马铃薯晚疫病菌生理小种的异质性研究

在马铃薯晚疫病生理小种的鉴定中 ,经常出现结果不合理的现象 ,这时应通过单基因和复合基因鉴别寄主的发病情况反复相互验证 ,并增加重复次数 ,才能得出正确的结论。试验证实马铃薯晚疫病菌的生理小薯不是异质的 ,而是同质的     

哈尔滨市马铃薯晚疫病菌生理小种的类型

马铃薯晚疫病是由致病疫霉菌[Phytophtora infestans(Mont.)de Bary]引起的毁灭性病害,近年来,该病害在哈尔滨市连年发生,危害日趋严重。本研究对2010年从哈尔滨市采集62个马铃薯晚疫病菌分离物进行了生理小种鉴定。结果表明,在62个分离物中,共有14个小种类型,以1.3.4.7.8.10.11小种为主,出现频率为33.87%,其次是小种1.3.4.7.8.和1.3.4.7,出现频率分别为14.52%和12.90%,没有鉴定出单基因小种。这充分说明,哈尔滨市致病疫霉菌毒力结构呈多样性,具有高度的复合性。     

cDNA-AFLP结合BSA研究马铃薯晚疫病菌小种特异无毒基因差异表达片段

通过对具有 6个无毒基因不同表型的马铃薯晚疫病菌构建的 4个混合池进行cDNA AFLP分析 ,得到与 6个与无毒基因相关的差异表达片段 (TDFs) 85条 ,其中与无毒基因Avr1相关的为 2 0条 ,Avr2 2 8条 ,Avr3 Avr10 Avr1116条 ,Avr4 2 1条。差异表达片段大小主要分布在 10 0bp和 30 0bp之间 ,最小片段为 6 0bp ,最大片段 4 40bp。差异表达片段的获得将有利我们下一步克隆全长无毒基因和对晚疫病垂直抗性机制的研究     

黑龙江省马铃薯晚疫病生理小种的类型与分布状况研究

通过对黑龙江省5个地区12个县市的马铃薯晚疫病菌生理小种的鉴定,鉴定出黑龙江省马铃薯晚疫病菌生理小种有14种类型,分别为0号、1号、2号、3号、4号、5号、7号、9号、11号、1 2号、2 3号、2 4号、3 4号、1 2 3 4号,其中分布最为普遍是0号、4号和11号生理小种。与60年代相比,新出现的有10个小种:3号、5号、7号、9号、11号、1 2号 2 3号、2 4号、3 4号和1 2 3 4号。     

中国马铃薯晚疫病菌生理小种研究进展

由致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)引起的晚疫病是马铃薯生产中最具毁灭性的病害,生理小种是晚疫病菌重要的表现型之一,其组成与变异直接关系到马铃薯晚疫病的发生与流行。对马铃薯晚疫病菌生理小种的研究进展进行了综述,分析了中国晚疫病菌生理小种的多样性及生理小种毒力基因的复杂性,并指出了目前中国晚疫病菌生理小种研究存在的问题,为今后马铃薯晚疫病菌生理小种的研究提供思路。     

我国马铃薯晚疫病群体结构研究进展

综述了马铃薯晚疫病生理小种、抗甲霜灵菌株、A2交配型等方面的研究情况,对其产生原因及危害进行了分析总结,并针对抗病育种、化学药剂的研制和使用以及种薯选用等方面从理论上提出了相应的防治对策。     

青海省马铃薯品种对晚疫病菌的抗性分析

通过田间自然诱发和室内接种鉴定两种方法,调查评价青海省马铃薯品种对晚疫病的抗性情况。结果显示:所有18个参试品种中均有不同程度的抗病能力。室内鉴定为中抗(MR)以上的品种有8个,占总参试品种的44.44%;感病(S)品种有10个,占总参试品种的55.56%。田间鉴定为中抗(MR)以上的品种有13个,占总参试品种的72.22%;感病(S)品种有5个,占总参试品种的27.78%。室内鉴定和田间鉴定结果相同品种有5个,占总参试品种的27.78%。     

木醋液对马铃薯晚疫病菌的抑制作用

通过在黑麦培养基中添加不同浓度的木醋液,研究木醋液对马铃薯晚疫病菌的抑菌作用。结果表明,2%以上浓度的木醋液对菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用,而0.1%浓度的木醋液反而对菌丝生长和孢子囊的形成有促进作用,0.2%浓度的木醋液虽然对菌丝生长影响不显著,但对孢子囊的形成仍然有促进作用。     

Antifungal modes of action of metalaxyl, cyprofuram, benalaxyl and oxadixyl in phenylamide-sensitive and phenylamide-resistant strains of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis and Phytophthora infestans

The activity of the phenylamide fungicides metalaxyl, cyprofuram, benalaxyl and oxadixyl against phenylamide-sensitive and phenylamide-resistant strains of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis and Phytophthora infestans has been compared in several tests. Metalaxyl showed the highest activity amongst the four fungicides against mycelial growth of sensitive strains on agar media. Benalaxyl and cyprofuram showed the highest activity against resistant strains. RNA synthesis of sensitive strains, measured as [³H]uridine incorporation, was inhibited by about 80% (P. megasperma) and by about 40% (P. infestans) by all phenylamides at concentrations of 1 μg/ml. At higher concentrations inhibition remained at this level, indicating that only part of the RNA synthesis was inhibited. RNA synthesis of resistant strains was completely insensitive to metalaxyl and oxadixyl at concentrations as high as 200 μg/ml. Cyprofuram, however, at concentrations above 1 μg/ml (P. megasperma) and 10 μg/ml (P. infestans) was inhibitory and at 200 μg/ml this compound almost completely inhibited the phenylamide-sensitive part of the RNA synthesis of both strains. In contrast to the other phenylamides, benalaxyl affected [³H]uridine uptake into mycelium at concentrations higher than 10 μg/ml, and at 100 μg/ml inhibition of uptake was almost total with both sensitive and resistant strains of both Phytophthora species. Inhibition of [³H]uridine uptake obviously is a feature of a second mechanism of action of benalaxyl. Endogenous RNA polymerase activity of isolated nuclei from sensitive strains of P. megasperma was inhibited at phenylamide concentrations as low as 0·1 μg/ml whereas that from resistant strains was not affected at concentrations as high as 100 μg/ml. Similarly, endogenous nuclear RNA polymerase activity of sensitive P. infestans strains appeared to be more sensitive to the phenylamides than that of resistant P. infestans strains. This suggests that resistance that developed in field strains of P. infestans has a basis similar to that of mutagen-induced resistance in laboratory strains of P. megasperma. Tests of the fungicidal activity of the phenylamides determined in a lucerne seedling assay (P. megasperma) and a detached potato leaf assay (P. infestans) clearly differentiated between sensitive and resistant strains. Resistance levels to cyprofuram and benalaxyl were as high as those to metalaxyl and oxadixyl, indicating that the additional effect of a second mechanism of action of benalaxyl and the property of cyprofuram to inhibit RNA synthesis of resistant strains at higher concentrations are of limited practical importance for counteracting phenylamide resistance.     

Systemicity and persistence of cymoxanil in mixture with oxadixyl and mancozeb against Phytophthora infestans and Plasmopara viticola

Uptake and translocation of the fungicide cymoxanil was studied using tomato and potato plants infected with Phytophthora infestans and grape plants infected with Plasmopara viticola. Translocation of cymoxanil was mainly translaminar and acropetal from roots and stems to leaves to an extent similar to that of the phenylamide fungicide oxadixyl. Basipetal translocation from upper to lower leaves, as well as lateral movement, was also observed but to a lesser extent. Plant parts that grew after application were protected against P. infestans and P. viticola because of systemic activity up to 7 days by cymoxanil alone and up to 14 days when cymoxanil was used as part of a three-way mixture with oxadixyl and mancozeb. Drench application of cymoxanil and a simultaneous spray application of mancozeb against P. infestans and P. viticola resulted in a significant synergistic interaction. The spray application of the three-way mixture oxadixyl/mancozeb/cymoxanil was more effective against both sensitive and phenylamide-resistant strains of P. infestans and P. viticola than the individual components alone, representing significant levels of synergistic interactions. Synergy ratios were higher for resistant than for sensitive strains of both pathogens.     

2011年西藏地区小麦条锈菌生理小种群体结构分析

为了解西藏地区小麦条锈菌生理小种群体结构,2011年对采自西藏地区的130份小麦条锈菌标样进行鉴定并进行了群体结构分析。结果表明,西藏地区小麦条锈菌群体结构复杂,小种类型丰富;共监测到26个小种(类型),分别是CYR17、CYR18、CYR19、CYR20、CYR26、Lov10-2、Lov10-3、Lov10-14、Lov10-15、Lov13-4、CYR31、CYR32、HY-6、HY-13、CYR33、Su11-1、Su11-2、Su11-3、Su11-4、Su11-5、Su11-6、Su11-8、Su11-10、Su11-25、Su11-35、Su11-45。其中,CYR32频率最高,达到31.54%;其次为CYR33,频率为28.46%;跟随其后的Su11-1和Su11-4频率均为6.15%。这4个小种为西藏地区优势小种,是当前西藏地区抗条锈病育种的主要考虑对象。其他小种(类型)频率均低于5%。毒力频率分析表明,Yr1、Yr3、Yr6、Yr9、YrA等抗性基因在西藏地区已经失效。     

2016-2019年甘肃省小麦叶锈菌群体结构及多样性分析

为明确甘肃省小麦叶锈菌的生理小种类型及群体毒性结构,2016-2019年采用44个近等基因系和已知小麦抗叶锈病基因的品种,对甘肃省采集的231份小麦叶锈病标样进行了生理小种鉴定及毒性分析。结果表明,在标样中共鉴定出135个致病小种类型,其中出现频率较高的小种类型为THTP（6.49%）、THTS（6.06%）和THTT（5.63%）,其次为TKTT（3.46%）、NHFF（3.03%）和LHFF（2.60%）;毒性基因 V9、 V19、 V23、 V25、 V28、 V29、 V47和 V51的出现频率在15%以下,其相对应的抗叶锈基因 Lr9、 Lr19、 Lr23、 Lr25、 Lr28、 Lr29、 Lr47和 Lr51在抗病育种中具有较好的利用价值;被测小麦叶锈菌在物种水平上的Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）为0.104 6,Shannon信息指数（I）为4.281 5,说明甘肃省内小麦叶锈菌遗传多样性丰富;通过UPGMA聚类分析,甘肃省小麦叶锈菌群体毒性遗传相似度系数范围为0.855 4～0.993 7,陇东地区（平凉和庆阳）与陇南地区（天水和陇南）亲缘关系最近,与中部地区（定西和兰州）亲缘关系较远。     

2015年湖北省小麦条锈菌群体结构及多样性分析

为了明确湖北省小麦条锈菌生理小种的构成以及变化动态,利用中国鉴别寄主对2015年采自湖北省6个地(市)的102份条锈病标样进行了群体结构分析,鉴定到已知条锈菌小种(类型)19个,其中CYR33和CYR32是湖北省的优势小种,出现频率分别居第一位(40.2%)和第二位(17.65%),其他小种(类型)以水源11类群、Hybrid 46类群以及贵农22类群为主,首次从湖北省标样中监测到贵农22菌系,其出现频率为17.64%.群体多样性研究结果表明,被测条锈病标样在物种水平上的Nei's基因多样性指数(H)为 0.19,Shannon's信息指数(I)为0.31,表明湖北省小麦条锈菌毒性多样性比较丰富.UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,湖北省小麦条锈菌群体毒性遗传相似系数范围为0.95~0.99,相似系数较高,遗传距离较小,群体之间交流广泛,并且毒性遗传结构与地理距离无相关性.     

海南4个地区暹罗炭疽菌群体遗传结构分析

对分离自海南4个地区13种寄主植物上暹罗炭疽菌的ITS-CAL-GAPDH 3基因序列进行群体遗传结构分析。95条暹罗炭疽菌多基因序列可定义为16个单倍型,其中,单倍型H5为主要单倍型,分布于所有寄主植物。AMOVA分析显示,遗传变异主要发生在种群内;病菌未经历过大规模的种群扩张过程。研究结果表明,暹罗炭疽菌种群具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

小麦品种对禾谷孢囊线虫（Heterodera avenae） 江苏沛县群体的抗性鉴定

为了筛选对禾谷孢囊线虫病(Cereal cyst nernatode,CCN)具有抗性的小麦品种,采用室内二龄幼虫接种法、网室卵接种法和田间病圃法测定了收集自5个省份的40个小麦品种对小麦孢囊线虫江苏沛县群体的抗性。室内二龄幼虫接种测定结果表明,供试材料中无免疫品种,华麦1号、温粮58和豫麦66-18系表现为高抗,扬麦13和徐麦7086表现为中抗,烟农5158表现最感病,平均单株白雌虫数达104.7个;田间病圃测定表明,上述5个品种仅华麦1号表现为抗病。网室卵接种法测定结果与室内二龄幼虫接种法及田间病圃法测定结果差异较大,显示该方法不适用小麦品种的CCN抗性鉴定。     

Sensitivity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from oilseed crops to boscalid in Jiangsu Province of China

Between 2006 and 2008, 120 isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from the Jiangsu Province of China were characterized for the baseline sensitivity to boscalid, a new active ingredient that interferes with succinate ubiquinone reductase in the electron transport chain of fungi. The isolates collected between 2006 and 2008 all showed similar sensitivity to boscalid. Baseline sensitivities were distributed as unimodal curves with mean EC₅₀ values of 0.17 ± 0.09 μg ml⁻¹ for inhibition of mycelial growth. Inhibition of mycelial growth of isolates whether they had resistance to carbendazim or, dimethachlon or dual resistance to both carbendazim and dimethachlon was similar, suggesting that there was no cross-resistance between boscalid and MBC/dimethachlon already in commercial use. In field trials, the treatments boscalid (50% WG), at 125, 187.5 and 250 g ai ha⁻¹ provided higher control efficacies of 65.2, 69.0 and 75.1%, respectively, than the treatments carbendazim (50% WP), at 750 g ai ha⁻¹ and dimethachlon (46% WP), at 690 g ai ha⁻¹ with control efficacies of 18.9 and 44.6%, respectively.     

新疆伊犁地区小麦条锈菌群体遗传结构分析

新疆伊犁地区是小麦条锈病的常发区和重发区，其年平均发生面积超过100×10⁴ hm²以上。为明确新疆伊犁地区小麦条锈菌群体的遗传结构，2021年，从新疆伊犁地区的新源县、巩留县、察布查尔县和伊宁县共采集到320份小麦条锈菌标样，利用16对小麦条锈菌SSR引物进行了群体遗传研究。结果表明，新疆伊犁地区条锈菌群体遗传多样性水平较高，群体间存在一定的遗传分化。群体间遗传变异仅占总变异的12%，群体内遗传变异占88%，不同群体间存在频繁的菌源交流，其中察布查尔县与新源县群体菌源交流最为频繁（N_m=4.717）。