杨树冰核细菌溃疡病发生主导因素的研究

通过对杨树感病寄主美×青Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓ ｐｙｒａｍｉｄａｌｉｓ×Ｐ．ｃａｔｈａｙａｎａ分离培养冰核细菌，初步确定春优势种为欧文氏菌Ｅｒｗｉｎｉａ ｓｐ．１个菌株，假单孢菌Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｓｐｐ．３个菌株，室外杨树幼苗接种试验结果表明，冰核细菌引起杨树冻在，诱发肿茎溃疡病，是病害发生的主导因素。     

杨树冰核细菌溃疡病发病主导因素及防治技术(英文)

通过对杨树冰核细菌分离培养、活性测定和室内外接种试验,研究了冰核细菌的种类、分布、数量、致冻性和致病性,结果表明冰核活性(INA)细菌普遍存在于东北地区杨树上,在春秋季节霜冻条件下造成杨树冻害,是杨树冰核活性细菌溃疡病发生的主导因素。通过对不同杨树品种品评调查和人工接种试验,选出了适合东北不同地区的优良杨树抗病品种、品系。壮苗试验表明,将杨树插穗进行沙藏处理和地膜覆盖育苗可避免杨树霜冻害和旱害,减轻冰核细菌对杨树苗木的侵染,又能提高苗木的生长。利用强冰核活性细菌专化性抗血清技术,采用环状界面凝集法可早期检测杨树冰核细菌溃疡病。采用链霉素等诱导剂浸泡杨树插穗进行育苗,有明显的诱导抗病效果。在早春杨树萌芽前喷洒防冻保护剂对该病有一定防治效果。     

杨树冰核细菌溃疡病发生主导因素的研究

通过对杨树感病寄主美×青Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓｐｙｒａｍｉｄａｌｉｓ×Ｐ．ｃａｔｈａｙａｎａ分离培养冰核细菌，初步确定其优势种为欧文氏菌Ｅｒｗｉｎｉａｓｐ．１个菌株，假单孢菌Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐｐ．３个菌株，室外杨树幼苗接种试验结果表明，冰核细菌引起杨树冻害，诱发肿茎溃疡病，是病害发生的主导因素。     

杨树冰核活性细菌溃疡病的病理和生理机制(英文)

在1997-1999年间,利用Bier, X.H、波钦诺克、王敬文、史瑞和等人的研究方法,分别对不同品种杨树如:美×青、A100、小黑14、黑小2、613、北京605等接种冰核活性细菌,并对接种前后树皮含水量、相对膨胀度、木质素、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性、电解质渗出率以及无机元素等进行了测定。结果表明:冰核细菌溃疡病发生后,树皮含水率降低,而膨胀度(RT值)升高;树皮内电解质渗出率增加,而在-4 C和5 C时渗出率最高;木质素的含量也有所增加,且与品种的抗病性呈正相关;苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性也有所增加,且与品种的抗病性呈正相关;Cu、Fe含量显著下降,K、Zn含量显著增加,但Mn、Ca、Mg含量变化不大。     

杨树冰核细菌溃疡病寄主树栖细菌种群相互拮抗关系的研究

“杨树树栖细菌种群”的构成成员之中有引起树木病害的病原细菌。而病原细菌在引起杨树病害时，并非单独起作用，而是有与其他伴生微生物发生着种群演替、协同或排斥等过程，也可能长期潜伏而不致病。     

杨树冰核细菌溃疡病寄主内源激素含量变化研究

感染冰核细菌溃疡病的杨树树皮内源生长素（LAA）和玉米素（蕊）含量要高于未被感染的健壮杨树，而感染冰核细菌溃疡病的杨树树皮内源赤霉素（GA4）和脱落酸（ABA）含量要低于未被感染的健壮杨树。内源激素的变化最终导致感染杨树患病部位肿茎形态结构的形成、略变活跃的生理状态以及抗寒能力的降低。     

刺槐溃疡病发生流行规律的研究

刺槐溃疡病是一种对气象因素比较敏感的流行性病害。对荣成市１９６５－１９９２的的气象资料分析表明，该病的发流行与该地区１月份的降温幅度，６、７月份的降水量，７、８月份气象资料分析表明，该病的发生流行与该地区１月份的降温幅度，６、７月份的降水量，７、８月份的湿度和温度密切相关。     

杨树冰核细菌溃疡病寄主生理生化变化研究(Ⅱ)

感染冰核细菌溃疡病的杨树树皮的果胶质含量比健株略高.病株树皮游离脯氨酸含量在总体水平上要低于健株.病株的单糖含量在25℃以上气温时高于健株,在20℃以下气温时却低于健株;在双糖含量上,基本上是健康植株高于患病植株.在病情轻微的情况下,病株树皮的叶绿素含量要高于健株,但在病情较重的情况下,病害能破坏叶绿素.     

杨树细菌溃疡病的防治措施

杨树细菌溃疡病，危害杨树干部，以人工林为重。溃疡病发生的主导因子是杨树冰核活性细菌，它广泛地存在于自然界中，长期潜伏在寄主上。在春秋季节霜冻条件下造成杨树冻害，并引起肿茎型细菌溃疡病。溃疡病的发生与环境条件相关，主要是温度、土壤类型、年降水量、年相对湿度和日照时数以及树种抗病性、抗逆性的强弱等。春季是该病主要的发生时期，4月开始发病，5～6月第一个发病高峰；7～8月气温升高，发病减缓；9月出现第二个发病高峰，10月以后停止。1-69、1-72杨抗病，46杨较107杨发病早，同一病株，阳面病斑较阴面多。泗县每年发生该病100～200亩。     

CONTROL TECHNIQUE OF BACTERIAL CANKER OF POPLAR

The poplar bacterial canker caused by Erwinia sp is a serious disease spreading inmost parts of Northeast China,where poplars are cultivalted.The disease seriously infects thosepoplars belonging to section Aigeiros or the intersection hybrids of section Tacamahaca and section Aigeiros and their clones.Five fine poplar cultivars resistant to the bacterial canker have been ob-tained by screening tests.They are Lz_2(Populus simonii×nigra var.italica),A_(15)(P.×sp.)613(P.×sp.),A_(102)and A_(98)(P.simonii×sp.)T following chemicals are obviously effective,such as:50％DT germicide ,40％ XF-136 and 10％ C.C.M.A.or 12.5％ ramphencol and 50,000 ppm/mlvalidamycin,with which the stems or roots can be watered.     

Key factors for causing poplar Ice Nucleation Active bacterial canker and its control techniques

The isolation, culture and the active determination of poplar ice nucleation active (INA) bacteria and the inoculation tests in laboratory and field were conducted, and the varieties, distribution and number of poplar INA bacteria and its pathogenicity and freezing injury property were determined. The study results showed that the INA bacteria widely spread on poplar in Northeast China and caused the frozen injury for poplar under the frost condition in Spring or Autumn, which was the key factor to induce INA bacterial canker. Through evaluation and investigation of different poplar varieties and inoculation tests, fine disease-resistant varieties and strains of poplar suitable for Northeast China were selected. Further tests for strong seedling showed that burying cuttings in sand and covering with plastic film could effectively avoid the frostbite, frozen and drought damage, reduce INA bacteria infection, and promote poplar growth. INA bacterial canker was detected early by highly specialized antiserums of INA bacteria and the agglutinated test of ring-shaped boundary surface. The inducers such as streptomycin, phenylmercuric acetae, salicylic acid and heat-killed bacteria to immerse cuttings, have obvious induced disease-resistant effect. Before poplar sprouted in early spring, through spraying the solution of frostbite agent, the control effect also was obvious. Foundation item: This paper was supported by National Foundation of Ninth Five-Year Plan (No.96-005-04-01-03). Biography: XIANG Cun-ti (1933-), male, professor in Collage of Forest Resources and Environment of Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

STUDY ON THE HOST BIOLOGICAL INDUCED RESISTANCE OF BACTERIAL CANKER OF POPLAR

ThefirstrePortabouttheprotectiveeffeetofless-aggrssivestrainswerethatSalamaninoculatedtheless-aggrssivcstrainsofI`tfnchingIobaccoontobaccoandIeaditob-tainpartresistance.ANerthen,thcexistofinducedresistancehavebeenrcPortonseveralkindsofplantssuchasPnIms,(*cstnut.Ma-hl.v.,1tcumis.lIlmus.lI'4'5'7.8.9.l().14.l5.16.I7.l8.1'J2lj.21=4.2s.2f'.=7.2x.3()IThei11ducedresistanceofplantsisassocl-atcdt`,iththeincrcaseofthelc17clofthepllellem*tl1eprocesscsofphellemaredcpcndonthcactivelevcloftheperoxidas…     

Anatomy of bacterial canker onMaackia amurensis var.buergeri

An anatomical study of the canker onMaackia amurensis var.buergeri was carried out. The initial symptoms appeared as a longitudinal series of swellings and slightly swollen bark. First, anatomical abnormalities appeared near the cambial zone. Xylem formation was suppressed and hyperplasia of irregular ray parenchyma cells occurred, then the swellings appeared. The irregular cells increased in number, then, the surface of swollen bark burst. The ruptured swellings coalesced to form long irregular cankers. A part of this paper was presented at the 106th Meeting of the Jpn. For. Soc. (1994).     

冰核细菌对光肩星天牛幼虫促冻杀虫的初步研究

在我国林业生产上,特别是杨树(Populus spp.)栽培中,受到天牛的严重危害,至今尚无经济有效、简单易行的防治方法。为此在系统研究冰核细菌的基础上,探索利用冰核细菌作为促冻杀虫剂,为控制天牛危害提出一项新的措施。研究表明,多数害虫是不耐结冰的,一但体内水分结冰,细胞组织就会受到破坏而导致死亡;一些耐寒昆虫的耐寒性也只是在一定时间内具有,当体内结冰持续时间较长,也会使之死亡。但是一般昆虫都能忍受-10～-15℃的低温而不结冰,这是因为昆虫具有过冷却能力,     

A model of supplying poplar wood for Iranian paper ＆ wood factories

The objective of this research is to design a method for an appropriate alternative to supply poplar wood as raw material for wood and paper factories in Iran.Due to the destruction of the forests and lack of proper plantation,replacement of the forest wood by the fast growing wood is vital to satisfy all requirements of these factories.A hierarchy was used to prioritize benefits,opportunities,costs and risks (BOCR) using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) ratings approach.To evaluate the "control criteria" of the system,a control hierarchy was also created and prioritized by applying the Analytic Network Process (ANP).A total of four major control criteria in the system are prioritized where each one controls a network structure evaluated by using ANP.The final synthesis results of the system showed that internal poplar tree farming supplied by the forest product factories was the best choice among three potential alternatives (factory procurement,external procurement and mix procurement).     

土壤活性有机碳及碳库管理指数对石漠化治理措施的响应

目的 探讨石漠化地区土壤活性有机碳库及土壤碳库管理指数对不同治理措施的响应,为喀斯特地区土地合理利用和石漠化生态治理提供科学依据。 方法 以喀斯特地区3种石漠化治理措施——梯田嵌套鱼鳞坑（NL）、鱼鳞坑（FSP）和梯田（TR）为研究对象,自然坡地为对照(CK),分析不同石漠化治理措施下土壤活性有机碳库及碳库管理指数分布特征。 结果 土壤活性有机碳含量和活性有机碳储量均在不同石漠化治理措施下总体呈鱼鳞坑最高,梯田嵌套鱼鳞坑次之,梯田最低的变化趋势,其中,鱼鳞坑土壤易氧化碳和可溶性碳含量及碳储量显著高于对照和其它石漠化治理措施。土壤碳库管理指数（CPMI）表现为鱼鳞坑措施大于其它2种石漠化治理措施,其中,石漠化治理措施在0～10 cm土层的土壤碳库管理指数均大于100.00%,表明石漠化治理措施提高了喀斯特地区表层土壤质量。 结论 石漠化治理措施显著影响了喀斯特坡地土壤活性有机碳储量。鱼鳞坑措施较梯田和梯田嵌套鱼鳞坑措施土壤活性有机碳储量和碳库质量明显提高。鱼鳞坑措施可作为喀斯特地区石漠化生态恢复优先考虑的治理措施。