聚体的团聚有促进作用。     

短期增温及减少降雨对杉木人工林土壤DOM的数量及其光谱学特征的影响

本文选取我国中亚热带杉木人工林土壤进行短期增温以及减少50%降雨试验,利用光谱技术研究增温及减少降雨对土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)数量和结构的影响。试验设对照(CT)、增温(W,土壤温度增高5℃)、减少降雨(P,自然降雨量减少50%)、增温与减少降雨交互作用(WP)4种处理。结果表明:1)增温增加了土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)数量,使DOM的芳香性指数和腐殖化指数减小,结构变得简单易于分解;0~10 cm土层的土壤DOM含有较多的烷烃,酯类物质较少;10~20 cm土层的DOM则含有较多的碳水化合物。2)减少降雨使土壤水分相对减少,土壤DOC的数量降低。0~10 cm土层土壤DOM的芳香性指数和腐殖化程度降低,DOM含有大量的烷烃;而10~20 cm土层土壤DOM的芳香性指数和腐殖化指数升高,碳水化合物少。减少降雨处理使土壤可溶性有机氮(DON)数量增加。3)增温和减少降雨的交互作用增加了DOC和DON的数量,降低了DOM的芳香化程度和腐殖化程度;使0~10 cm土层的DOM含有较多的碳水化合物,而10~20 cm土层的DOM碳水化合物较少。4)对于0~10 cm土壤,增温对土壤DOM的数量及结构的作用最强;随着土壤深度增加到10~20 cm,减少降雨的作用逐渐明显,其对DOM结构的影响也达到显著水平。温度及降水对DOM的数量及化学结构的变化具有重要意义,该研究结果可以为阐释全球气候变化背景下土壤DOM的动态周转及预测未来森林土壤碳氮的变化趋势提供科学依据。     

稻虾共作模式对涝渍稻田土壤理化性状的影响

稻虾共作模式是一种以涝渍水田为基础,以种稻为中心,稻草还田养虾为特点的复合生态系统。本文通过10年(2005—2015年)定位试验,以中稻单作模式为对照,研究了稻虾共作模式对0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层土壤理化性状以及水稻产量的影响;采用投入产出法,评估了稻虾共作模式的经济效益。结果表明,长期稻虾共作模式显著降低了15~30 cm土层的土壤紧实度,其在15 cm、20 cm、25 cm和30 cm处的土壤紧实度较中稻单作模式分别降低了20.9%、29.9%、24.8%和14.7%。长期稻虾共作模式提高了0~40 cm土层中0.25 mm水稳性团聚体数量、平均质量直径和几何平均直径,但降低了0~20 cm土层的团聚体分形维数。相对于中稻单作模式,长期稻虾共作模式显著提高了0~40 cm土层有机碳、全钾和碱解氮含量,0~30 cm土层全氮含量,0~10 cm土层全磷和速效磷含量以及20~40 cm土层速效钾含量。稻虾共作模式显著降低了0~10 cm土层还原性物质总量,但提高了20~30 cm土层土壤还原性物质总量。稻虾共作模式的水稻产量较中稻单作模式显著提高,增幅为9.5%,其总产值、利润和产投比较中稻单作模式分别增加了46 818.0元?hm-2、40 188.0元?hm-2和100.0%。可见稻虾共作模式改善了土壤结构,增加了土壤养分,提高了水稻产量以及经济效益,但增加了10 cm以下土层潜育化的风险。     

麦前深松对夏玉米土壤物理性状和生长特性的影响

为探明华北地区深松耕作方式对夏玉米生育期土壤物理性状和水分利用效率的影响,在河南省新乡采用冬小麦播前深松耕作(PS)、传统旋耕(CK)2种耕作方式,对夏玉米各生育期间的土壤粒径组成、容重、土壤紧实度、夏玉米生长发育指标及水分利用效率等进行了研究。结果表明:PS处理下土壤粒径组成无明显变化,全生育期PS较CK处理0—40cm土层土壤容重降低0.63%~3.85%,孔隙度提高0.27%~3.67%;拔节期PS较CK处理20—30,30—40cm土层土壤紧实度显著降低37.76%,22.26%;全生育期PS处理的土壤含水率、夏玉米株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累量均高于CK,产量提高了9.50%,穗长和穗粒重提高了4.18%和6.50%(p0.05),水分利用效率提高5.08%,节水增产效果显著。     

CT扫描技术研究有机物料还田深度对黑土孔隙结构影响

为了探明有机物料还田深度对土壤孔隙结构的影响,2019年玉米播种前在黑龙江海伦市的黑土上开展了田间定位试验,设置了秸秆浅混还田(0～15 cm)(T1)、秸秆深混还田(0～35 cm)(T2)和秸秆配合有机肥深混还田(0～35 cm)(T3)3个有机物料还田处理,以无秸秆还田常规耕作为对照(CK),4次重复,随机排列。玉米秸秆还田量为10 000 kg/hm~2,有机肥还田量为30 000 kg/hm~2。2019年玉米收获后,采集原状土柱,利用CT扫描技术可视化土壤结构,量化土壤孔隙结构特征。结果表明,虽然有机物料还田仅一个玉米生长季,但是与CK处理相比,T1、T2和T3处理显著降低了0～15 cm土层容重,增加了饱和导水率和田间持水量(P0.05);T2和T3处理显著改善了15～35cm土层的上述3个土壤物理指标。有机物料的施用增加相应土层的孔隙数量、改善了孔隙分布。与CK处理相比,T1、T2和T3处理0～15 cm土层500μm孔隙数量和孔隙度分别显著增加了18.1%～179.9%和69.2%～256%(P0.05);与其他处理相比,T2处理15～35cm土层1000μm孔隙度显著增加了17.4%～196.2%(P0.05)。有机物料还田增加了孔隙结构的复杂性,土壤中出现了交叉孔隙和细长孔隙,提高了孔隙的连通性。与CK处理相比,T1、T2和T3处理显著降低了0～15 cm土层欧拉数,T1处理显著增加了分形维数(P0.05);秸秆或秸秆配施有机肥深混处理显著改善了15～35 cm土层的土壤孔隙结构,与CK相比,显著增加了各向异性、分形维数和成圆率,显著减少了欧拉数(P0.05)。欧拉数和1 000μm孔隙度分别对0～35 cm土层容重和饱和导水率贡献度最大,而各向异性和欧拉数分别对0～15 cm和15～35 cm土层田间持水量贡献度最大,说明有机物料对土壤物理性质的改善作用是通过调控土壤孔结构,改善孔隙分布、增加孔隙的复杂性、连通性来实现的。     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.