红肉型火龙果雨季授粉技术研究

为减少降雨对火龙果产量造成的损失,探索红肉型火龙果雨季授粉技术,比较了不同降雨类型气候条件下,套袋授粉和自然授粉对火龙果产量和品质的影响.结果表明,与自然授粉相比,红肉型火龙果雨季套袋授粉后,座果率提高18.89％～51.67％,平均单果重提高181.79～201.77 g,增产23006.55～27073.95 kg/hm2,为自然授粉处理的2.63～4.19倍;套袋授粉还促进了火龙果的果实发育,增加了一、二级商品果比率,每公顷比对照净增收18.92～20.62万元,增幅达240.7 ％～433.2％,大幅提升了火龙果种植效益,同时对火龙果的内在品质无影响.雨季套袋授粉在生产上是简便、有效、经济、可操作性强的一项技术措施.     

几种植物生长物质对毛叶枣果实品质的影响

用浓度分别为20,50mg/L的GA3,NAA,ABA,6-BA涂抹谢花40 d后的毛叶枣(Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.)幼果.果实成熟后,测定果实的相关品质.结果表明:(1)20mg/LAA能够显著提高毛叶枣果实维生素C、可溶性固形物、蔗糖和有机酸的含量,但对单果重没有影响;20mg/L 6-BA也能提高果实维生素C、可溶性总糖和蔗糖的含量,但降低了单果重、葡萄糖和果糖的含量;20 mg/L ABA能促进果实增大,提高果实可溶性总糖和有机酸的含量;20 mg/L GA能增加有机酸的含量,但降低了含糖量、单果重及维生素C.(2)50 m/LNAA处理能提高果实所有品质的含量;50 mg/L ABA和6-BA都能提高含糖量及有机酸,但降低了单果重和维生素C含量;50mg/L GA能增加单果重、有机酸,但降低了含糖量和维生素C.综合结果表明,20mg/L浓度处理优于50 mg/L,而且NAA处理对提高毛叶枣果实品质效果比GA3,ABA,6-BA的好.     

几种植物激素对杨梅果实的生长效应

以东魁杨梅（Myrica rubra Sieb et Zuce)为试验材料，果实采前一个月分别用3种植物激素和壳聚糖配制成9个配方喷施结果枝条。采后分别称取单果重和测定果肉中的红色素，还原糖和总酸含量，结果表明，0.1g/L6－BA和0.05g/L2,4-D处理分别提高果实单果重15％和12％。0.05g/LGA处理促进果实提前5－7天成熟，红色素含量增加，采前喷施壳聚糖则抑制果实正常生长。     

不同品种授粉对‘东刘1号’荔枝果实主要性状的影响

用6个荔枝品种与‘东刘1号’荔枝组成6个授粉组合,研究不同品种的花粉对‘东刘1号’荔枝果实主要性状的影响。研究结果表明,在果实纵径、横径、厚度、果形指数、单果重、肉厚、皮厚、可食率、可溶性固形物、总糖、总酸、糖酸比、维生素C、果肉的质地及风味、坐果率、裂果率、成熟期和种子纵径、横径、焦核率、种脐的大小等方面花粉直感效应表现明显,差异性达到显著水平;种子的厚度差异性不显著。在荔枝生产上存在花粉直感现象,可为‘东刘1号’荔枝授粉品种的选配和提高果实品质提供理论依据。     

不同药剂喷施处理对海南油茶保花保果效果的影响

在油茶试验基地设定15个处理,分别在花期喷洒不同类型及浓度的药物进行保花保果处理,并以喷洒清水为对照;采收成熟果实,测定其产量和单果重、横纵径、籽粒重等果实指标,进行生物统计分析,并结合喷洒成本,计算经济效益,筛选出海南油茶最适宜的保花保果药物及浓度。结果表明：0.5%硼砂、20 mg/L GA3、800倍爱多收和0.1%硼砂＋800倍爱多收＋800倍高美施处理的株产量显著高于对照组;0.5%硼砂处理的果实横纵径显著高于对照组;20 mg/L GA3、0.1%硼砂、800倍爱多收处理的单果重显著高于对照组     

硝酸镧和硝酸铈对菠萝产量品质和抗氧化酶系统的影响

通过大田试验研究菠萝谢花后喷施稀土溶液对菠萝产量品质和抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明,200mg/L硝酸铈处理效果最好,果实横、纵径分别较对照增加5.08%、10.82%,单果重提高20.13%;Vc含量提高135.81%,糖酸比增加17.75%;SOD活性显著提高,增幅达69.96%,POD活性降低,但与对照没有显著差异。     

生长调节剂对亚麻无融合生殖诱导的初步研究

为提高无融合生殖率和获得不经受精作用仅由无融合生殖产生的后代材料，采用2mg/L、1 mg/L、0.5 mg/L、0.05 mg/L 4个浓度梯度的NAA和KT，30 mg/L、20 mg/L、10mg/L、5mg/L 4个浓度梯度的2，4-D以及乙醇灭活的花粉授粉，对三组不同多胚性遗传背景的杂交F1代亚麻材料进行处理。采用CK1去雄＋失活花粉授粉、 CK2只做去雄处理、 CK3正常自花授粉3组处理作对照。结果显示：自花授粉可以正常结籽并出现多胚。在其余试验组中，只有2，4-D处理组能诱导产生种子；膨大的果实只有1/3可以获得1～2粒种子/蒴果。亚麻自然无融合生殖与受精作用相伴随，5 mg/L、10 mg/L 2，4-D可在不经受精作用的情况下诱导亚麻无融合生殖，诱导率分别为0.24％和0.16％。     

湖北省三个油茶主栽品种的授粉品种选择研究

油茶是中国第一大木本食用油料树种。油茶自交结实率低,合理配置授粉品种是提高产量的关键之一。为筛选湖北主栽油茶品种（长林4号、鄂油81号及鄂油102号）合适的授粉品种,促进高产优质栽培,以长林3号、长林4号、长林40号、鄂油81号和鄂油102号为授粉品种,设计人工授粉组合,以自然授粉为对照,测定分析授粉后的坐果率和果实性状,筛选适宜的授粉品种。长林4号和鄂油81号的自交坐果率很低,鄂油102号的自交坐果率较高。授粉品种对坐果率有显著影响。授粉品种对长林4号的单果鲜重、干果出籽率、干籽出仁率、种仁含油率及油酸含量无显著影响,对坐果率和果实大小有显著影响;授粉品种对鄂油81号的干果皮厚度、干籽出仁率及种仁含油率无显著影响,对坐果率、果实大小和单果鲜重有显著影响;授粉品种对鄂油102号的坐果率、干果皮厚度、干果出籽率及种仁含油率有显著影响,对其它性状无显著影响。综合坐果率和果实性状,认为长林4号的最佳授粉品种为长林3号,其次是长林40号和鄂油102号;鄂油81号的授粉品种宜选择长林4号和鄂油102号;鄂油102号的最佳授粉品种为鄂油81号,其次是长林3号、长林4号及长林40号。     

喷施外源CPPU和GA对菠萝果实品质的影响

菠萝(Anaaas comosus L.)是一种重要的热带水果.为了探讨2种外源的植物生长调节剂CPPU和GA对巴厘品种产量和品质的影响.对花后20d和35d的果实,分别喷施5、10、20、50 mg,L的N-(2-氯-4-呲啶基)-N'-苯基脲[N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea,CPPU]和赤霉素(GA_3),并以喷施清水作对照.结果表明,20mg/L的CPPU和50 mg/L的GA_3显著促进菠萝果实重量的增加,与对照相比单果重分别增加9.1%和14.9%;促进可溶性总糖的积累,但50mg/L GA_3处理更为显著,使可溶性总糖增加量达36.9%;并促进总酸含量的增加,使果实的pH值略有降低;而另一方面,可溶性同形物和Vc含量没有显著性差异.表明选用50mCL的GA_3处理菠萝果实,能显著提高果实的单果重量.但对果实品质基本没有影响.     

响应面法优化金银忍冬花粉离体萌发培养基组分

目的以优化金银忍冬花粉离体萌发的培养基组分。方法以盛花期新鲜花粉为材料,采用花粉离体萌发方法,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面法优化培养基组分。结果金银忍冬花粉离体萌发的最佳培养基组分为蔗糖质量浓度为400g/L、硼酸质量浓度为127.23mg/L、2,4-D质量浓度为75.00mg/L,在此培养基组分条件下,金银忍冬花粉萌发率的预测值为90.24%,验证萌发率为89.65%。结论利用响应面分析法可得到理论最佳培养基组分,验证结果表明该方法科学、高效。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).