施氮量对燕麦种子产量及其构成因子的影响

为了探讨宁夏中部干旱带施氮量对燕麦种子产量及其构成因子的影响,试验采用双因素裂区试验设计,氮肥施用量为主区,分别为对照(不施氮肥,N_0)和施氮肥112.2 kg/hm~2(N_1)、143.25 kg/hm~2(N_2)、174.3 kg/hm~2(N_3);燕麦品种为副区,分别为青牧燕麦(C_1)、科纳燕麦(C_2)。在燕麦成熟期,测定2个燕麦品种种子产量,计算种子增产量、相对产量和每千克氮增产量;测定燕麦种子产量构成因子指标(全穗粒重、单穗重、百粒重、每穗小穗数、每小穗粒数、每穗节数、穗长、分蘖数),并对燕麦种子产量和各个构成因子指标进行相关性分析。结果表明:施氮处理对燕麦种子产量有影响。在施氮量为143.25 kg/hm~2时,青牧和科纳燕麦的种子产量均显著或极显著高于其他处理(P0.05或P0.01),分别为1 588.22 kg/hm~2和2 204.88 kg/hm~2;在施氮量为143.25 kg/hm~2时,单穗重、每穗小穗数、每小穗粒数、每穗节数、穗长和分蘖数均为最大值;燕麦品种种子产量与全穗粒重、单穗重、每小穗粒数呈显著正相关(P0.05),与每穗小穗数呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。说明在生产中,可以通过燕麦穗部性状优劣来提前预测燕麦种子产量高低,施氮量为143.25 kg/hm~2水平是燕麦种子高产最佳施氮量。     

追施氮肥对苏丹草碳氮代谢及氮肥利用率的影响

以新苏2号苏丹草为试验材料,采用单因素完全随机区组设计,研究追施氮肥对苏丹草籽粒形成关键期氮素利用效率、碳氮代谢及其关键酶活性的影响。结果表明,追施氮肥提高了碳氮代谢酶活性;随氮肥追施量增加,抽穗和灌浆期硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶及蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性增强;当追氮量为450kg/hm~2时,谷氨酰胺合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性最强。抽穗期苏丹草茎秆和叶片碳氮含量随施肥量增加而升高,灌浆期各器官总糖和全氮含量随施氮量增加而增加,且同一施肥处理穗粒部大于茎秆和叶片;随施氮量增加,氮肥农学利用率以及氮肥利用效率呈下降趋势,当施氮600kg/hm~2时,氮肥贡献率最大,且可获最大种子产量(3815kg/hm~2)。综合考虑苏丹草碳氮含量、碳氮代谢关键酶活性、氮素利用效率及种子产量,本试验条件下,追施氮肥600kg/hm~2表现最优。     

高寒地区氮肥运筹对‘青海甜燕麦’农艺性状和种子产量的影响

本研究为探索适宜高寒地区燕麦生产的氮肥运筹模式,以‘青海甜燕麦’(Avena sativa L. cv. Qinghai)品种为试验材料,采用两因素试验设计,设4个施氮水平(N1:187.5 kg·hm^-2,N2:150 kg·hm^-2,N3:112.5 kg·hm^-2,N4:75 kg·hm^-2)和2个施氮时期(D1:氮肥全部基施,D2:30%基肥+70%拔节期),试验以全生育期不施氮(N0)为对照。结果表明：不同施氮量和施氮时期对燕麦产量影响显著,同等施氮量下,与氮肥全部基施相比,按比例分期施氮的种子产量、秸秆产量、小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重均显著增加。在N1水平下,氮肥按比例分期施用,单株小穗数和单株穗粒数的协同提高,获得较高种子产量和干草产量,与氮肥全部基施相比,种子产量和秸秆产量分别提高了4.17%和0.47%。同一施氮时期下,种子产量、小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重表现为N1>N2>N3>N4>N0。相关性和通径分析表明,种子产量与单株小穗数、单株穗粒数和千粒重显著相关。综上...     

高寒地区氮磷钾肥配施对燕麦产量的影响

氮磷钾肥各按4个水平完全组合、形成64个处理,进行了燕麦施肥试验,结果不同水平氮、磷、钾的燕麦种子产量差异显著,不同水平磷、钾的燕麦草产量差异显著。氮、磷、钾用量分别为50kg/hm~2、65kg/hm~2、105kg/hm~2时燕麦种子产量达到最大,分别为5000kg/hm~2、5095.5kg/hm~2、5069.4kg/hm~2;磷、钾用量分别为135kg/hm~2、135kg/hm~2时,燕麦草产量达最大10902.8kg/hm~2和10295.1kg/hm~2。氮、磷、钾的最大农学利用率分别为:40.28,28.85和24.07,分别出现在施氮量、施磷量、施钾量分别为50kg/hm~2、65kg/hm~2、75kg/hm~2时。     

不同施氮水平对俯仰臂形草生产性能的影响

试验表明,在施一定量磷、钾、硫、锌、锰、铜肥的基础上,俯仰臂形草Brachiaria decumbens的干物质产量和粗蛋白含量随施氮量的增加而上升;在施氮处理范围内,氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加而降低.施氮量0～172.5 kg/hm2,种子产量随施氮量的增加而增加;当施氮量达到103.5 kg/hm2时,种子产量最高;达到304 kg/hm2时,随施氮量增加,种子产量呈下降趋势.     

氮钾肥对燕麦产量与品质的影响

研究了氮钾配施对青引1号燕麦产量与品质的影响。结果表明：氮钾肥配施对燕麦的穗数、穗长、穗重、穗粒数、草产量和种子产量均有显著影响（P〈0.05）。在N75K135时,穗重、穗粒数、穗数和种子产量达最大值,分别为2.95g/穗,37.53粒/穗,625.33个/m^2,6 621.53kg/hm^2;燕麦种籽产量与其各产量构成因子之间均具有显著正相关关系,产量与氮钾肥之间的数学模型为：Y=5 194.11＋25.01N＋3.38K-0.135N2-0.028NK（R=0.97＊＊）,在N75K135时粗蛋白含量为12.90%,粗纤维为5.78%。     

氮、钾不同配比施肥对燕麦产量和品质的影响

以白燕7号燕麦Avena sativa cv. Baiyan No.7为材料,研究了不同配比的氮(N)肥和钾(K)肥对种子产量构成因素（穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、穗粒重）、种子产量、秸秆产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施氮和施钾对穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、穗粒重、种子产量、秸秆产量都有显著的影响（P＜0.05）, 随着施肥量的增加呈先增后降的变化趋势;施氮和施钾与种子和秸秆产量之间呈显著的线性回归关系(R2=0.862,P＜0.05;R2=0.838,P＜0.05);N75K105水平下,燕麦种子产量、秸秆产量均最高,分别为4.90×103和9.86×103 kg/hm2;燕麦籽粒中粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维含量随着施肥量的不同有规律性的变化。     

高寒牧区播期和氮肥对燕麦生长特性的影响

以燕麦(Avena sativa)永久444为材料,研究播期与氮肥对高寒牧区燕麦生育期、株高、分蘖数及其青干草产量的影响。结果表明:随播期的推迟,燕麦种子成熟期推迟,而施氮量对燕麦生育期无明显影响;播期和氮肥对燕麦株高、分蘖数及草产量皆有显著影响,均随施氮量增加而增加。以开花期收获青干草为目的,则4月下旬-5月上旬播种且施氮量为100 kg/hm2时,可获燕麦高产。     

播期与氮肥对燕麦种子产量构成要素的影响

以4个燕麦(Avena sativa)品种为试验材料,分析了播期与氮肥对其种子产量及其构成要素的影响。结果表明:播期与氮肥对不同燕麦品种种子产量及其构成要素均有显著影响。其中,4月下旬播种各燕麦品种的有效穗数、每穗粒数及千粒重均比4月中旬与5月上旬播种的高;虽然氮肥处理对燕麦产量及构成要素的影响程度因播期不同而异,但基本规律相同,即均随施氮量增加而增加,且各氮肥量处理间差异显著;施氮量相同时,氮肥分期施用效果较好。不同品种比较,各处理下皮燕麦种子产量均比裸燕麦高。     

施钾对青引1号燕麦产量和产量性状的影响

对青引1号燕麦(Avena sativa cv.Qingyin No.1)采用不同施钾处理,探讨不同施钾对其种子产量和产量性状的影响,并对产量性状和产量间的关系进行研究,找出最佳的施钾量,为青海省燕麦种子生产提供了理论依据。结果表明:钾肥能显著提高青引1号燕麦各产量性状的增加。在施N54.75kg/hm2和施P2O551.75kg/hm2的基础上,当施K2O分别为10～20 kg/hm2、20～30kg/hm2、50kg/hm2、30～40kg/hm2、30kg/hm2和60kg/hm2时,青引1号燕麦小花数、单序籽粒数、单序籽粒重、粒长、粒宽、千粒重达到最大,分别为2.7个、86.7个、2.56 g、1.604 cm、0.318cm和33.50 g。青引1号燕麦在施K2O40kg/hm2时,种子产量及蛋白产量达到最高,分别为6425.3kg/hm2和864.9kg/hm2,其种子产量与施K量间可用ys=5164.65+49.94 K-0.52 K2预计,蛋白产量与施K量间可用yp=618.29+7.00 K-0.050 K2预计。青引1号燕麦种子产量与各产量性状间的数量关系可用ys=-19268.1-519.2 Fs+780.6 Ns-219.1 Li-2035.1 Swi+665.5Lg+19047.6 Wg表示。小穗数、粒长、粒宽对种子产量的增加直接效应最大。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.