阔叶红松林土壤CO2,N2O排放和CH4吸收的研究

为研究凋落物对CO2,N2O排放和CH4吸收的影响,从2002年9月3日到2003年10月30日,采用静态密闭箱技术对长白山阔叶红松林两种类型土壤生态系统的CO2,N2O和CH4的通量进行测定。两种土壤类型分别为表层有凋落物覆盖和没有凋落物覆盖。研究结果表明,凋落物对CO2,N2O和CH4通量有显著性影响(P<0.05)。有凋落物样地的CO2,N2O和CH4通量的日变化趋势和无凋落物样地中三种气体的日变化趋势相似,且CO2,N2O和CH4的日通量峰值都出现在18:00。有凋落物样地的CO2,N2O和CH4通量的季节变化趋势和无凋落物样地中三种气体的季节变化趋势也相似,但在一年之中,CO2和CH4的峰值出现在六月,N2O的峰值却出现在八月。研究结果还表明有凋落物样地CO2,N2O的日排放通量和年均排放通量明显大于无凋落物样地中两种气体的排放通量,但有凋落物样地的CH4日吸收通量和年均排放通量却小于无凋落物样地的CH4吸收通量。     

华南地区4种典型人工林土壤CO_2和CH_4通量研究

采用静态箱/气相色谱分析技术对中国科学院鹤山丘陵综合开放试验站尾叶桉纯林(Eucalyptus urophylla,EUp)、厚荚相思纯林(Acacia crassicarpa,ACp)、10个树种混交林(Tp)和30个树种混交林(THp)4种林型的土壤CO2和CH4排放通量进行了原位测定,研究纯林和混交林对土壤温室气体排放的影响。结果表明:4种林型土壤都是CO2的源,但对CH4而言,可能是源,也可能是汇。CO2和CH4排放通量季节波动幅度较大;4种林型土壤CO2和CH4通量在湿季均维持较高水平;峰值均出现在湿季,旱季则趋于降低,且相对稳定。由于EUp和ACp纯林土壤微生物碳(Microbial Biomass Carbon,MBC)比混交林高,导致Eup(130.67 mg.m-2.h-1)和Acp(134.65 mg.m-2.h-1)土壤CO2通量显著高于Tp(111.39 mg.m-2.h-1)和THp(108.53 mg.m-2.h-1)。在4种林型中,尾叶桉和厚荚相思对土壤NO3-N和NH4-N快速吸收,土壤CH4排放通量较低。土壤温度、湿度、MBC、NO3-N和NH4-N都是影响土壤CO2和CH4...     

森林土壤N_2O产生与排放影响因子研究进展

影响森林土壤N2O产生和排放的主要因子为土壤理化性质(如土壤温度、土壤含水量、pH值以及土壤C/N等),同时,森林类型以及环境干扰(如氮沉降、土地利用/土地覆被变化等)也会影响土壤N2O产生和排放。文中首先论述了土壤N2O产生机制,然后综述了目前国内外关于上述影响因子对土壤N2O产生和排放影响的研究结果,最后提出未来应重点研究的方向。     

外源氮输入下纳帕海沼泽湿地N_2O排放特征的初步研究

该文选取滇西北纳帕海沼泽湿地常见植物茭草(Zizania caduciflora)和水葱(Scirpus validus)群落湿地为研究对象,通过培养试验,研究了温度变化和植物生长与N2O排放通量的关系,及3个不同氮输入水平[0、20、40g/m2]下茭草和水葱群落湿地N2O的排放特征。结果表明:在培养过程中,适量的氮输入促进了湿地N2O的排放,但是过高的氮输入对湿地N2O的排放产生了一定的抑制作用。茭草和水葱群落湿地在各氮处理水平下的N2O排放速率随培养时间的变化显著相似(p<0.05)。茭草和水葱群落湿地在不同氮输入水平下的N2O损失量均明显高于对照,且茭草群落湿地各氮处理水平下的N2O损失量均高于水葱群落湿地。说明茭草群落湿地对氮素释放和转移能力强于水葱群落湿地。湿地N2O的排放与温度变化和植物的生物量增长都存在相关性(p<0.05)。但湿地N2O的排放受许多环境因素的综合影响,是一个复杂的过程,氮输入对N2O排放的影响机理需进一步研究。     

农田N_2O排放机制及影响因素研究

指出了土壤产生N2O主要机理是硝化和反硝化作用,土壤的物理化学性质以及农田管理措施等因素对N2O的产生和排放有显著影响。重点阐述了农田N2O的排放机制,并分析了土壤质地、pH值、温度、含水量、肥料类型、施肥方式以及作物和耕作制度等对农田土壤产生和排放N2O的影响。     

中国森林火灾释放的CO_2、CO和CH_4研究

在对各省火灾统计资料和生物量估计的数据基础上 ,用排放因子法和排放比法 ,得出中国森林火灾释放的CO2 、CO和CH4 年平均分别为 8 96TgC/a、1 1 2TgC/a和 0 1 0 9TgC/a,其中林下植物和地表枯落物的贡献分别为 39%、4 7%和 4 0 %。各省年平均森林火灾释放的CO2 、CO和CH4 量主要是由火灾受害面积决定的 ,森林火灾较多的黑龙江、云南和内蒙古的这 3种气体的排放量占全国的 80 %以上。森林火灾释放的CO2 和CH4 分别为全国所有源排放的 1 2 %和 0 35%。中国年平均森林火灾释放的CO2 、CO和CH4 量分别为全球森林火灾排放量的 0 3 %、0 5%和 0 0 1 %。     

亚热带典型丘陵坡地马尾松林土壤N2O的年通量特征

由人类活动所造成的大气中温室气体浓度急剧增加而引起的全球气候变暖和环境变化已引起全世界的广泛关注。氧化亚氮(N2O)是仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的一种温室气体,在大气中含量较低却十分稳定,具有较大的增温潜能(其单分子的增温潜能是CO2的310倍)和较快的浓度增加速率(以每年0.25%的速率增加)(IPCC,2007)。N2O可吸收红外线,减少地球表面通过大气向外层空间的热辐射,导致地球表面温度增加。N2O能参与大气中许多光化学反应,破坏臭氧层(Crutzen,1970),导致到达地球表面的紫外线明显增加,给人类健康和生态环境带来多方面的危害。     

北京低山区两种人工林土壤中N2O排放通量的研究

N2 O是一种重要的温室气体 ,其主要的排放源是土壤。本研究采用静态封闭箱式技术在 1997～1998年对北京西山低山区元宝枫和油松人工林地土壤中N2 O的排放通量进行了原位测定。研究结果表明该地区森林土壤为大气N2 O气体的一个重要的源 ,年平均排放通量为 3 16 μg·m- 2 h- 1 ,变动范围为 - 1 2～ 7 92μg·m- 2 h- 1 。林地土壤N2 O的排放有较明显的季节变化趋势 ;夏季最高 ,春秋季次之 ,冬季最低甚至出现负值。排放通量的大小主要决定于土壤温度、土壤湿度及测定时前 5d内降水量等因子。研究还表明N2 O的排放通量有一定的日变化趋势 ;6 :0 0出现最低点 ,9:0 0和 18:0 0出现最高点     

增温和氮添加对中亚热带杉木人工林土壤氮矿化和N2O排放的影响

目的 研究增温和氮沉降对中亚热带森林土壤氮矿化和氧化亚氮（N2O）排放的影响,以期深入认识全球变化背景下中亚热带森林土壤氮循环过程。 方法 选取经过野外增温和氮添加处理的中亚热带杉木人工林土壤,将野外非增温处理和增温处理的土壤置于不同温度（20、25 ℃）培养箱中,同时对野外氮添加处理的土壤继续添加不同梯度的氮素（0.1、0.2 g·kg−1,以干土计）,进行为期28 d的室内培养,研究增温和氮添加对土壤氮矿化和N2O排放的影响。 结果 与对照相比,增温和氮添加及二者交互处理增加了土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和矿质氮含量,且氮添加水平越高增加越明显,增温处理增加不显著。与对照相比,培养28 d后增温处理的土壤净铵化速率、净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率变化不显著,低氮、增温 + 低氮显著增加土壤净硝化速率,而高氮、增温 + 高氮显著降低土壤净氮矿化速率。与对照相比,增温和氮添加及二者交互处理总体降低土壤N2O排放速率,土壤N2O累积排放量也显著降低（P<0.05）,其中,单独增温、低氮、高氮、增温 + 低氮和增温 + 高氮处理土壤N2O累积排放量显著低于对照50%、21%、29%、62%和31%。增温和氮添加及二者交互处理显著降低土壤pH值。相关性分析表明：土壤N2O排放速率与土壤pH值呈显著正相关,与硝化速率呈显著负相关,而与土壤铵化速率无显著相关。 结论 增温和氮添加降低土壤pH值,同时抑制土壤N2O排放,因此,全球变化背景下中亚热带森林土壤中存留的硝态氮可能以淋溶方式损失。     

4种寒温带兴安落叶松林土壤CO_2,CH_4和N_2O排放通量特征

利用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究大兴安岭4种典型落叶松林(藓类-兴安落叶松林、杜香-兴安落叶松林、草类-兴安落叶松林和杜鹃-兴安落叶松林)在生长季主要温室气体(CO_2、CH_4和N_2O)排放通量特征及与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明:4种落叶松林均为CO_2的排放源,平均排放通量分别为45.88(藓类-兴安落叶松林)、38.68(杜香-兴安落叶松林)、54.54(草类-兴安落叶松林)和62.98(杜鹃-兴安落叶松林) mg·m~(-2)h~(-1)。其中杜鹃-兴安落叶松林排放通量最高,4种林型土壤CO_2排放通量均与土壤温度呈显著正相关。CH_4平均排放通量依次为0.089(藓类-兴安落叶松林)、-0.037(杜香-兴安落叶松林)、0.004(草类-兴安落叶松林)和-0.03(杜鹃-兴安落叶松林)mg·m~(-2)h~(-1),藓类-兴安落叶松林和草类-兴安落叶松林为CH_4的源,另2种林型表现为CH_4的汇。其中藓类-兴安落叶松林贡献了该地区95%以上的CH_4排放量。草类-兴安落叶松林和杜鹃-兴安落叶松林与土壤温度存在显著相关性。藓类-兴安落叶松林和杜香-兴安落叶松林与土壤有机碳呈显著负相关。4种林型中仅杜鹃-兴安落叶松林土壤CH_4排放通量与5 cm深土壤含水量存在显著相关性。N_2O平均排放通量依次为0.007 3(藓类-兴安落叶松林)、0.012(杜香-兴安落叶松林)、0.009 3(草类-兴安落叶松林)和-0.0003(杜鹃-兴安落叶松林)mg·m~(-2)h~(-1),表现为N_2O的源(杜鹃除外)。不同月份N_2O排放通量研究结果显示,该地区4种林型N_2O的排放主要集中在夏末和秋季。影响N_2O排放通量的环境因子因林型而异,其中草类-兴安落叶松林与10 cm土壤温度呈显著正相关,与全氮、碱解氮和有机碳呈显著负相关;杜鹃-兴安落叶松林与土壤温度和土壤含水量均呈显著正相关性;藓类-兴安落叶松林和杜香-兴安落叶松林分别与土壤全氮和有机碳存在显著相关性,与土壤温度、含水量、pH值无显著相关性。     

Effects of soil moisture and temperature on CH4 oxidation and N2O emission of forest soil

IntroductionMethane (CH4) and Nitrous oxide (NZO) are tWoimportant greenhouse gases that also play an important role in photochemical reactions in atmosphere.The global warming potential of CH4 and NZO areestimated tO be about 62 and 290 times that of carbon dioxide respeCtively. The concentration of thesegases have been increasing rapidly since the start ofthe industrial age, currently at rate of about 1% and0.25% per year respeCtively (Lelieveld et al. 1993),and 70%-90% of these gases …     

Effects of soil moisture and temperature on CH4 oxidation and N2O emission of forest soil

Soil samples were taken from depth of 0–12 cm in the virgin broad-leaved/Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain in April, 2000. 20 μL·L⁻¹ and 200 μL·L⁻¹ CH₄ and N₂O concentration were supplied for analysis. Laboratory study on CH₄ oxidation and N₂O emission in forest soil showed that fresh soil sample could oxidize atmospheric methane and product N₂O. Air-dried soil sample could not oxidize atmospheric methane, but could product N₂O. However, it could oxidize the supplied methane quickly when its concentration was higher than 20 μL·L⁻¹. The oxidation rate of methane was increased with its initial concentration. An addition of water to dry soil caused large pulse of N₂O emissions within 2 hours. There were curvilinear correlations between N₂O emission and temperature (r²=0.706, p<0.05), and between N₂O emission and water content (r²=0.2968, p <0.05). These suggested temperature and water content were important factors controlling N₂O emission. The correlation between CH₄ oxidization and temperature was also found while CH₄ was supplied 200 μL·L⁻¹ (r²=0.3573, p<0.05). Temperature was an important factor controlling CH₄ oxidation. However, when 20 μL·L⁻¹ CH₄ was supplied, there was no correlation among CH₄ oxidization, N₂O emission, temperature and water content. Foundation item: This paper was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: ZHANG Xiu-jun (1960-), female, Ph. Doctor, lecture in Laboratory of Ecological Process of Trace Substance in Terrestrial Ecosystem, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110015, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Factors controlling N2O and CH4 fluxes in mixedbroad-leaved/Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountain, China

IntroductionTheincreasinggreenhousegasconcentrationshavereceivedmuchattention.TwoofthesegasesthatscientistsareveryconcernedaboutareN2oandCH`,becauseoftheirrapidincreaseandtheirim-portantchemistryintheatmosphere(Bouwman199o).ThemoIecuIegIobalwarmingpotentialofN2OandCH4areabout58and2o6timesthanthatofCO2.Inaddition,atmosphericconcentrationsofN2OandCH`areincreasingatahnualratesofo.25%ando.9%respectively(HoughtonetaI1992).Forestecosystemhasbeenknownasanimportantterres-trialecosystemattheasp…     

Nitrous oxide emissions from three temperate forest types in the Qinling Mountains,China

To understand soil N2O fluxes from temperate forests in a climate-sensitive transitional zone,N2O emissions from three temperate forest types(Pinus tabulaeformis,PTT;Pinus armandii,PAT;and Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata,QAT)were monitored using the static closed-chamber method from June 2013 to May 2015 in the Huoditang Forest region of the Qinling Mountains,China.The results showed that these three forest types acted as N2O sources,releasing a mean combined level of 1.35±0.56 kg N2O ha^-1 a^-1,ranging from0.98±0.37 kg N2O ha^-1 a^-1 in PAT to 1.67±0.41 kg N2O ha^-1 a^-1 in QAT.N2O emission fluctuated seasonally,with highest levels during the summer for all three forest types.N2O flux had a significantly positive correlation with soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm or in the water-filled pore space,where the correlation was stronger for temperature than for the water-filled pore space.N2O flux was positively correlated with available soil nitrogen in QAT and PAT.Our results indicate that N2O flux is mainly controlled by soil temperature in the temperate forest in the Qinling Mountains.     

Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from drained coniferous forests on organic soils

Fluxes of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O were measured during two to three years at four sites, located within an area of 9 km² in southern Sweden, using dark static chamber techniques. Three of the sites were drained coniferous forests on moist organic soils that differed in forest productivity and tree species. The fourth site was an undrained tall sedge mire. Although the drained sites were all moist, with average groundwater levels between 17 and 27 cm below the soil surface, the mean annual dark forest floor CO₂ release rate was significantly higher at the drained sites, (0.9–1.9 kg m⁻² y⁻¹) than at the undrained mire site (0.8 to 1.2 kg m⁻² y⁻¹). CH₄ emissions were significantly lower from the drained sites than from the undrained mire (0.0 to 1.6 g m⁻² y⁻¹, compared to 10.6 to 12.2 g m⁻² y⁻¹), while N₂O emissions were significantly lower from the undrained site than from the drained sites (20 to 30 mg m⁻² y⁻¹, compared to 30 to 90 mg m⁻² y⁻¹). There were no clear effects of site productivity or tree species on the soil fluxes of any of the gases. The annual net primary production of the forests was modeled. All drained sites were net sinks, while the undrained mire was a net source of greenhouse gases. The estimated net greenhouse gas exchange of the drained sites was correlated with productivity: the most productive site was the largest net sink and the least productive the smallest net sink for greenhouse gases. The results indicate that, to mitigate the increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases, drained forest sites, which have been unsuccessfully drained or rewetted due to subsidence, should be managed in a way that keeps the groundwater level at a steady state.     

Nitrification and denitrification as sources of gaseous nitrogen emission from different forest soils in Changbai Mountain

The contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N₂O and N₂ emissions from four forest soils on northern slop of Changbai Mountain were measured with acetylene inhibition methods. In incubation experiments, 0.06% and 3% C₂H₂ were used to inhibit nitrification and denitrification in these soils, respectively. Both nitrification and denitification existed in these soils except tundra soil, where only denitrification was found. The annually averaged rates of nitrification and denitrification in mountain dark brown forest soil were much higher than that in other three soils. In mountain brown coniferous soil, contributions of different processes to gaseous nitrogen emissions were Denitrification N₂O>nitrification N₂O>Denitrification N₂. The same sequence exists in mountain soddy soil as that in the mountain brown coniferous soil. The sequence in mountain tundra soil was Denitrification N₂O>Denitrification N₂. Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.49701016) and the “Hundred Scientists” Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: XU Hui (1967-), male, Ph. Doctor, associate research fellow in Laboratory of Ecological Process of Trace Substance in Terrestrial Ecosystem, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of sciences, Shenyang 110015, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Estimation of the carbon storage of forest vegetation and carbon emission from forest fires in Heilongjiang Province,China

The forest resource of Heilongjiang province has important position in china. On the basis of the six times of national forest inventory data （1973-1976, 1977-1981, 1985-1988, 1989-1993, 1994-1998, 1999-2003） surveyed by the Forestry Ministry of P. R. China from 1973 to 2003, the carbon storage of forests in Heilongjiang Province are estimated by using the method of linear relationship of each tree species between biomass and volume. The results show that the carbon storage of Heilongjiang forests in the six periods （1973-1976, 1977-1981, 1985-1988, 1989-1993, 1994-1998, 1999-2003） are 7.164×10^8 t, 4.871×10^8 t, 5.094×10^8 t, 5.292×10^8 t, 5.594×10^8 t and 5.410×10^8 t, respectively., which showed a trend of decreasing in early time and then increasing. It indicated that Heilongjiang forests play an important role as a sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide during past 30 years. Based on the data of forest fires from 1980 to 1999 and ground biomass estimation for some forest types in Heilongjiang Province, it is estimated that the amount of mean annual consumed biomass of forests is 391758.65t-522344.95t, accounting for 6.4%-8.4% of total national consummation from forest fires, and the amount of carbon emission is 176 291.39t-235 055.23t, about 8% of total national emission from forest fires. The emission of CO2, CO, CH4 and NMHC from forest fires in Heilongjiang Province are estimated at 581761.6-775682.25 t, 34892.275-46523.04 t, 14091.11-18788.15 t and 6500-9000 t, respectively, every year.     

温带森林系统中碳矿化和氮氧化释放的温度依赖性研究

测定森林土壤中的CO2 和N2O 的释放,在评价森林平衡大气中CO2 和N2O的作用方面有着重要的意义.为了量化立地对净碳矿化和N2O氮释放温度依赖性的影响,在德国的索尔森林,调查了三毛举林,挪威云杉和混合林三种相邻的地被物,并进行了3个月不同温度的培养试验.结果表明,3种森林地被物的净碳矿化率和N2O氮的释放量随温度上升呈现指数性增长.在一定温度范围内(1(20oC),利用温度系数函数(Q10)拟合通量率来描述森林地被物的温度敏感性.各试验点的森林地被物的温度敏感性拟合曲线与净碳矿化和N2O氮释放率都显正相关.各试验林的全部数据表明,每个单位的净碳矿化和N2O氮释放的温度系数函数值(Q10)分别为1.73(2.10和2.81(3.58,可用以描述试验地净碳矿化和N2O氮释放率对温度的依赖性.在三毛举和云杉的单一树种和混合种中,净碳矿化率 和N2O 氮释放率的温度依赖性没有明显的差异,表明净净碳矿化率和N2O 氮释放量不受不同树种凋落物质量的影响.     

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from mature forest stands in the boreal forest, Saskatchewan, Canada

Despite the spatial significance of Canada's boreal forest, there is very little known about CH₄ and N₂O emissions from non-peatlands within it. The primary objective of this project was to study the atmosphere–soil exchange of CH₄ and N₂O at three sites in the boreal forest of central Saskatchewan. In the summers of 2006 and 2007, CH₄ and N₂O emissions were measured along transects in three different mature forest stands (aspen, black spruce and jack pine) using a sealed chamber method. At the aspen site, the gross rates of mineralization and nitrification, and the relative contribution of nitrification and denitrification to N₂O emissions, were also measured using the ¹⁵N isotope dilution technique. Results indicated that the jack pine and black spruce sites were slight sinks of CH₄ (−0.123 g CH₄–C m⁻² yr⁻¹and −0.017 g CH₄–C m⁻² yr⁻¹ respectively in 2006 and −0.095 g CH₄–C m⁻² yr⁻¹and 0.045 g CH₄–C m⁻² yr⁻¹ respectively in 2007), whereas the aspen site was a net source (4.40 g CH₄–C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in 2006 and 19.60 g CH₄–C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in 2007). The high CH₄ emissions at the aspen site occurred at depressions that were water-filled due to above-average precipitation levels in 2005–2007. All three sites had very low cumulative N₂O emissions, ranging from −0.002 to 0.014 g N₂O–N m⁻² yr⁻¹ in both years. The ¹⁵N results indicated that N cycling at the aspen site was very conservative, allowing little N to escape the system as N₂O; the emissions that did occur were due primarily to a nitrification-related process.