高效无毒生物药肥

昆虫病原线虫是线虫类群中的有益生物群体.它追寻CO2气味进入害虫体内,随后释放共生细菌,导致害虫患败血症而死亡.尸体内的线虫繁殖后又可主动寻找、感染新的寄主,很快在田间建立种群,控制害虫危害程度.     

我国天牛类害虫生物防治研究进展

简述了应用昆虫病原微生物、昆虫病原线虫、微孢子虫、昆虫天敌,以及其他生物防治方法对天牛害虫防治的研究利用情况,对目前存在的问题及其应用前景进行了展望。     

我国应用生物措施防治林木天牛概述

文章对生物措施防治林木天牛在生产中的应用进行了概括总结，主要包括天敌昆虫、病原细菌、病原真菌、病原线虫、啄木鸟及不育等新技术，并对目前存在的不足和今后应用前景做了初步探讨。     

伴生微生物与松材线虫-媒介天牛互作关系的研究进展

松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus是世界范围内的重大林业入侵种。松材线虫与墨天牛属Monochamus昆虫之间互利共生,形成紧密的共生复合体。越来越多的报道表明,伴生微生物在松材线虫的成功入侵中发挥着重要作用。笔者综述松材线虫、媒介昆虫、寄主植物等不同来源伴生微生物与松材线虫-媒介天牛复合体的互作关系的研究进展。首先,介绍松材线虫-媒介昆虫伴生微生物的组成及其地理变异;然后,从影响松材线虫的生长繁殖、致病性、入侵性、逃避天牛免疫等角度分析伴生微生物对松材线虫-媒介天牛复合体的影响,总结松材线虫及媒介天牛对伴生微生物组成与结构的影响;最后从应用视角探讨通过伴生微生物遗传改造、微生态调控等手段操纵微生物与松材线虫-媒介天牛互作关系,从而发展松材线虫病的导向性防控技术。     

中国竹类病害记述及其病原物分类地位(下)

从1975至2006年的有关科技资料中,汇总到中国1竹亚科10属148竹种上的病原物208种,其中真菌183种、细菌1种、难培养原核生物2种、病毒1种、线虫3种、螨类18种.分别列出了病害名称、竹种、病原物和分布省份.根据最新分类系统确定了各类病原物(分别真菌、细菌、病毒、线虫、螨类)的分类地位,它们隶属于5纲、22目、2总科、47科、112属.这对了解竹林生态系统组成、生物多样性、防控外来有害生物以及竹病检疫和防治都有重要的参考作用.     

中国竹类病害记述及其病原物分类地位(上)

从1975至2006年的有关科技资料中,汇总到中国1竹亚科10属148竹种(分类单位)上的病原物208种,其中真菌183种、细菌1种、难培养原核生物2种、病毒1种、线虫3种、螨类18种.分别列出了病害名称、竹种、病原物和分布省份.根据最新分类系统确定了各类病原物(分别真菌、细菌、病毒、线虫、螨类)的分类地位,它们隶属于5纲、22目、2总科、47科、112属.这对了解竹林生态系统组成、生物多样性、防控外来有害生物以及竹病检疫和防治都有重要的参考作用.     

科技期刊(森林病虫害部分)题录选

桑天牛长尾啮小蜂的寄主搜索行为 .仇兰芬 ,等 .昆虫天敌 ,2 0 0 3(1) :2 4 - 2 7.昆虫病原线虫和共生细菌培养系统中噬菌体的检测 .游娟 ,等 .昆虫天敌 ,2 0 0 3(2 ) :4 9- 5 4 .杨桃园桔小实蝇综合防治初报 .徐洁莲 ,等 .昆虫天敌 ,2 0 0 3(3) :10 5 - 112 .笋用竹害虫天敌资源研究 .徐华潮 ,等 .昆虫天敌 ,2 0 0 3(3) :119- 12 4 .寄生蜂成虫在寄主搜索过程中的学习行为 .刘树生 ,等 .昆虫学报 ,2 0 0 3(2 ) :2 2 8- 2 36 .利用生命表评价白蛾周氏啮小蜂对美国白蛾的控制作用 .魏建荣 ,等 .昆虫学报 ,2 0 0 3(3) :318- 32 4 .远东地区影…     

应用昆虫病原线虫防治意杨桑天牛的初步研究

在害虫生防技术中，利用昆虫病原线虫防治蛀干害虫－天牛，尚属一种新技术。１９９１年笔者等在湖北省孝感市安陆等处，应用中国农科院生防所培养的昆虫病原线虫，防治杨树桑天牛等试验，试验结果证明，线虫对意杨桑天牛防治效果是理想的，线虫用量与杀虫率成正相关性，每头天牛幼虫用线虫６０００条，杀虫率可高达８２．１％。     

白蜡虫肠道微生物分析及立克次氏体分子检测

肠道微生物对于昆虫的生长和发育起着重要作用,不仅参与维生素合成、脂肪和碳水化合物的吸收与利用、孤雌生殖、信息素的合成,同时在抵御外来菌的侵入与定植以及在加强免疫系统的功能中也起着重要作用[1-2]。对于刺吸式昆虫来说,由于植物枝干韧皮部汁液营养组成不均衡,碳水化合物含量丰富而必需氨基酸组分欠缺或含量较低[3],这些昆虫体内的共生细菌能提供寄主昆虫所缺乏的必需氨     

新线虫感染松纵坑切梢小蠹试验简报

新线虫感染松纵坑切梢小蠹试验简报李丽莎，赵涛，刘宏屏（云南省林业科学院昆明６５０２０４）病原线虫是一种菌、虫共生体，其３龄带鞘幼虫可通过寄主口器或自然孔口进入昆虫血腔，释放所携带的共生菌，引起寄主败血症，使寄主在短期内死亡。为了研究新线虫Ｎｅｏａｐｌ...     

The use of entomopathogenic nematodes in the control of stored-product insects

This review highlights the latest findings regarding the use of entomopathogenic nematodes against post-harvest insects. Due to their requirements for moisture, entomopathogenic nematodes had received, until lately, limited attention for application to the dry storage environment. Recent improvements of their formulation and application approaches, as well as the discovery of new, more virulent strains have enhanced the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes and renewed interest in using entomopathogenic nematodes in the stored-product environment. The nematode species tested against storage insects belong exclusively to the genera Steinernema and Heterhorhabditis. The virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes against post-harvest insects varies depending on the nematode species and strain. Usually, only a single-nematode species or strain is not equally effective against all major stored-product insect pests; therefore, one nematode strain or species cannot be suitable for controlling all species present in the storage environment, where several insect species coexist. The successful application of entomopathogenic nematodes in storage environments for controlling post-harvest insects is highly dependent on several biotic and abiotic factors, such as the host life stage, temperature, and relative humidity. Entomopathogenic nematodes have still to overcome substantial hurdles to become a reliable alternative for commercial applications in warehouses and storage facilities. However, the use of innovative, enhanced methods of formulation and application, such as encapsulation or bait traps, could boost the exploitation of entomopathogenic nematodes in storage facilities against post-harvest insects.     

昆虫寄生线虫与林业害虫的防治

本文综述了近２０ 年来国内外利用昆虫寄生线虫防治林业害虫的进展。指出自然存在的昆虫寄生线虫,是一类防治害虫的宝贵生物资源,它们对害虫种群起着一定的控制作用。尤其是索科、新垫刃科、斯氏科、异小杆科的昆虫寄生线虫,已大量成功应用于控制树蜂、根象甲、木蠹蛾类害虫等。我国自１９８５ 年从澳大利亚引进大量离体培养昆虫病原线虫技术以来,已在北京、天津、福建、湖北、辽宁、吉林等地开展了防治桃小食心虫、核桃举肢蛾、李实蜂、相思拟木蠹蛾、多纹豹蠹蛾、小木蠹蛾、桑天牛、桃红颈天牛、杨锉叶蜂、蛴螬等多种林业害虫的林间试验,取得了可喜的成就     

Isolation of heterorhabditid nematodes from palm tree planted areas and their implications in the Red Palm Weevil control

Soil samples from 102 sites planted with intercropped palm trees in 8 Egyptian governorates were baited with greater wax moth larvae for the recovery of entomopathogenic nematodes. Only heterorhabditied nematodes were extracted from 5 sites in Alexandria, Behaira, Ismaelia, and Giza governorates. Evaluation of the novel isolates in the laboratory to identify the most efficient ones for biological control of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) showed that they are generally more virulent than other entomopathogenic nematode species. However, only two of the 5 strains, isolated from Behaira and Giza, survived a 24?h exposure period in palm weevil-infested tree tissue with a low viability of 19 and 14?%, respectively.     

应用昆虫病原线虫防治天牛和木蠹蛾的研究

林木蛀干害虫生活在树皮和木质部内,这种场所温度稳定、湿度较大、又不受紫外光的直按照射,为昆虫病原线虫的寄生和繁殖提供了良好的环境。为了进一步扩大病原微生物在林木害虫上的应用,1986—1987年进行了线虫对天牛和木蠹蛾的毒杀和防治试验。     

Laboratory and field evaluation of the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes to the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (Col.: Curculionidae)

Ten Egyptian and imported entomopathogenic nematodes were evaluated for their pathogenicity to R. ferrugineus in both the laboratory and the field. In the laboratory, most nematodes were pathogenic to the pest larvae, pupae and adults. Larvae and adults were more susceptible to nematode infection (mostly 100?% mortality) than pupae enclosed in their cocoons. In the field however, the highest insect larval mortality was 66.67?% and most of nematodes failed in controlling the pest. Such failure could be due to hot weather, the tunnelling behaviour of the pest larvae and the too much sap in the infested sites in the trunks of palm trees.     

Influence of soil on the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes in reducing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diabrotica virgifera virgifera</Emphasis> in maize

The use of entomopathogenic nematodes is one potential non-chemical approach to control the larvae of the invasive western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Europe. This study investigated the efficacy of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), Heterorhabditis megidis Poinar, Jackson and Klein (Rh., Heterorhabditidae) and Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Rh., Steinernematidae) in reducing D. v. virgifera as a function of soil characteristics. A field experiment was repeated four times in southern Hungary using artificially infested maize plants potted into three different soils. Sleeve gauze cages were used to assess the number of emerging adult D. v. virgifera from the treatments and untreated controls. Results indicate that nematodes have the potential to reduce D. v. virgifera larvae in most soils; however, their efficacy can be higher in maize fields with heavy clay or silty clay soils than in sandy soils, which is in contrast to the common assumption that nematodes perform better in sandy soils than in heavy soils.     

Effect of the nematodeHeterorhabditis bacteriophora and the bacteriumBacillus thuringiensis as integrated biocontrol agents of the black cutworm

The entomopathogenic nematodeHeterorhabditis bacteriophora Pionar (HP 88) and the bacteriumBacillus thuringiensis Berliner var.kurstaki were tested in the laboratory against the black cutworm, a widely distributed polyphagous insect pest of vegetables and field crops. The experiment was conducted under 15.7 °C (14 to 19 °C) to simulate the average winter temperature in Egypt. The two biocontrol agents influencedAgrotis ipsilon differently whereH. bacteriophora had a more promising control levels than that ofB. thuringiensis. Generally, nematode concentration of ca 500 infective juveniles/insect vial was highly effective (100% mortality) within nine days post nematode infection. The highest concentration of the bacteriumB. thuringiensis var.kurstaki (2,000 Intern. Units/mg) gave significant larval control after 12 days of bacterial infection. Combined effect of both the nematodes and the bacteria did not result in significantly greater control than that achieved by the nematodes used alone. The present results indicated that nematodes could be used successfully against the black cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon larvae during the winter which is the active season of this insect pest in Egypt.     

Effect of gamma-irradiated entomopathogenic nematodeSteinernema carpocapsae (Fil.) on the larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.)

The effect of gamma irradiation on the pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic nematodeSteinernema carposapsae was studied by infecting the larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella. Full grown larvae of the host were gamma-irradiated with different doses ranged from 2.5 to 160 Gray (Gy) and subsequently infected with either unirradiated or irradiated infective juveniles (IJs) ofS. carpocapsae using the same doses. For comparison, two groups of unirradiated and irradiated host larvae were left without nematode infection. Another group of larval host was also infected with nematodes either unexposed or exposed to the previous doses.The results revealed that there was a rapid mortality in the irradiated host infected with either unexposed nematodes or nematodes irradiated with different doses similar to the mortality in the nematode treatment alone. On the other hand, the pathogenicity of the nematodes was affected as a result of gamma irradiation with high doses, i. e. irradiation of nematodes delayed their efficiencyvis à vis the unirradiated host. However, lower doses of gamma irradiation exhibited worthily stimulating effect on the pathogenic nematodes, one week post irradiation, as it reduced by half the period of time required for killing all irradiated host larvae with regard to nematode treatment alone. Furthermore, nematode treatment whether applied alone or combined with gamma irradiation appears very promising as compared with single irradiation treatment of the host.With 3 tables     

Auswirkungen des Einsatzes entomopathogener Nematoden (Heterorhabditis sp.) im Freiland auf die Nichtzielfauna, 2. Teil: Diptera

The effects of entomopathogenic nematodes on nontarget Diptera of terrestrial ecosystems were investigated for the first time in the field. Experiments were conducted 1989 at four sites near Darmstadt (FRG) (mixed deciduous forest, forest border, orchard and summer wheat field). In field trials the nematode strainHeterorhabditis HL 81 was distributed at concentrations of 10⁶ ind./m² on plots of 100m² each. Diptera were sampled using emergence traps set on soil (photoeclectors) over a period of five to six weeks after nematode application. The obtained results demonstrate, that only in some cases an appreciable parasitation of Diptera by the employed nematode strain may have occurred. Only on one site (orchard) a significant reduction (α≦0,05) of several nontarget species of families was observed. On the contrary, in each of the four nematode plots some species or families emerged at higher rates compared with the untreated plots. Other causes for the unequal distribution of Diptera than the parasitation throughHeterorhabditis are discussed. The detrimental effects of a field application of entomopathogenic nematodes on the nontarget insect fauna must be considered negligible at the present state of knowledge.