玉米C_4光合酶基因导入对拟南芥光合特性及抗旱性的影响

为了解玉米C_4型光合酶基因对C3植物拟南芥光合特性的影响及其对干旱胁迫的响应,分别以过表达ZmPEPC(磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶)、ZmPPDK(丙酮酸磷酸二激酶)和ZmNADP-ME(依赖于NADP的苹果酸酶)单个酶基因的拟南芥株系(分别简写为PC、PK、ME),以及过表达PEPC+PPDK和PPDK+NADP-ME两个酶基因的拟南芥株系(分别简写为PCK、PKM)为供试材料,在开花期停止浇水,并分别于干旱胁迫处理前1天、第5天、第10天和结束干旱胁迫复水处理5d时测定转基因拟南芥中目标基因的表达量、光合速率、水分利用效率和酶活性。结果表明,在正常生长条件下,PCK类型株系的PEPC酶活性、PPDK酶活性、净光合速率(Pn)以及水分利用效率(WUE)较野生型拟南芥分别高52%、20%、24%和55%,除PPDK酶活性外,PCK类型株系各指标测定值的增幅均高于其他转基因类型株系,综合表现最优。不同类型株系的上述测定指标总体表现为PCKPCPK、PKMME。干旱胁迫处理5d时,各类型株系中目标基因的表达量、光合酶活性、Pn和WUE均有所上升。干旱胁迫处理10d时,拟南芥受到严重损伤,上述指标的测定值均下降。复水5d时上述指标得到不同程度的恢复,不同类型转基因株系的各项测定指标在不同干旱胁迫处理中总体仍表现为PCK最优,PC次之。各转基因株系均优于受体非转基因拟南芥。     

花期高温胁迫下TaERECTA基因对小麦生理特性和光合作用的影响

为研究花期高温胁迫对转TaERECTA基因小麦生理特性和光合作用的影响,在扬花期对转TaERECTA基因小麦进行高温胁迫,测定转基因小麦的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率,并于扬花期测定其光合相关参数。结果显示,随着高温胁迫时间的延长,转基因小麦叶片的POD和CAT活性呈明显下降趋势,而SOD活性较稳定,MDA含量和相对电导率增加;与对照株系相比,高温胁迫处理后,转基因小麦株系具有较高的抗氧化酶活性,较低的MDA含量和相对电导率;高温胁迫显著降低了小麦植株的SPAD值,且转基因小麦的光合速率和瞬时水分利用效率均显著大于对照株系。说明TaERECTA基因可以参与调控小麦叶片组织细胞膜的稳定性,改良高温胁迫下小麦的光合能力和水分利用效率。     

热胁迫下水仙花叶片的转录组分析

为研究水仙响应高温胁迫过程中相关基因的表达及响应热应激的分子机制,本研究以漳州水仙花为材料,使用BGISEQ-500测序技术,对高温（30、35 ℃）处理及正常生长条件（15 ℃）的水仙叶片进行转录组学的测序分析。使用Trinity软件对15（对照）、30、35 ℃（高温胁迫）处理24 h的水仙叶片测序数据进行从头组装,利用BLAST软件进行基因比对注释,通过DEGseq和PossionDis检测差异表达基因,并对差异表达基因进行GO和KEGG富集分析。结果表明：本次水仙花叶片测序共获得112 160条总长度为128 733 815 bp、平均长度为1147 bp的Unigene,其N50以及GC含量分别为1770 bp和42.33%。Nr比对注释匹配度最高的物种为石刁柏,利用KOG数据库进行比对,5560条Unigene序列分布于25个功能区域。差异表达基因GO富集显示与光合系统及膜系统相关的GO term被显著富集,KEGG分析显示次生代谢物的生物合成、苯丙烷类生物合成、代谢途径、光合作用、糖胺聚糖降解、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢、光合作用-天线蛋白、单萜类生物合成等8条代谢途径在3个比较组中均显著性富集,硫胺素代谢途径是唯一在高温胁迫条件下均显著富集的代谢途径。本研究注释了大量相关基因序列,通过本研究为改善水仙花植物的耐热性及耐热性品种的培育提供了丰富的数据资源和分子基础。     

燕麦植物激素信号转导通路中响应干旱胁迫的关键基因

植物激素信号转导通路是响应胁迫的重要通路，该通路中基因的表达调控作物的抗旱性。为挖掘燕麦植物激素信号转导通路中响应干旱胁迫的关键基因，本研究对燕麦幼苗进行不同干旱胁迫处理，取叶片进行转录组测序，分析不同处理下基因的表达。结果表明，与正常水分条件相比，轻度干旱胁迫（PEG 10%）诱导624个基因表达发生显著变化（DEGs），重度干旱胁迫（PEG 20%）诱导13 063个。GO富集分析显示，重度干旱胁迫下，DEGs主要富集在对胁迫反应的调节；KEGG分析显示，轻度干旱胁迫下，植物激素信号转导通路中1个ARF和2个CRE1基因表达显著下调，表达量较高，可能为燕麦在该通路中响应轻度干旱胁迫的基因；而重度干旱胁迫下，植物激素信号转导通路富集169个DEGs，其中生长素和脱落酸信号转导过程DEGs较多，分别占植物激素信号转导通路总DEGs的20.7%和15.9%；在8条激素信号转导过程中筛选出12个表达量较高的基因，可能为燕麦在该通路中响应重度干旱胁迫的关键基因。本研究将为今后燕麦抗旱基因的克隆和验证提供依据。     

大豆响应低磷胁迫的数字基因表达谱分析

以Os PT6转基因T5代大豆为材料,以其受体亲本东农50为对照,对低磷胁迫处理下的根系c DNA文库进行数字基因表达谱分析,共筛选得到33个差异表达基因。以受体亲本为对照,在Os PT6转基因大豆中上调表达的差异基因有21个、下调表达的差异基因有12个。GO功能显著性富集分析表明,有25个差异表达基因在蛋白、核酸等生物大分子代谢、次生代谢和酶活性调节等过程中表现为富集。KEGG代谢通路分析表明仅有1个过氧化物酶超蛋白家族基因参与到苯丙合成、苯丙氨酸代谢和次生代谢产物合成等次生代谢途径中。综合分析表明:通过光合作用相关酶类活性的调节控制光合作用速率从而影响次生代谢途径可能是大豆适应低磷胁迫的主要途径。以上结果为大豆响应低磷胁迫相关分子机制的深入研究和功能基因的筛选奠定了基础。     

盐生草HgNHX1基因在大麦株系中的功能验证

为了探讨盐和干旱环境胁迫对转盐生草液泡膜型Na⁺/H⁺逆向转运蛋白基因HgNHX1大麦幼苗生长及抗逆性生理指标的影响,以转HgNHX1基因大麦及野生型株系为材料,分析盐(150 mmol· L^-1 NaCl)和自然干旱环境下转基因大麦幼苗的生长特性及生理指标的变化。结果表明,在盐胁迫条件下,随着胁迫时间的延长,转基因株系中HgNHX1 基因相对表达量逐渐上升;干旱胁迫条件下,转基因株系中HgNHX1 基因相对表达量呈先上升后下降的趋势,在处理3 d时达到最高。且在胁迫处理的三个不同时间点,转基因株系的相对含水量和游离脯胺酸含量均高于野生型株系,而相对电导率和丙二醛含量均低于野生型株系。这些结果说明,转基因株系中HgNHX1基因能够应答盐和干旱胁迫,具有提高大麦耐盐、抗旱性的功能。     

异源表达玉米ZmWRKY11基因增强拟南芥对盐胁迫的耐受性

从玉米中分离得到响应高盐胁迫的WRKY基因,将其命名为ZmWRKY11。构建过量表达载体pCAMBIA1301-ZmWRKY11,采用花序侵染法转化拟南芥,研究ZmWRKY11基因的生物学功能,扩繁后对T3代转基因植株进行耐盐鉴定试验。结果表明,转基因株系的绿苗率在盐胁迫处理后显著高于野生型拟南芥,同时,野生型株系中丙二醛含量和相对电解质渗透率相较于转基因植株发生了更为显著的上升,但脯氨酸含量的上升幅度则小于转基因株系。结果表明,ZmWRKY11在拟南芥中的异源过表达增强了转基因植物对盐胁迫的耐受性。     

花生对水分胁迫的响应研究进展

花生是我国主要的油料作物和重要的经济作物,干旱对其生长发育、代谢生理、产量、品质及水分利用效率均有一定的影响。本文分析了水分胁迫及复水后,花生生长、代谢生理的调节动态;总结了花生品质的变化规律;综述了花生水分利用效率因其受水分胁迫及复水后的响应,水分胁迫及复水对花生生长、代谢生理、产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响,为进一步实施花生的节水栽培技术和确定花生的调亏灌溉制度提供参考。     

大麦根系响应湿害胁迫的转录组分析

湿害是影响大麦产量和品质的主要非生物胁迫之一。为进一步明确大麦响应湿害胁迫的应答机理,本研究以耐湿大麦品种泰兴9425为材料,利用高通量转录组测序(RNA-seq)技术,比较不同湿害胁迫时间下的基因表达差异。结果表明,湿害胁迫12 h后获得1 436个差异表达基因,而胁迫48 h后获得2 090个差异表达基因,其中共同上调表达基因286个。GO富集分析发现,涉及代谢过程、细胞膜、催化活性等的差异表达基因占比最多。KEGG富集分析发现,差异表达基因主要富集于糖酵解、类黄酮生物合成、乙烯合成等代谢通路。对7个耐湿相关的候选基因进行qRT-PCR分析,发现差异表达基因的表达量变化趋势与RNA-seq结果一致。     

GmRACK1基因对大豆耐旱性调控作用研究

活化C激酶1受体(RACK1)属于含有色氨酸-天冬氨酸结构域(WD)重复结构的蛋白质亚家族.为研究GmRACK1在干旱胁迫中的调控作用,本研究构建GmRACK1基因过表达与沉默两种双元表达载体并转化大豆,对转基因和对照大豆株系进行干旱和复水处理,测定株系的干重、存活率、叶绿素含量、过氧化氢含量和抗氧化酶活性等指标;分析GmRACK1基因对大豆抗旱性的调控作用.结果 显示:在干旱胁迫下,大豆GmRACK1基因沉默株系(RNAi)的存活率和干重明显高于野生型(WT)和过表达(OE)株系.干旱10 d后RNAi株系的叶绿素含量显著高于WT和OE株系,OE株系的DAB和NBT染色颜色比WT和RNAi株系深.土壤干旱胁迫10 d后复水4d,RNAi株系恢复好于WT和OE株系.在15％ PEG 4000处理下,RNAi株系抗氧化物酶SOD、POD和CAT的活性和ABA含量显著高于WT和OE株系,而MDA和电导率显著低于WT和OE株系.结果 说明RNAi株系能清除过多活性氧,导致植物的氧化伤害减弱.GmRACK1基因对大豆耐旱性存在调控作用.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

先玉335、郑单958和京科968抗虫能力的比较研究

以先玉335、郑单958、京科968为材料,以玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、黏虫(Mythimna separata)和禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)为供试昆虫,探究玉米品系大喇叭口期对玉米螟和黏虫及抽雄期对禾谷缢管蚜抗性差异,测定其主要抗虫化合物丁布类物质的含量。结果发现,京科968对玉米螟及禾谷缢管蚜抗性均高于另外两个品系;对黏虫的抗性,郑单958和京科968高于先玉335。大喇叭口期京科968中丁布类物质含量最高,抽雄期郑单958和京科968中主要丁布成分含量均高于先玉335,上述组织中丁布合成相关基因在郑单958及京科968中的表达量也均高于先玉335。本研究揭示杂交玉米抗虫性与抗性相关化合物含量及其相关基因表达间存在正向相关关系,为抗虫玉米分子育种提供理论参考。     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Evaluation of fungicides to control Petri disease pathogens in the grapevine propagation process

The efficacy of fourteen selected fungicides against Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was evaluated in vitro by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides against P. chlamydospora, while carbendazim and didecyldimethylammonium chloride were the most effective against P. aleophilum. An assay was also conducted with cubiet, hydroxyquinoline sulphate and didecyldimethylammonium chloride to determine their potential to prevent infections caused by these pathogens during the hydration stage in grapevine propagation. The results of this experiment demonstrated that P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum were able to infect healthy cuttings during the hydration stage and showed that didecyldimethylammonium chloride was consistently the best treatment as a disinfectant soak for grapevine cuttings. Additionally, semi-commercial trials were conducted in two grapevine nurseries to evaluate the effectiveness of several strategies with carbendazim, flusilazole and hydroxyquinoline sulphate at different nursery stages. Soaking planting material in carbendazim during the hydration stage was the most effective treatment since neither P. chlamydospora nor P. aleophilum were isolated from planting material in either nursery.     

Evaluation of diploid potato clones for resistance to tuber soft rot induced by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica,E. carotovora subsp.carotovora andE. chrysanthemi

Summary Tubers of clones from a diploid hybrid population ofSolanum phureja andS. stenotomum were screened for resistance to tuber soft rot caused by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca),E. carotovora subsp.carotovora (Ecc) andE. chrysanthemi (Ech). Significant, positive correlations between resistance to the different strains and species were observed, indicating that screening for resistance to tuber soft rot could be accomplished by using just one of the three pathogens. Strains of Ecc and Ech were found to be much more virulent than strains of Eca. Inoculating with Ecc and Ech resulted in more distinct differences among susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant clones than inoculating with Eca.     

转小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥植株的主要抗旱性研究

核氧还蛋白（nucleoredoxin,NRX）可通过还原目标蛋白的二硫键来调控其生物活性,在植物的生长发育和抗逆境胁迫中发挥着重要作用。蛋白质二硫键异构酶（protein disulfide isomerase,PDI）、h型硫氧还蛋白（h-type thioredoxin,TRXh）和蛋白磷酸酶2A催化亚基（protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit,PP2Ac）是小麦核氧还蛋白TaNRX1的互作蛋白。为了明确TaNRX1互作蛋白的抗旱性功能,本研究在拟南芥中过表达了小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因,对野生型和转基因拟南芥的表型和抗旱相关生理指标进行了鉴定。结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的根长、存活率、脯氨酸含量均大于野生型,离体叶片失水率、丙二醛（MAD）含量均小于野生型。二氨基联苯胺（diaminobenzidine,DAB）对H₂O₂组织定位染色结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的H₂O₂含量均低于野生型。上述结果说明,TaNRX1的互作蛋白基因 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D增强了拟南芥对于干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。本研究可为小麦抗旱育种提供候选基因和理论基础。     

玉米灌浆期3种鳞翅目害虫的空间分布

采用网格式取样200株玉米,整株剖秆调查亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和棉铃虫在玉米上的数量,用地统计学的方法分析和模拟它们在田间的水平分布;采用生态位理论分析3种害虫在玉米植株上的生态位和种间竞争。结果表明,亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和3种鳞翅目害虫整体在玉米田中的水平分布分别适合球形、高斯、球形模型拟合,均属于聚集分布。Kriging插值模拟图显示,亚洲玉米螟和桃蛀螟为核心分布型;在垂直分布上,雌穗上3种害虫数量最多,占总虫量的69.82%。亚洲玉米螟的基础生态位宽度最大,在整株玉米上都可危害;桃蛀螟则主要在玉米中、上部;棉铃虫基础生态位最窄,只在雌穗附近危害。3种害虫在玉米茎秆上种间竞争激烈,异种害虫无法共存;雌穗上种间竞争程度小于茎秆,异种害虫可以共存。