嘌蛋的运输与管理

嘌蛋技术是我国人工孵化法中的宝贵经验之一，嘌蛋就是将正在孵化的胚蛋从孵化场运送到另一个地方去出雏的一门技术。它比运输种蛋和雏鸡都方便，特别是对于交通不便的偏僻地区，路远的地区更有意义。     

精液的购买运输和贮存

一、精液的定购及运送时间表生产单位在购买精液前 ,需要制定一个精液运送时间表 ,使得其与母猪发情时间一致。这一点是很重要的。精液运送时间表要确保所购买精液 ,在输精液前已保存的时间不超过72小时的精液进行输精配种。如果大部分母猪不可能在这72小时内发情 ,可以通过提早断奶来控制母猪的发情时间 ,也可以通过注射激素来达到同步发情 ,以便于集中供精、输精。二、精液的运输在精液的整个运输过程中 ,一定要确保精液的品质没有多少损伤。猪精液所处的小环境温度控制到一定的范围内是一个工作要点。17℃是最为理想的温度 ,精液所处的环…     

肉种鸡生产中种蛋管理要点

从种蛋孵化出高品质的雏鸡,需要经过种蛋收集、消毒、冷却、储藏、运输和孵化等一系列的生产环节,这些环节的每个步骤都要做好,才不会影响胚胎的正常生长发育。种蛋从产出到孵化都必须保持在卫生洁净的环境中、正确的温湿度条件下,才能获得最理想的孵化率。因此,种蛋管理对内种鸡生产者来讲是至关重要的,在实际生产中应注意以下几点。     

雏鸡运输零死亡的关键环节控制要点

目前规模化孵化场每天向全国各地输送成千上万的雏鸡,每个孵化场都希望在运输途中达到雏鸡零死亡的目标.雏鸡零死亡可以最大程度让养殖客户认可公司雏鸡产品的质量,减少运输过程中意外死亡对公司造成的经济损失,降低因早期雏鸡到场死亡偏高客户投诉率.雏鸡从孵化场运输到客户养殖场内,在整个过程中应该控制好雏鸡的选择、雏鸡的运输、雏鸡到场的安置三大关键环节.     

雏鸡的出壳速度、出壳时间与性别关系的观察

<正> 雏鸡的出壳速度,是指雏鸡从啄壳到完全出壳所需要的时问。雏鸡的出壳时间,是指雏鸡出壳时的胚胎日龄。过去人们认为,雏鸡的出壳速度、出壳时间只受种蛋的来源,品质及孵化条件等因素的影响。本次观察却表明,雏鸡的出壳速度与性别有密切的关     

降低生猪运输损失的关键措施

<正>生猪运输是养猪生产、销售中最重要的工作,怎样才能降低运输过程中因减量、伤残、死亡而带来的损失?安全地把生猪运送到目的地,是每个养猪人、企业都面临的实际问题。要想解决好这个问题,在生猪运输过程中应认真做好以下几个方面的工作。1做好装猪前的准备工作1.1在装猪前1~2 d,对运猪车辆彻底清洗、干燥、消毒,避免生猪在运输过程中被传染上疾病。1.2种猪在装车前1 d饮用电解多维,降低在运输途中产生的应激反应。1.3在装猪的前1 d,把需要运输的猪只打好免     

公猪站到母猪场全流程控制——如何给精液“保鲜”？

将猪精液从公猪站运送到养殖场不仅仅是简单地运送。温度差异和振动只是影响精液质量其中的两个因素。需要跟踪精液从公猪站到猪场的全过程，这个过程会发生什么，需要注意些什么？推荐猪场同行们阅读此文。     

种雏鸡的运输管理

1日龄的雏鸡一般要通过一段距离的运输从孵化场到达养殖场,并在养殖场度过一生。与商品肉鸡相比,父母代雏鸡及祖代雏鸡通常需要更远距离的运输。因此,为了确保雏鸡到达养殖场时能够保持最佳状态．必须营造一个良好的运输环境。     

十二 雏鸡在存放室的管理

雏鸡从拣出到出场，正常情况下要经过24～36小时。但因多种因素的影响，有时经过48小时或96小时仍不能把雏鸡送至饲养场开水开食，被暂时放在雏鸡存放室里。这个阶段的管理看似不太重要，其实不然。因为雏鸡刚刚经过出壳阶段，耗费了大量体力，纤弱的雏体尚未恢复元气，需要在适当的环境条件下才能恢复。此时雏鸡对外界各种刺激抵抗力很差，加上存放室与出雏器环境的差异，给雏鸡带来诸多不利。如稍有刺激，初生雏就会遭受伤害，新陈代谢受阻，生长停滞，诱发病症。在以后的饲养过程中，由此阶段管理不慎而引发的疾病颇多。因此，这个阶段的管理直接影响鸡以后的生长发育、成活率。     

雏鸡在存放室的管理

雏鸡从拣出到出场,正常情况下要经过24～36小时。但因多种因素的影响,有时经过48小时或96小时仍不能把雏鸡送至饲养场开水开食,被暂时放在雏鸡存放室里。这个阶段的管理看似不太重要,其实不然。因为雏鸡刚刚经过出壳阶段,耗费了大量体力,纤弱的雏体尚未恢复元气,需要在适当的环境条件下才能恢复。此时雏鸡对外界各种刺激抵抗力很差,加上存放室与出雏器环境的差异,给雏鸡带来诸多不利。如稍有刺激,初生雏就会遭受伤害,新陈代谢受阻,生长停滞,诱发病症。在以后的饲养过程中,由此阶段管理不慎而引发的疾病颇多。因此,这个阶段的管理直接     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.