土壤肥力和尿素用量对黑土硝化作用的影响

通过室内培育试验,研究了黑土中铵态氮、硝态氮含量和硝化率随土壤肥力和尿素施用量的变化规律,以明确土壤肥力和尿素施用量对黑土硝化作用的影响。结果表明:黑土有机碳含量从16.0 gkg-1增加到60.9 gkg-1,铵态氮含量降低了27.7%,而硝态氮含量则升高了50.6%;尿素用量从N 120 mg kg-1提高到N 1200 mg kg-1,黑土中铵态氮和硝态氮含量分别增加了2262.7%和425.7%。施用尿素条件下黑土硝化率在30.1%~89.4%之间。黑土有机碳含量从16.0 gkg-1增加到60.9g kg-1,硝化率升高了58.1%;而尿素用量从N 120 mg kg-1提高到N 1200 mg kg-1,硝化率降低了48.0%。说明黑土硝化作用强度随土壤有机碳含量升高而增强,随尿素施用量增加而降低。     

尿素不同配施处理对棕壤茶园土壤尿素转化及硝化作用影响的研究

采用好气土壤培养试验,以单施尿素为对照,研究了尿素配施双氰胺（UD）、菌剂（UJ）、复混肥（UY）、菌剂+复混肥（UYJ）以及表面覆盖茶末（UF）处理对尿素转化和硝化作用的影响,测定了土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、脲酶活性、氨氧化菌数量并计算表观硝化率,结果表明:各种处理均能提高土壤中铵态氮含量,降低硝态氮含量,延迟脲酶活性高峰期,减小表观硝化率,抑制氨氧化菌。其中以覆盖茶末（UF）处理效果最好,其土壤铵态氮含量最高,硝态氮和硝化率最低;其次为UD处理,配施DCD能明显推迟脲酶活性高峰出现时间并降低前期活性,同时能显著抑制氨氧化菌生长。此外,比较UYJ和UJ处理结果可以推测:在有机质丰富的茶园中施用菌剂来抑制硝化作用的效果不显著。     

芳香族化合物对土壤硝化作用的抑制研究

Aromatic compounds (ACs) in soil can induce competitive inhibition for soil NH₃ oxidation, and nitrification inhibitors can be used to this end. A laboratory incubation experiment was performed with 12 nitroaromatic compounds (NACs), 15 amidoaromatic compounds (AACs) and 20 hydroxyaromatic compounds (HACs) to assess the inhibitory effects of ACs on soil nitrification. Based on these results, the critical and optimal concentrations of ACs were determined for better inhibitory effects. Most of the test ACs were able to inhibit soil nitrification; the effectiveness differed with soil type. Among the ACs, the NACs with m-nitryl, amino or hydroxyl and the AACs with a nitro group or a chlorine atom on aromatic ring or with a p-hydroxyl were more effective. 3-nitroaniline, 4-aminophenol and 3-nitrophenol showed the greatest potential as nitrification inhibitors. The critical concentration of these compounds in brown soil and cinnamon soil was found to be 0.5 mg kg^-1 soil. Due to the toxicity, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of ACs, further toxicological and ecotoxicological research is necessary before ACs are used as nitrification inhibitors in agricultural and horticultural practices.     

棉酚渣对尿素水解及土壤氨挥发的影响

采用棉酚渣、尿素和土壤混合培养,测定剩余尿素量及氨气吸收量的方法,探究棉酚渣对尿素水解及土壤氨挥发的影响。结果表明,随尿素中棉酚渣的用量增加,尿素残余量增加,氨气检测量减少。与对照相比,培养时间为4 d时尿素残留差异率达78.81%,氨气挥发抑制率可达80.40%。土壤含水率变化对脲酶和产生脲酶的微生物的活性有较大影响,在活性高时,棉酚渣对尿素水解和氨挥发的抑制作用更加明显。随着培养温度的升高,尿素水解增加,氨挥发迅速增加。35℃时,棉酚渣对尿素水解的抑制效果最好,尿素残留差异率达79.72%,30℃时,棉酚渣对氨气挥发抑制效果最好,氨挥发抑制率达55.34%。上述结果表明,棉酚渣对尿素水解及土壤氨挥发具有较强的抑制作用,具有推广应用的潜力。     

影响土壤尿素水解速率的一些因子

应用培养试验,以２种红油土为供试土样,研究了温度、水分、土壤前处理、加入葡萄糖或脲酶对尿素水解速率的影响;以２种红油土、１种黄绵土、１种黑垆土和１种黄褐土为供试土样,研究了土壤性质对尿素水解速率的影响。结果表明,温度对尿素水解速率的影响明显而突出,在５～３５℃范围内,温度系数（Q10）平均为１．７３,半水解期随温度升高而递减;土壤含水量在２０％～３０％时,水解速率基本稳定,但降至１５％时减少,风干后显著下降。土壤中分别加入葡萄糖和脲酶后会使水解速率增加,但前者持续时间长,后者持续短。尿素水解速率与土壤有机质和起始尿素浓度间有显著或极显著正相关,相关系数分别达０．９３*和０．９５*。     

茶多酚对土壤硝化作用的影响研究

研究了茶多酚对土壤硝化作用和土壤中氨氧化菌与亚硝酸氧化菌数量的影响。结果表明茶多酚能抑制硝化作用,抑制率在8 d内达到31.2%~92.6%。它同时也能抑制氨氧化菌和亚硝酸氧化菌的生长,当加入0.05g茶多酚时,氨氧化菌的数量从650个/g(干土)减少至400个/g(干土),亚硝酸氧化菌的数量从920个/g(干土)减少至661个/g(干土)。当加入茶多酚越多,氨氧化菌和亚硝酸氧化菌的数量减少得越快。因此,茶多酚有可能抑制这两类微生物的生长,从而抑制硝化作用。     

硫代硫酸铵对尿素氮形态转化的影响

通过模拟试验,研究了硫代硫酸铵(ATS)对土壤尿素态氮形态转化的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,ATS不仅抑制土壤脲酶的活性,增加土壤中尿素态氮的含量,还抑制了硝化作用的发生,减少硝态氮的生成量。特别当ATS达2.5mgg-1时,抑制效果更明显,大大提高了尿素的利用效率。     

尿素氮形态转化对腐殖酸的响应

通过模拟试验研究了不同用量腐殖酸对土壤中尿素氮形态转化的影响。结果表明,腐殖酸对尿素态氮形态转化的影响受其施用量的制约。与对照相比,低浓度腐殖酸(<15gkg-1)对尿素水解及以后的氮转化过程抑制作用较小,有时甚至促进了尿素水解;高浓度腐殖酸(15gkg-1和20gkg-1)则能明显的抑制尿素水解,延长尿素态氮在土壤中的停留时间,增加铵态氮含量,减少硝态氮的生成及氮素损失量,大大提高尿素利用效率。由此可见,腐殖酸不仅是一种脲酶抑制剂,还是一种硝化抑制剂。     

应用几种植物物质及化合物抑制土壤脲酶活性和提高植物尿素氮的回收率

Effects of residues of 9 plants, lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora Hook., P1), robust eucalyptus (E. robusta Smith, P2), Nepal camphortree (Cinnamomum glanduliferum (Wall.) Nees, P3), tea (Camellia sinensis (Linn.) O. Ktze. f., P4), oleander (Nerium indicum Mill, P5), rape (Brassica campestris L., P6),Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum L., P7), tung (Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.), P8), and croton (Croton tiglium L., P9), 7 chemicals, boric acid (C1), borax (C2), oxalic acid (C3), sodium oxalite (C4), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (C6), sodium silicate (C7) and sodium citrate (C8), and a natural organic substance,humic acid (C5), on urease activity of a neutral purple soil and recovery of urea nitrogen by maize were studied through incubation and pot experiments. Hydroquinone (HQ) was applied as the reference inhibitor. After incubation at 37 ℃ for 24 h, 7 inhibitors with higher ability to inhibit urease activity were selected and then incubated for 14 days at 25 ℃. Results of the incubation experiments showed that soil urease activity was greatly inhibited by them, and the inhibition effect followed an order of P2＞P4＞C3＞C2＞P3＞C1＞HQ＞P1.The 7 selected materials reduced the accumulative amounts of N released from urea and the maximum urease activity by 11.7%～28.4% and 26.7%～39.7%, respectively, and postponed the N release peak by 2～4 days in the incubation period of 14 days under constant temperature, as compared to the control (no inhibitor).In the pot experiment with the 7 materials at two levels of addition, low (L) and high (H), the C1 (H), C3(H), C1 (L), P4 (L) and C2 (L) treatments could significantly increase the dry weights of the aboveground parts and the total biomass of the maize plants and the apparent recovery rate of urea-N was increased by 6.3%～32.4% as compared to the control (no hibitor).     

涂层尿素对主要作物增产效果的研究

对涂层尿素在主要农作物上的增产效果和施用方法进行了大量的田间试验,结果表明：施用涂层尿素对小麦,玉米,水稻等农作物有明显的增产作用与等养分普通尿素相比,增产６．７％￣９．７％,提高氮肥利用率２．５个百分点以上,每吨尿素增产所获得的纯收益达１０００元以上。     

Effects of preemergence and postemergence herbicides on urea hydrolysis and nitrification of urea nitrogen in soil

The influence of 5 and 50 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil of nine preemergence and nine postemergence herbicides on transformations of urea N in soil was studied in samples of two coarse-textured and two fine-textured soils incubated aerobically at 20°C. The effects of each herbicide on soil urea transformations was measured by determining the amounts of urea hydrolyzed and the amounts of NO _inf3 ^sup- and NO _inf2 ^sup- produced at various times after treatment with urea. Applied at the rate of 5 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil, none of the herbicides retarded urea hydrolysis in the four soils used, but four of the postemergence herbicides (acifluorfen, diclofop methyl, fenoxaprop ethyl) retarded urea hydrolysis in the two coarse-textured soils. All the herbicides tested except siduron retarded nitrification in the two coarse-textured soils when applied at 50 mg of urea N active ingredient kg^-1 soil, and fenoxaprop ethyl and tridiphane markedly retarded nitrification of urea N in all four of the soils when applied at this rate. One-way analysis of variance and correlation analyses indicated that the inhibitory effects of the 18 herbicides tested on nitrification of urea N in soil increased with a decrease in the organic-matter content and an increase in the sand content of the soil. Present address: Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA     

Coating of essential oils onto prilled urea retards its nitrification in soil

Increased use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture has led to the increased pollution of ground water and atmosphere. Certain plant products can be used as coating materials onto urea to reduce the N losses. We evaluated the effectiveness of citronella and palmarosa grass oils as nitrification inhibitors in a soil incubation study. The treatments (14) were combinations of 4 N sources (neem, citronella and palmarosa oil coated prilled ureas, and uncoated prilled urea), 2 coating thicknesses of oils (500 and 1000 mg kg^?1) and 2 N levels (75 and 150 kg N ha^?1), replicated thrice in a randomized block design. N levels at 75 and 150 kg ha^?1 were equivalent to 34 and 68 mg N kg^?1 soil, respectively. Results showed that N sources citronella (CCPU₁₀₀₀) and neem oil (NCPU₁₀₀₀) coated prilled ureas at 1000 mg kg^?1 coating thickness with 75 kg ha^?1 released similar amount of ammonical-N to uncoated prilled urea at 150 kg N ha^?1, suggesting the beneficial effect of coated ureas. The highest nitrification inhibition (%) was recorded with NCPU₁₀₀₀, the reference nitrification inhibitor, which was significantly greater to all the other N sources at 7 days after incubation (DAI), and at par to CCPU₁₀₀₀ at 14 and 21 DAI.     

土壤pH值和含水量对土壤硝化抑制剂效果的影响

硝化抑制剂如2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡nitrapyrin,通常与氮肥配施来抑制硝化作用提高农田中肥料的利用率,但是其抑制效果会受到土壤理化性质的影响。采用新工艺重新合成后的新型nitrapyrin纯度高达98%,由于杂质减少而具有更好的硝化抑制效果。为了研究土壤pH值和含水量对新型nitrapyrin抑制效果的影响,明确nitrapyrin适合施用的土壤条件,采用室内培养试验,研究了在不同的土壤pH值和含水量下nitrapyrin对无机氮含量动态变化和硝化作用强度的影响,以及其硝化抑制率的变化规律。结果表明:随着土壤pH值的升高,铵态氮含量降低,硝态氮含量和表观硝化率呈现上升的趋势,并且在所有pH值处理下氮肥配施nitrapyrin均显著地降低了矿质氮库铵态氮的转化量,均不同程度地抑制了硝化作用;在培养的第9天,nitrapyrin在pH值7.70处理下对硝化作用抑制效果最好,硝化抑制率达到91.53%,但硝化抑制率的降低速率在高pH值处理上更快;在培养的第45天,当pH值为4.66时,硝化抑制率为36.43%,显著高于其他处理;在整个培养过程中,施用nitrapyrin能显著抑制各处理的硝化作用,硝化抑制率在不同土壤含水量上的表现为:40%WHC60%WHC80%WHC。可见,nitrapyrin更加适合施用在酸性土壤以及旱地土壤上,该研究可以为新型硝化抑制剂nitrapyrin在农田中施用的最优条件提供理论依据。     

棕壤线虫对尿素配施尿酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂的响应研究

Effects of urea amended with urease and nitrification inhibitors on soil nematode communities were studied in a Hapli- Udic Argosol （Cambisol, FAO） in Liaoning Province of Northeast China. A completely random design with four treatments, i.e., conventional urea （CU）, slow-release urea amended with a liquid urease inhibitor （SRU1）, SRU1 ＋nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide （SRU2）, and SRU1 ＋ nitrification inhibitor 3,5-dimethylpyrazole （SRU3） and four replicates were applied. Thirty-nine genera of nematodes were identified, with Cephalobus and Aphelenchus being dominant; and in all treatments, the dominant trophic group was bacterivores. In addition, during the growth period of spring wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）, soil urease activity was lower in SRUs than in CU. The numbers of total nematodes and bacterivores at wheat heading and ripening stages, and omnivores-predators at ripening stage were higher in SUR3 than in CU, SRU1 and SRU2 （P 〈 0.05）.     

Nanoclay polymer composites loaded with urea and nitrification inhibitors for controlling nitrification in soil

Nanoclay polymer composites (NCPCs) were synthesized with partially neutralized acrylic acid and bentonites and loaded with urea and nitrification inhibitors (NIs) to act as a slow release carrier of nitrogen (N). The resulting product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD of NCPCs revealed that the bentonite layers were completely exfoliated and dispersed in the composite after the polymerization. The water absorbency of pure polymer (Acrylic acid + Acrylamide) was 197.53 g g^?1 and 137.75 g g^?1 by nanocomposite (8% nanobentonite) in distilled water. The nitrification inhibition ability of these NCPCs was evaluated by incubation study for 60 days in laboratory at 28°C and 50% water-holding capacity. The Schiff base -NCPCs were most effective at inhibiting nitrification (30–87%) compared to dicyandiamide and Neem oil. A column study was performed to know the movement of NH₄-N and NO₃-N at three different depths. Result showed that the Schiff base -NCPC decreased nitrate movement by 78.5% at the depth of 5 cm in soil column. The slow release of nitrogen and good water retention capacity confirmed that these NCPCs can be viably exploited for application in agriculture.     

包膜尿素对玉米和小麦的生物学与环境效应

应用渗滤池研究了褐潮土不同用量包膜尿素(POCU)和普通尿素对小麦玉米轮作条件下作物生长发育和地下水污染的影响。结果表明,施用包膜尿素可以显著提高玉米的产量、吸氮量和氮肥利用率;小麦收获期土壤残留氮也明显高于普通尿素处理。玉米的氮肥利用率(55%～140%)明显高于小麦(29.96%4～5.26%)。在每季作物施尿素和包膜尿素N.1002～25.kg/hm2的条件下,地下水淋溶损失的硝态氮量只占施肥量的0.43%1～.12%,表明在目前施肥水平下,中国北方实行的小麦玉米轮作制,一般不存在化肥氮素的淋溶损失。     

3,4二甲基吡唑磷酸盐和双氰胺在黑钙土中对尿素氮转化的作用效果

采用室内培养试验,以普通尿素为对照,研究双氰胺(DCD)、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)和缓释尿素在东北黑钙土中对尿素氮转化的作用效果。结果表明,缓释尿素对尿素水解有一定的限制作用。0.5%DMPP对抑制氨氧化作用效果最好,保持低表观硝化率时间最长,硝化抑制率最高,有效作用时间最长,最佳有效抑制时间为42 d,有效作用时间可达63 d,显著好于2%DCD;2%DCD也有显著的抑制效果,保持低表观硝化率时间较长,硝化抑制率较高,最佳抑制时间为35 d,有效作用时间超过56 d,缓释尿素最佳作用时间为7 d,有效作用时间可达35 d。作用效果为添加0.5%DMPP+尿素添加2%DCD+尿素缓释尿素普通尿素。     

Effects of urease and nitrification inhibitors on the efficient use of urea for pastoral systems

Abstract

The humic substances contained in an animal organic waste were extracted and the total extract separated into three humic fractions with different molecular weights (low, F₁ <10³; medium, F₂, with molecular weights ranging from 10³ to 10⁴; and high, F₃ >10⁴). The C content was highest in F₂, the same fraction also showing the lowest N content. The molecular weight of the humic fractions influenced the electrical conductivity, the highest molecular weight resulting in the lowest degree of electrical conductivity. Membrane-controlled ultrafiltra-tion (the method used to separate the various fractions from the whole extract) was also suitable for purifying such enzymes as phosphatase and β-glucosidase: the total activity obtained from the three fractions was considerably greater than that determined in the whole extract, Pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC) applied to the whole extract and humic fractions showed that in the F₃ fraction (highest molecular weight) benzene was the major fragment while furfural was the major fragment of F₁ (lowest molecular weight). For this reason, the humification index benzene/toluene indicates that the fraction with the highest molecular weight was the most humified while the furfural/pyrrole ratio indicates that the fraction with the lowest molecular weight was the most degradable. The whole extract and the fraction F₁ had a negative effect on seed germination when the concentration was equivalent to 100 mg kg^?1 of C, while the germination index was higher than that of the control when only 10 mg kg^?1 were used. The F₂ fraction had a positive effect on germination regardless of the concentration used. When 10 mg kg^?1 of C of the humic substances studied were added to the nutrient solution for growth experiments with maize plants, F₃ led to increases in root weight and F₂ led to increases in shoot weight. An inhibitor effect was observed for fraction F₁.