针阔混交林培育效果的研究

通过对辽东山区低产，低质天然次生林采取栽针保阔，人工诱导等经营措施，加速了天然次生林的演替进程，已诱导成垂直结构合理，能充分利用空间和光能的各类类型针阔混交林。人工诱导的异龄复层阔叶红松林，20a生林分总产量高达71．791－74.228m^3/hm^2；人工诱导的同龄阔叶红松林19a生时达48.897-52.400m^3/hm^2；皆改人工营造的针阔混交林16a生时达30.486-73.884m^3/hm^2。     

广东省针阔混交林直径分布规律研究

基于2012年广东省森林资源连续清查样地和样木调查数据,分析广东省针阔混交林直径分布特征,应用Weibull分布函数分别按全林分、不同起源、不同龄组和不同林分密度对省域尺度的针阔混交林林木直径分布进行了拟合和卡方检验。结果表明,在SPSS和Matlab软件中拟合出的15个模型中有10个能够较好地由Weibull分布函数模拟,多模型较好地表达了起源、龄组、林分密度等主要林分因子的针阔混交林林木直径分布。但纯天然起源、人工植苗、幼龄林、中龄林、林分密度为1 000~1 500株/hm2和2 000~3 000株/hm2的针阔混交林林木直径分布模型因受人为干扰,Weibull拟合效果不理想,需进一步尝试其它抗干扰模型。     

冀北山地针阔混交林林下植物多样性研究

通过对2种混交林林下物种多样性丰富度进行比较研究,结果表明:(1)落桦混交林(华北落叶松+白桦)灌木丛中榛子是最优势的灌木,而油松+蒙古栎混交林灌木丛以三裂叶绣线菊为最优势的灌木;落桦混交林灌木层主要植被种类与油松+蒙古栎混交林相比较少。(2)落桦混交林草本层草乌头、牛蒡为优势种,油松+蒙古栎混交林具有优势的草本为细叶苔草与林地早熟禾;落桦混交林草本层组成种类较少,而油松+蒙古栎混交林草本层组成植被种类较丰富。(3)落桦混交林物种丰富度比油松+蒙古栎混交林要低,2种林分的灌木层Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数均比草本层要低,说明灌木层的多样性要比草本层低;2种林分的灌木层Pielou指数均比草本层要低,说明灌木层的均匀度要比草本层低。     

粤北针阔混交林不同器官碳氮磷钾的生态化学计量特征

目的 为充分了解粤北地区针阔叶混交林碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）元素在树木不同器官中的分配格局及其生态化学计量特征,以期揭示粤北地区南亚热带针阔混交林中树木不同器官的养分平衡机理及环境适应机制,为合理经营管理南亚热带森林生态系统提供科学依据。 方法 以广东南雄小流坑－青嶂山省级自然保护区的木荷、南酸枣、米槠、杉木、马尾松5个主要树种为研究对象,分析比较不同树种枝、叶、根、干的养分元素含量、生态化学计量特征及其C、N、P、K含量和计量比之间的相关关系。 结果 5个树种不同器官的N、P、K元素含量均表现为叶最高,干最低,根、枝居中;5个树种不同器官的C:N、C:P、C:K均表现为干最高,叶最低,根、枝居中。5个树种叶的平均C、N、P、K含量分别为512.04、14.29、0.74、10.30 mg·g−1,且叶的N、P、K含量与其他器官存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。相关性分析表明：树木具有复杂的内在协调机制。 结论 粤北针阔混交林树种不同器官的C含量较高,但N、P、K元素较缺乏,树木生长主要受P限制;米槠、南酸枣、杉木具有较高的P利用能力,且南酸枣具有更合理的养分分配格局,有利于在群落竞争中保持优势地位。     

长白山云冷杉针阔混交林年龄结构研究

保证幼苗幼树的林下更新是森林可持续发展的必要条件之一,了解和确定幼树幼苗的更新株数标准是很有必要的,这就需要了解林分从幼树幼苗到大径阶林木完整的林分结构.用1988年调查的4块长白山云冷杉针阔混交林皆伐标准地的幼树幼苗数据和大于检尺径阶林木数据,对林分的年龄结构进行了研究.比较了只用大于检尺林木数据建立的年龄分布与所有林木数据建立的年龄分布之间的区别,并用负指数分布、Weibull分布和幂函数对年龄结构进行了拟合.用胸径≥7 cm的林木数据得到的长白山云冷杉针阔混交林年龄结构呈偏左正态分布,用所有林木数据得到的年龄结构呈反J型分布,龄级35 a以后两者的分布形状相似.通过拟合时的R2和预估值的x2检验结果发现,Weibull分布对林分结构的拟合效果最好,其次是幂函数,负指数分布最差.但Weibull分布也不是最理想的分布函数,虽然R2达到了0.996,但x2=297.24大于xo.05 =42.557,这可能和数据数量的多少有关.     

怀化市鹤城区针阔混交林林分结构研究

以怀化市鹤城区针阔混交林为研究对象,选择具有代表性的11块20 m×20 m标准地,进行树种组成结构分析,并利用Weibull分布函数开展直径分布研究。结果表明:(1)标准地内乔木层阔叶树以檫木、枫香、木荷为主,针叶树以杉木、马尾松、柏木为主。林木总蓄积量比重值位于前5位的树种是:杉木、枫香、马尾松、楠木、檫木,分别占总蓄积量的18.52%、18.36%、18.13%、12.88%、12.70%。(2)林分直径结构分析表明,树木直径分布曲线均呈不规则单山峰状曲线,应用Weibull分布函数拟合反映直径分布,并进行x2检验,效果比较理想。(3)各标准地林分的混交度均值都大于0.7,各优势树种的平均混交度比较高,按从大到小排序为马尾松杉木木荷檫木苦槠白栎枫香楠木柏木。     

东北针阔混交林生物量动态过程及稳定性研究

目的 探讨东北地区混交林地上生物量动态过程驱动因子,以准确理解森林服务和功能。 方法 基于东北金沟岭林场的110块固定样地,描述了1987—2017年的森林动态变化过程。利用分段结构方程模型来评估森林结构、气候、地形和多样性对地上生物量的森林动态过程（生长、进界和死亡）的影响,并进一步探究生物量动态过程对稳定性的作用。 结果 表明,生物量生长量受到林分断面积（β=0.562）、海拔（β=0.853）和年均温（β=0.820）的正向影响,与胸径基尼系数呈负相关（β=-0.274）。生物量进界增长量随海拔（β=0.913）、年均温（β=0.944）的增加而增加,与胸径变异系数呈显著负相关（β=-0.233）。生物量死亡损失量只与林分断面积（β=0.467）呈显著正相关。另外,本研究还发现,死亡是影响森林生物量稳定性的最重要因素。 结论 总体来看,海拔和年均温是林分生物量变化的重要驱动因素,以后要更加关注死亡树木的情况,从而更好地进行森林经营。     

森林生态系统重金属污染和富集研究进展(Ⅱ)--森林植物中重金属富集与污染及其生物效应

文章重点论述了重金属在森林植被中富集的特点以及植物遭受重金属污染后的生理变化及生长反应。     

森林生态系统植物重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd)污染研究进展

综述了国内外有关森林生态系统中植物重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd)污染的研究现状以及植物在重金属监测与防治中作用,并对今后的研究方向提出了一些看法。     

流溪河小流域针阔混交林林冠降雨截留模型研究

以流溪河流域针阔混交林为研究对象,对林分样地进行降雨截留实测与模拟研究.结果表明:林内穿透雨量与降雨量呈线性相关;穿透系数与降雨量呈对数相关;林冠截留量与降雨量呈幂函数相关;截留率与降雨量呈对数相关.以降雨强度、穿透系数和树干茎流率数据为基础,进行了林冠截留量模型模拟,实测表明该模型能较准确地估算针阔混交林分的林冠截留量.     

Possible emissions of N2O from plants in coniferous-deciduous mixed forests

Aboveground vertical profiles of N₂O concentrations were measured within two natural coniferous-deciduous mixed forests of 1998 and 1999 in Changbal Mountain. Significant high N₂O concentrations were found in six profiles out of twelve profiles. The results showed that high concentrations were 3.03% to 64.9% higher than the “normal concentrations” in these six profiles. Differences between the high concentrations and the “normal concentrations” were statistically significant. The simultaneous occurrence of high concentrations at/nearby the canopy height and normal concentrations at the trunk space height indicated an efflux of N₂O from portant source of atmospheric N₂O in a forest ecosystem. Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (23916261) and the “Hundred Scientists” Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: XU Hui (1967-), male, Ph. Doctor, associate research fellow in Laboratory of Ecological Process of Trace Substance in Terrestrial Ecosystem, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110015 P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Slow responses of understory plants of maple-dominated forests to white-tailed deer experimental exclusion

We examined the response of understory plants in mature maple-dominated forests of southern Québec, Canada, following about 30 years of high deer densities, using a deer exclosure experiment. An exclosure and a paired control of 625 m² each were established on six sites in 1998. An exclosure and a paired control of 16 m² were added at each of the same sites in 2003 but under a recent canopy gap to determine if light could enhance plant responses. We measured plant richness and abundance, and aboveground biomass of different plant groups for 8 years in the understory plots and for 3 years in the canopy gaps. Four herbaceous species were also monitored individually in the same plots. No significant differences between treatments were found in plots under forest cover, except for lateral obstruction at 0–50 cm height which was higher in the exclosures. Under canopy gaps, however, tree seedling and total plant abundance were higher in deer exclosures than in control plots. Trillium erectum recovered partially as individuals were taller, had larger leaves and more frequently produced a flower or a fruit in the absence of deer browsing under forest cover. To a lesser extent, Erythronium americanum and Maianthemum canadense also exhibited signs of recovery but were still at the single-leaf stage after 8 years of recovery. In general, the different plant groups exhibited little recovery following deer exclusion, possibly because of the low light levels that prevailed in the understory of undisturbed maple-dominated forests. The higher latitude of the present study could also contribute to the slow recovery rates of the different groups of plants compared to studies conducted in northeastern USA. Variability among sites and years had an effect on detection of statistically significant differences. Trends are however appearing over time, suggesting that many understory plants are recovering very slowly following deer exclusion. Our results emphasize the importance of studying large herbivore–forest interactions on different groups of plants, but also on specific species, and under different latitudes to be fully understood.     

Plant biological diversity in natural secondary forests on Mao'er Mountains

IntroductionBioIogicaIdiversityorbiodiversityisthecharacter-isticsofdiverseandlivingentitygrouporcIass.Therearemanydifferenttypesfromgene,cell,individuaI,species,communitytoecosystem.It'sthebasiccharacteristicofIivingsystem(Solbrig1991).Biodi-versityincIudesalIthespeciesandecosystemsofplants,animalsandmicrobes,asweIlastheecologi-calprocessoftheecosystem(McNeelyetal199O).Thisscientifictermconsistsofquantityandfre-quency.Generally,biodiversityisdividedintogeneticbiodi-versity,speciesbiodiv…     

Climate change and nature conservation in Central European forests: A review of consequences, concepts and challenges

With a predicted rise in average global surface temperature at an unprecedented rate, as well as changes in precipitation and disturbance regimes, climate change will bring forth new challenges for nature conservation in forest ecosystems. Species and habitats to be protected will be affected as well as related concepts and area specific objectives. Climate change impacts are likely to be aggravated by other anthropogenic stresses such as fragmentation, deposition or habitat destruction. To be reliable and effective, current objectives and guidelines of forest conservation need to be reassessed and improved. Our study analyses possible impacts of climate change on forests and identifies key future challenges for nature conservation in forests and ecosystem research. We reviewed 130 papers on climate change impacts on forest ecosystems and species published between 1995 and 2010. The geographical focus of the study is Central Europe. Papers were analysed accounting for direct and indirect impacts of gradual changes as well as stochastic disturbance events in forest ecosystems and their possible consequences for nature conservation.Even though broader aspects of nature conservation (protected areas, biodiversity) are frequently mentioned, little attention is given to forest-specific nature conservation. Particular aspects are insufficiently represented, such as the influence of climate change on different forest succession stages, the development of dead wood volume and quality, responses of secondary broadleaved species, azonal or extrazonal forests as well as ancient woodlands or remnants of historical silvicultural systems. Challenges arise in the context of great uncertainties about future developments. Nature conservation concepts and objectives in forests need to be adapted either within a permanent evaluation process or through the inclusion of further changes a priori, even if they are to some extent unpredictable. In some cases adaptation measures within nature conservation (e.g. adjusting protected areas) may conflict with interests of other stakeholders. Further research, particularly on interrelations between different impacts and the adaptive capacity of current forest ecosystems, associated species and existing genotypes is urgently needed. The scale and complexity of the task at hand calls for the establishment and further strengthening of international research networks.     

Influence of plant communities and soil properties on trace gas fluxes in riparian northern hardwood forests

Wetlands contribute significant amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, yet little is known about what variables control gas emissions from these ecosystems. There is particular uncertainty about forested riparian wetlands, which have high variation in plant and soil properties due to their location at the interface between land and water. We investigated the fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and methane (CH₄) and associated understory vegetation and soil parameters at five northern hardwood riparian sites in the Adirondack Park, NY, USA. Gas fluxes were measured in field chambers 4 times throughout the summer of 2008. CO₂ flux rates ranged from 0.01 to 0.10 g C m⁻² h⁻¹, N₂O fluxes ranged from −0.27 to 0.65 ng N cm⁻² h⁻¹ and CH₄ flux rates ranged from −1.44 to 3.64 mg CH₄ m⁻² d⁻¹. Because we observed both production and consumption of N₂O and CH₄, it was difficult to discern relationships between flux and environmental parameters such as soil moisture and pH. However, there were strong relationships between ecosystem-scale variables and flux. For example, CO₂ and N₂O flux rates were most strongly related to percent plant cover, i.e., the site with the lowest vegetation cover had the lowest CO₂ and highest N₂O emissions. These ecosystem-scale predictive relationships suggest that there may be prospects for scaling information on trace gas fluxes up to landscape and regional scales using information on the distribution of ecosystem or soil types from remote sensing or geographic information system data.     

Nitrification and denitrification as sources of gaseous nitrogen emission from different forest soils in Changbai Mountain

The contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N₂O and N₂ emissions from four forest soils on northern slop of Changbai Mountain were measured with acetylene inhibition methods. In incubation experiments, 0.06% and 3% C₂H₂ were used to inhibit nitrification and denitrification in these soils, respectively. Both nitrification and denitification existed in these soils except tundra soil, where only denitrification was found. The annually averaged rates of nitrification and denitrification in mountain dark brown forest soil were much higher than that in other three soils. In mountain brown coniferous soil, contributions of different processes to gaseous nitrogen emissions were Denitrification N₂O>nitrification N₂O>Denitrification N₂. The same sequence exists in mountain soddy soil as that in the mountain brown coniferous soil. The sequence in mountain tundra soil was Denitrification N₂O>Denitrification N₂. Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.49701016) and the “Hundred Scientists” Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: XU Hui (1967-), male, Ph. Doctor, associate research fellow in Laboratory of Ecological Process of Trace Substance in Terrestrial Ecosystem, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of sciences, Shenyang 110015, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Fire-induced carbon emissions from tropical mixed broad-leaved forests of the Terai-Siwalik region,central Nepal

Forest fires are one of the major environmen-tal issues globally.In Nepal,substantial amounts of forest biomass and carbon are lost due to fire.Nepal's high val...     

Medicinal plants in old-growth, degraded and re-growth forests of NW Pakistan

Many old-growth forest stands in northwest Pakistan have been structurally transformed as a consequence of logging and livestock grazing, some of which are thereafter left to secondary succession. These forests represent an important resource for local inhabitants who gather and sell medicinal plants as part of their livelihood. With this in mind, the main objectives of our study were: (1) to assess differences in the structure of the tree layer and the abundance of medicinal plants among differently transformed forests, (2) to evaluate the recovery potential of medicinal plants under re-growth forests, and (3) to assess relationships between tree stand structural characteristics and the occurrence of medicinal plants.The first step of the study involved creating an approximate map covering an area of 90 km² for five forest-use types (old-growth forest, forest degraded by logging, derived woodland, agroforest and re-growth forest). Fifteen plots per forest-use type were randomly allocated at altitudes ranging from 2200 m to 2400 m asl, within which the abundance of 10 locally important medicinal herb species was assessed.The study stands differed greatly in tree basal area, which was highest in old-growth forest (48 m² ha⁻¹), lowest in agroforest areas (6 m² ha⁻¹) and intermediate in re-growth forest (20 m² ha⁻¹). All ten medicinal plant species were encountered in old-growth and in re-growth forests, but only five of these species also occurred on agroforest plots. The mean coverage of study medicinal plants was highest in old-growth forest (7%), low in forest degraded by logging, derived woodland and agroforest (0.3-2%), and intermediate in re-growth forest (4%). The Jaccard abundance based similarity index indicates a considerable similarity (0.6) between re-growth and old growth forest for both trees and medicinal plants. The overall abundance of medicinal plants increased with increasing tree basal area and canopy cover. The abundance of some particular species decreased; however, the most sought-after medicinal species Bergenia ciliata, Valeriana jatamansi and Viola cancescens increased with tree basal area within specific forest-use type and also across forest-use types. In conclusion, our data suggest that anthropogenic forest degradation leads to a reduction in the abundance of economically viable medicinal plants for the study region. It is further indicated that this can be reversed if degraded forests are allowed to regenerate.     

The response of understory herbaceous plants to nitrogen fertilization in forests of different land-use history

Forests growing on former agricultural land often have reduced frequencies of many native forest herbs compared with forests that were never cleared for agriculture. A leading explanation for this pattern is that many forest herbs are dispersal limited, but environmental conditions may also hinder colonization. We examined the response of six forest herb taxa (Arisaema triphyllum, Cimicifuga racemosa, Disporum lanuginosum, Osmorhiza spp., Polygonatum spp., and Prenanthes altissima) to nitrogen (N) fertilization in forests with and without an agricultural history to investigate how N availability affects plant performance. The study was conducted in the southern Appalachian Mountains in western North Carolina, USA. There was a significant interaction between land-use history and N treatment for several species. In A. triphyllum and Osmorhiza spp., N fertilization increased aboveground biomass or leaf area more in the post-agriculture site than in the reference site. However, in the reference site, N fertilization depressed aboveground biomass or leaf area in the same taxa, as well as in C. racemosa. The foliar N concentration of these three taxa was elevated in fertilized plots regardless of land-use history, and there was no indication that the light environment differed among plots. These results suggest that some plants growing in post-agricultural stands may be N limited, whereas undisturbed stands in this region appear to be approaching N saturation. Thus, environmental conditions, and particularly N availability, may be an obstacle to the restoration of forest herb communities.     

Estimation of biomass and carbon stocks in plants,soil and forest floor in different tropical forests

An accurate characterization of tree carbon (TC), forest floor carbon (FFC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) in tropical forest plantations is important to estimate their contribution to global carbon stocks. This information, however, is poor and fragmented. Carbon contents were assessed in patula pine (Pinus patula) and teak (Tectona grandis) stands in tropical forest plantations of different development stages in combination with inventory assessments and soil survey information. Growth models were used to associate TOC to tree normal diameter (D) with average basal area and total tree height (H_T), with D and H_T parameters that can be used in 6–26 years old patula pine and teak in commercial tropical forests as indicators of carbon stocks. The information was obtained from individual trees in different development stages in 54 patula pine plots and 42 teak plots. The obtained TC was 99.6 Mg ha⁻¹ in patula pine and 85.7 Mg ha⁻¹ in teak forests. FFC was 2.3 and 1.2 Mg ha⁻¹, SOC in the surface layer (0–25 cm) was 92.6 and 35.8 Mg ha⁻¹, 76.1 and 19 Mg ha⁻¹ in deep layers (25–50 cm) in patula pine and teak, respectively. Carbon storage in trees was similar between patula pine and teak plantations, but patula pine had higher levels of forest floor carbon and soil organic carbon. Carbon storage in trees represents 37 and 60% of the total carbon content in patula pine and teak plantations, respectively. Even so, the remaining percentage corresponds to SOC, whereas FFC content is less than 1%. In summary, differences in carbon stocks between patula pine and teak trees were not significant, but the distribution of carbon differed between the plantation types. The low FFC does not explain the SOC stocks; however, current variability of SOC stocks could be related to variation in land use history.