四种优质牧草在养猪业中的应用研究概况

中国是一个猪肉生产和消费大国,随着养猪业的快速发展,猪与人争粮的矛盾日益突出,饲料原料短缺已成为限制我国养猪业持续稳定发展的重要因素。同时,随着人民生活水平的提高,肉食品消费逐渐从数量型向质量型转变,安全、优质的猪肉产品越来越成为消费需求。因此,开发利用新型饲料,减少粮食用量,降低饲养成本,生产安全、优质猪肉产品是发展养猪业的重要途径之一。     

人工授精技术在生猪遗传改良中的作用

我国是世界第一养猪大国,生猪养殖是我国的传统优势产业,据相关报道,2010年全国生猪存栏4.45亿头,出栏生猪6.67亿头,猪肉产量5070万t,约占全世界的一半。猪肉是我国人民动物蛋白的主要来源,猪肉消费量保持在肉类消费总量的60%以上。所以,猪肉生产直接影响到人们的生活水平,同时,随着农业结构的调整,养猪业已成为农民致富的重要途径,逐渐成为农业经济的支柱产业。随着经济与社会的发展,     

浅谈我国"无公害猪肉"的生产

猪肉安全问题,是我国新时期养猪业必须解决的一个重大问题。资料显示,我国饲料原料如玉米、豆粕等均比国际市场价格高,而猪肉的价格却比国际市场价格低。然而,我国猪肉卫生指标因达不到国际要求而难以进入国际市场,导致这一问题的原因是环境污染、饲料安全性差及药物残留超标等。因此,走标准化生产之路、实现养猪安全生产、创立名牌产品、提高我国猪肉产品国际市场竞争力成为当务之急。发展安全、高效、优质的绿色养猪业,全面提高我国猪肉产品的质量,对促进养猪业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

加快生猪遗传改良步伐促进养猪业高产优质高效发展

中国是世界第一养猪大国和猪肉消费大国。2013年全国出栏生猪71,557万头,猪肉产量5,493万t,占肉类总产量的64.3%,出栏生猪数和猪肉产量分别占全世界的50%左右。养猪业已逐渐成为农业经济的支柱产业,养猪业的持续健康发展在满足人民消费需求、保证食品安全、促进农民增收、保障农村劳动力就业、发展农村经济以及推动相关产业发展等方面具有重要的意义。但我国养猪业由于受种猪质量差、疫病多等各种因素的影响,生产水平及效率普遍偏低。     

名优猪肉品牌的创立

<正>我国是世界养猪大国,我国生猪存栏量已占全世界的50%,猪肉产量已占全世界的45%,人均猪肉占有量达到38 kg,人均消费量已赶上美国。猪肉食品安全已成为我国人民关注的重点,猪肉中瘦肉精和抗生素的残留,注水猪肉,冷冻肉细菌感染和保鲜期过期,引致肉品出水、出油、氧化、口感差、保质期内腐败而引起不安。建设一批生产绿色猪肉品牌的企业,使消费者在购买时放心,对推动我国养猪业持续发展,对发     

养猪业可持续发展的技术思路

我国养猪业已进入了新的发展阶段．猪肉产品供求基本平衡．提高猪肉产品质量与市场竞争力．增加经济效益和社会效益．改善生态环境已成为我国养猪业实现可持续发展的主要目标。优良的品种、精确的营养、先进的管理、科学的保健、良好的设备是生产优质高效猪肉的五大要素。     

浅议新形势下生猪生产急待建立长效避险机制

<正>近20年养猪业的快速发展,使我国的生猪数量、生产规模和发展速度都位居世界首位,生猪生产在我国畜牧业生产中也占据着首要的位置。同时,人民的生活消费也越来越离不开猪肉产品。养猪业为我国农村经济的发展、农民增收和城乡居民生活的改善做出了巨大贡献。在养猪业快速发展的     

《生产瘦肉猪的配套技术》(六) 瘦肉猪的适宜屠宰期

<正> 我国人民历来就有喜吃猪肉的习惯,根据1982年统计,猪肉销售量占总肉量的94.2％。猪肉消费比例过高的现象是由于我国特殊的自然和社会条件所决定的,即使今后大力发展其他畜禽生产,也难以迅速改变猪肉产品在总肉食量中的比例。因此增产高质量的猪肉就成为发展我国养猪业中的主要问题。随着国民经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,我国人民的食品结构正在发生着变化,不仅对肉、蛋、乳的需要量有明显的增加,也对这些食品的质量提出了新的要求。在猪肉中最突出的问题是需要多供应脂肪少,蛋白质多的瘦肉。据北京、南京等     

猪肉产品质量安全监管与发展猪业生产

猪肉产品质量安全关系到广大人民群众的身体健康和生命安全。县级畜牧兽医行政管理部门是猪肉产品质量安全监管与指导发展养猪业生产的主管部门,要切实履行猪肉产品质量安全监管     

发展瘦肉型商品猪的几点体会

近些年来,随着人民生活水平的不断提高,对猪肉的要求发生了很大变化,迅速发展瘦肉型猪,增加瘦肉生产,满足人民需要,已成为我国养猪业发展的必然趋势。通过生产实践,我认为发展瘦肉型猪,提高育肥猪瘦肉率有以下几个途径: 一、充分发挥地方优良猪种特性,引     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.