不同人工造林树种及其配置方式对土壤理化性质影响分析

人工造林是黄土高原改善生态环境,减少水土流失的重要手段。不同树种及其配置方式下地表植被的生长、土壤理化性质的差异影响着生态水文功能的强弱。以长武王东沟流域8种造林树种和不同配置径流小区为研究对象,采用样方法进行造林地及林下地表植被调查,分层采样测定0—40cm土层土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量,分析不同人工造林模式下土壤理化性质,并初步分析了植被特征与土壤理化性质间的关系。结果表明:不同造林方式小区内林下草本层虽然覆盖度区别很大,但物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度指数差异不显著。0—20cm表层土壤理化性质变异性小于20—40cm土层。不同人工造林方式间土壤容重差异显著,且对20—40cm层土壤的毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度有显著性影响。不同造林方式下草本层丰富度、多样性指数与林下土壤毛管孔隙度相关性显著。草本层丰富度、多样性与0—20cm表层土壤的保水作用存在良好的对应关系。相比较而言,0—40cm土壤剖面上,草地和侧柏刺槐混交林地下的土壤孔隙度和有机质等理化性质,以及相关的蓄水性和入渗性等生态水文功能要好于其他造林林种。     

THE EFFECTS OF ACACIA TORTILIS SUBSP. RADDIANA,SOIL TEXTURE AND SOIL DEPTH ON SOIL MICROBIAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN ARID ZONES OF TUNISIA

The objectives of this study, conducted in Bou‐Hedma National Park, were to quantify the effects of the dominant legume Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana on soil properties. Three sites with differing soil texture were studied; the first with a gravelly‐sand texture, the second with a sandy‐loam texture and the third with a loam texture. At each study site, two subhabitats were distinguished, under Acacia canopies (canopied soil) and open areas (uncanopied soil). Soil organic carbon, microbial biomass and microbial coefficient were found to be significantly greater in canopied soil, compared with uncanopied soil. The lower metabolic quotient under this legume indicated a higher carbon use efficiency of microorganisms in soil. The enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, phosphatase and β‐glucosidase) expressing soil microbial activity were significantly higher under Acacia canopies. Therefore, A. raddiana planting can be considered an effective and applicable measure to restore vegetation and control desertification in arid regions. On account of the variability of soil texture in the park, three sites were studied: gravelly‐sand, sandy‐loam and loam soils. The highest microbial density and activity were registrated in sandy‐loam soil. Microbial biomass and activity increased gradually and significantly to a maximum at 20–30 cm and subsequently decreased at 30–50 cm. The results allow us to conclude that soil texture and soil depth can play an important role in the extent of soil properties. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil properties and plant community in different aged Pinus halepensis Mill. plantations in arid Mediterranean areas: The case of southern Tunisia

In arid and semiarid Mediterranean areas, Pinus halepensis Mill. is one of the dominant forest species and is widely used in restoration programmes. We collected samples and investigated the understory plant species in an age sequence of 0‐, 5‐, 9‐, and 13‐year‐old P. halepensis plantations to assess the effect of the tree on soil properties and development of plant community. Soil samples were taken from two depths (0–10 and 10–30 cm) under tree canopy and in the associated open spaces. Results showed that tree establishment and development enhanced organic C, total N, and available P accumulation, and improved soil moisture content which increased significantly with increasing plantation age. At the same time, P. halepensis facilitated the colonization and development of understory vegetation. Indeed, the number of plant species, the total plant cover, and the perennial species density were more important under tree canopy and increased with increasing plantation age. The soil dynamic under 13‐year‐old P. halepensis plantations reflected two phase restoration sequence, characterized by nominal changes during tree establishment (0–5 years) and marked and rapid changes associated with the start of canopy closure (5–13 years). Our results provide that the introduction of P. halepensis with afforestation could be an effective and applicable measure to restore arid degraded areas. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

封育年限对干旱河谷灌丛土壤理化性质的影响

[目的]探讨不同封育年限对干旱河谷灌丛土壤理化性质的影响,为该地区的天然植被恢复与管理提供理论依据。[方法]采用野外调查和实验室分析相结合的方法开展研究。[结果](1)封育后灌木层的盖度、密度、平均冠幅、高度明显升高,而草本层则相反。(2)随着封育年限的增加,土壤容重呈V形变化,封育13a达到最小值,而群落植被特征、土壤孔隙度、土壤持水量、土壤养分,呈倒V形变化,封育13a达到最大值。0—40cm,封育13a的土壤平均速效N,P,K较未封育草地分别增加26.42%,107.35%,33.92%;全量N,P,K含量分别增加了168.42%,47.62%和31.12%。(3)封育后,土壤理化性质有所改善,具有明显的表聚现象,土壤固碳能力有所提高,土壤有机碳密度表现为:F_(13)F_(22)F_(30)F_5CK;土壤有机碳储量表现为:F_5F_(13)F_(22)F_(30)CK,说明在狼牙刺群落封育恢复过程中,土壤环境有较为明显的改善。(4)采取封育措施后,外界干扰减少,狼牙刺灌丛覆盖度增加,从而增加地上生物量,使生产力得到提升,生物量与封育年限存在线型关系。[结论]采取封育措施后,干旱河谷地带的狼牙刺群落植被特征和土壤理化性质及有机碳密度和储量均优于未封育,植被自然恢复状态良好。     

SOIL SEED BANK CHARACTERISTICS BENEATH AN AGE SEQUENCE OF CARAGANA MICROPHYLLA SHRUBS IN THE HORQIN SANDY LAND REGION OF NORTHEASTERN CHINA

To understand how shrub cover affects the spatiotemporal patterns of the soil seed bank and to assess the role of vegetation in the restoration of desertified land in a semi‐arid region of China, we investigated the species composition and seed density of the soil seed bank under and outside the canopies over two seasons for an age sequence of Caragana microphylla shrubs in the Horqin Sandy Land region, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that a total of 24 plant species seeds were present in the soil seed bank, of which 20 were annuals or biennials. The seed densities in the soil seed bank were in the range of 830 – 13882·5 seeds m⁻² at 10 cm depth. Species richness in the soil seed bank did not increase as the shrubs aged, whereas the seed densities increased significantly. Five annual species: Setaria viridis, Eragrostis pilosa, Chenopodium acuminatum, Chenopodium glaucum and Corispermum acuminatum, contributed above 90 per cent of the seeds to the soil seed bank. On the basis of seed characteristics and seed reduction amount during the growing season, we concluded that it represents a mixture of persistent and transient seeds in different proportions. More seeds accumulated under the canopies than outside the mature shrub cover, but no significant difference was found the younger cover. These results suggest that shrub size and age had an important role in augmenting seed abundance of the soil seed bank but not the species richness. We confirmed the important effects of shrub cover on seed accumulation and vegetation recovery, especially the value of more mature age vegetation for countering land degradation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

子午岭地区植被演替的土壤碳汇效应

为明确黄土高原地区植被长期恢复的土壤碳汇效应,采用时空互代的方法,研究子午岭地区150年以来8个植被演替序列的土壤有机碳含量及储量的变化特征,分析影响土壤有机碳储量变化的植被因素。结果表明:从农地演替到气候顶级辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanicaMary.)群落,土壤有机碳含量和储量明显增加,表现为演替前期(草本群落)快速增加,后期(乔木群落)趋向稳定的变化特征。剖面上来看,随着土层加深,土壤有机碳含量迅速减少。0—5 cm土层土壤有机碳含量与5—20,20—40 cm土层差异显著(P＜0.05),表明土壤有机碳积累存在明显的表聚效应。枯落物蓄积量与细根生物量均随演替时间呈现出增加的变化特征,前者更有利于提高土壤有机碳储量。0—5 cm土层与0—20 cm土层土壤有机碳储量与演替时间均存在极显著的幂函数关系,不同土层之间土壤有机碳储量线性相关关系显著(P＜0.001)。植被长期演替具有显著的土壤碳汇功能。未来黄土高原地区林、草地的恢复应根据植被带的分异规律,促进自然演替,以进一步提升该地区的土壤碳汇潜能。     

Snap bean response to soil tillage management and cover crops

Abstract

Snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were grown using conventional tillage (CT) and no‐tillage (NT) soil management following either hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) or rye (Secale cereale L.) in 1992 and 1993 in the mountain regions of Georgia near Blairsville. Soil bulk density and inorganic nitrogen content as well as crop dry matter production and yield were monitored. Soil bulk density of the surface (0 to 10 cm) layer under NT exceeded that under CT at planting by as much as 0.33 Mg/m³. However, growth‐limiting bulk densities (values>1.45 Mg/m³) did not occur under either tillage regime. Inorganic soil nitrogen to a depth of 30 cm at planting and at five weeks after planting was similar for the two tillage systems. However, soil nitrogen (N) tended to be greater following hairy vetch than following rye. There were no significant effects of tillage or cover crop on plant stand or plant dry weight. Total yields were generally similar regardless of tillage or cover crop. A notable exception was that early yield in 1992 was 62% greater using NT. These results indicate great potential for use of conservation tillage and cover crops in the production of snap beans in the mountain regions of the southeastern United States.     

Soil carbon pools, plant biomarkers and mean carbon residence time after afforestation of grassland with three tree species

Afforestation of grassland has been globally identified as being an important means for creating a sink for atmospheric carbon (C). However, the impact of afforestation on soil C is still poorly understood, due to the paucity of well designed long-term experiments and the lack of investigation into the response of different soil C fractions to afforestation. In addition, little is known about the origins of soil C and soil organic matter (SOM) stability after afforestation. In a retrospective study, we measured C mass in the soil light and heavy fractions in the first 10 years after afforestation of grassland with Eucalyptus nitens, Pinus radiata and Cupressus macrocarpa. The results suggest that C mass in the soil heavy fraction remained stable, but the C mass in the light fraction decreased at year 5 under three species. Soil δ¹³C analysis showed that the decrease in the light fraction may be due to reduced C inputs from grassland species litter and low inputs from the still young trees. After the initial reduction, the recovery of soil C in the light fraction depended on tree species. At year 10, an increase of 33% in light fraction soil C was observed at the 0-30 cm depth under E. nitens, compared to that under the original grassland (year 0). Planting P. radiata restored light fraction soil C to the original level under grassland, whereas planting C. macrocarpa led to a decrease of 33%. We concluded that the increase of light fraction soil C between year 5 and 10 is most likely due to C input from tree residues. Most of the increased C was derived from root turnover under pine and from both root and leaf turnover under E. nitens, as indicated by plant C biomarkers such as lignin-derived phenols and suberin and cutin-derived compounds in the 0-5 cm soil layer. Modelling of soil ?¹⁴C‰ suggested that SOM had a greater mean residence time at year 10 than year 0 and 5 due to increased relative abundance of recalcitrant plant biopolymers.     

古尔班通古特沙漠人工梭梭林群落生态特征研究

为探究古尔班通古特沙漠南缘莫索湾地区33年来人工梭梭林群落(依靠天然降水)的生态特征,本文对两种造林技术(积雪-客沙造林和秋灌造林)人工梭梭林地梭梭的长势、草本植物、土壤水分进行了调查和监测。结果表明:(1)积雪-客沙造林和秋灌造林梭梭至今生长良好,目前植株高度和冠幅均大于2 m和2 m~2,当年新生枝条长度均大于20 cm;初始造林梭梭存活率较高,分别为40%和63%;经过自然更新,现有密度均有所提高,人工林形成异龄复层混交林,林下生长有不同优势种的草本植物;土壤含水量均2.00%,能够满足梭梭生长。(2)由于两种造林技术的土地处理方式和初期水分供给量不同,导致两种林地梭梭生长、林下草本植物盖度和多样性以及天然更新梭梭植株数量均有很大差异,整体秋灌造林地的状况优于积雪-客沙造林地。(3)两种造林技术对于当地生态条件均有很好的适应性,虽然积雪-客沙造林密度相对较低,但优于自然植被状况,且造林成本低;秋灌造林密度较大,天然更新植株数量较多,但造林成本高,后期生长较缓慢,需要采取一定的人工措施调整密度。综上可知,积雪-客沙造林和秋灌造林梭梭目前生长均较稳定,后者对该区生态条件适应性更强。     

内盖夫荒漠中小型土壤节肢动物群落的时空变化

Desert ecosystems are characterized by sparse vegetation that affects both abiotic parameters and soil biota along the soil profile.This study was conducted in 2010–2011 in a loess plain in the northern Negev Desert highlands, Israel, to test two main hypotheses:1) the abundance and diversity of microarthropods would vary seasonally in the top 30-cm soil layer, but would be relatively stable at soil depths between 30 and 50 cm and 2) soil microarthropods would be more abundant in soils under shrubs with large litter accumulations than under shrubs with less litter or bare soil. Soil samples were collected each season from the 0–50 cm profile at10-cm intervals under the canopies of Hammada scoparia and Zygophyllum dumosum and from the bare interspaces between them.Soil moisture and soil organic carbon in the top 30-cm layers varied seasonally, but there was little variation in the soil layers deeper than 30 cm. Soil mites were most abundant in the top 30-cm soil layer in autumn and winter, with the highest number of families found in winter. There were no differences in soil microarthropod abundance attributable to the presence or absence of shrubs of either species. The microarthropod communities of the microhabitats studied consisted of Acari, Psocoptera, and Collembola. The Acari were mostly identified to the family level and were dominated by Oribatida(55%) and Prostigmata(41%) in all seasons and microhabitats, while the psocopterans were most abundant in summer. These results are opposite to those obtained in other studies in similar xeric environments. Moreover, our findings were not in line with our hypothesis that a better microhabitat played a major role in microarthropod community composition, diversity, and density.     

流沙地表层土壤化学性质对免灌造林的响应——以古尔班通古特沙漠明渠防护林为例

[目的]在免灌造林措施下,研究不同种植年限梭梭林下土壤化学性质的变化,为防护林生态工程建设提供理论依据。[方法]对古尔班通古特沙漠明渠无灌溉条件下防护林地表层的土壤化学性质进行测定,分析林地土壤的结皮层、0—10cm层,10—20cm层土壤盐分和养分的动态变化规律。[结果]建立梭梭防护林后土壤的pH值和全盐量均高于流沙地,土壤碱化趋势比较明显;随种植年限的增加,各层土壤pH值和全盐量均表现出先增加后减小的趋势,8大离子的含量呈增加的趋势,土壤pH值、全盐量和8大离子由表层向下递减。随种植年限的增加,各层土壤有机质含量先增加后缓慢减小,土壤全N,P和速效P,K呈现总体增加,全K呈减小的趋势,速效N呈先增加后减小的趋势,同样有向下骤减的趋势。[结论]防护林建设有利于风沙土的发育,土壤质量状况逐年改善。     

宁南山区保护性农业措施对冬小麦农田休闲期土壤水分的影响

[目的]研究宁南山区冬小麦农田休闲期保护性农业措施对土壤水分的影响,为该区降雨资源的高效利用以及保护性农业的可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法]基于不同时期多个保护性农业试验土壤水分数据比较分析。[结果](1)在干旱的情况下,免耕留茬处理能够显著增加土壤表层(0—20cm)含水量。(2)在免耕的情况下,随着秸秆留茬高度的增加,土壤水分呈现增加趋势。(3)在降雨量较大且降雨量具有连续性的情况下,常规耕作处理在土壤表层保蓄了较多的土壤水分(0—20cm),免耕秸秆覆盖处理能够增加土壤20—80cm土壤水分含量。(4)冬小麦休闲期种植豆科作物,降低了土壤水分,其降低幅度与降雨量以及种植密度有关,种植密度越大,对土壤水分的影响越大。[结论]免耕+留茬耕作措施能够提高冬小麦农田休闲期土壤水分含量,覆盖作物降低了休闲期土壤水分含量。     

Changes in soil properties related to conversion of savannah woodland into pine and eucalyptus plantations,Northern Nigeria

Soil properties associated with six age-grade plantations of Pinus oocarpa Schiede and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., respectively, including nearby natural vegetation, were compared in the savannah zone of Nigeria. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen and exchangeable nutrients first show declining values with the increasing age of the plantation, then an increase and finally steady or declining values in the 0–15 cm soil depth. Usually the differences between the two youngest plantations and the oldest plantations, and the natural vegetation, were significant. In the 20–30 cm soil depth the properties showed a decrease or steady values over time, with the three oldest plantations showing significant differences from the natural vegetation. The soil pH showed an increased acidity over time. There was little difference in the soil properties between the two tree species. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to sustaining productivity and soil fertility. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

晋西黄土区不同退耕年限刺槐林对土壤水分和养分的影响

[目的]探讨人工刺槐林植被恢复对土壤水分和养分的影响,为半干旱黄土丘陵区植被恢复与生态建设提供理论依据。[方法]选择山西省黄河中游典型黄土丘陵沟壑区的人工刺槐林为研究对象,评估不同退耕年限刺槐林地土壤水分和养分特征。[结果]刺槐林地能够有效改善土壤水分条件,尤其在造林初期,土壤有机质和全氮平均含量显著提高,且具有明显的表聚性;刺槐林地对浅层土壤水分和养分的改善作用较大,土壤水分在40cm以上土层坑内平均水分比坑外提高了3.97%,在40cm以下土层仅提高了2.74%;土壤养分在20cm以上土层,坑内土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾平均含量分别比坑外提高了6.61%,6.14%,1.55%和1.98%;在20cm以下土层,对土壤全磷和全钾无明显改善作用。[结论]刺槐林地不同程度地改善和提高了于浅层坑内土壤水分和养分状况。     

西班牙东南部旱作橄榄树果园水土保持措施: 植物带对土壤水分的动态影响

Sloping and mountainous olive production systems are widespread, occupying large parts of the Mediterranean landscape prone to water erosion. Soil erosion, runoff, and soil water content patterns over a three-year period were monitored in erosion plots on a mountainside with rainfed olive (Olea europaea cv. Picual) trees under: 1) non-tillage with barley strips of 4 m width (BS); 2) non-tillage with native vegetation strips of 4 m width (NVS); and 3) non-tillage without plant strips (NT). The erosion plots, located in Lanjaron (Granada, south-eastern Spain), on a 30% slope, were 192 m² in area. For assessing soil water dynamics in real-time and near-continuous soil water content measurements, multisensor capacitance probes were installed in the middle of plant strips and beneath the olive tree at five soil depths (10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 cm). The highest erosion and runoff rates were measured under NT, with a mean of 17.3 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 and 140.0 mm year^-1, respectively, over the entire study period. The BS and NVS with respect to the NT reduced erosion by 71% and 59% and runoff by 95% and 94%, respectively. In general, greater available soil water content was found under BS than NVS and NT, especially beneath the olive tree canopies. These results supported the recommendation of non-tillage with barley strips in order to reduce erosion and to preserve soil water for trees in traditional mountainous olive-producing areas, where orchards cover vast tracts of land.     

基于轨迹分析的2003-2010年华东地区土地覆被变化对土壤水分的影响研究

[目的]分析华东地区土地覆被变化过程对土壤水分的影响,以期能够揭示土地覆被变化对土壤水分的影响机理.[方法]应用MODIS三级土地覆被产品MCD12Q1,采用轨迹分析方法描述20032010年耕地和林地轨迹变化过程;选择基于AMSR-E土壤水分数据的降尺度反演结果作为描述土壤水分变化的数据,研究华东地区土地覆被变化对土壤水分的影响.[结果](1)每种土地覆被类型均有3种轨迹变化形式:研究年限内面积增加的轨迹、面积减少的轨迹、研究年限内未发生面积变化的轨迹;(2)在耕地和林地3种轨迹变化过程中,土壤水分含量均表现出下降的趋势.(3)在林地的3种轨迹变化过程中,土壤水分含量大小顺序为:未发生轨迹变化的林地＞林地面积增加的轨迹＞林地面积减少的轨迹;在耕地的3种轨迹变化过程中,土壤水分含量大小排序为:耕地面积减少的轨迹＞耕地面积增加的轨迹＞未发生轨迹变化的耕地;(4)耕地、林地轨迹变化过程对土壤水分的影响均与时间年限有关,至少需要7 a林地土壤水分含量达到最大值,此时耕地土壤水分含量达到最小值.[结论]作为华东地区主要的土地覆被类型,耕地和林地在2003-2010年的所有变化轨迹过程中,土壤水分均呈现下降趋势,且土壤水分随着育林年限和耕种年限的增长分别增加和减小,并在第7 a分别达到最大和最小.     

黄土丘陵区典型草地演替中植物群落特征与土壤储水量关系

[目的]阐明草地植被演替过程中植被生产力、植物多样性等生态学特征与土壤储水量的关系,为探明黄土高原地区植被恢复的生态环境效应提供一定的科学依据。[方法]采用时空互代的方法对宁夏回族自治区固原市云雾山保护区自然恢复3,8,13,46,66,89a的样地进行取样,分析0—100cm土层土壤储水量的分布及其与地上地下植物生物量、物种多样性的关系。[结果]随着草地演替的进行,植被群落盖度、生物量和物种多样性指数在恢复13a之前显著增加,之后渐趋稳定;土壤含水量逐渐增加,容重逐渐降低。植被群落演替对0—40cm土层土壤储水量没有显著影响,但演替后期对40cm以下土层水分有明显消耗。植被群落生物量及物种多样性指标与表层0—10cm水分呈显著正相关。[结论]草地演替过程中,植被群落生物量和物种多样性的增加与表层土壤储水能力的提升密切相关,但深层根系生物量的增加对下层土壤储水的消耗也逐渐增大。     

Afforestation of agricultural land with Pinus radiata D. don and Betula alba L. in NW Spain: Effects on soil PH,understorey production and floristic diversity eleven years after establishment

Afforestation of abandoned agricultural lands has been the main change in land use over the past decade in Europe. However, the impact of tree species and understorey management on production and plant diversity over the medium‐ and long‐term has not been thoroughly studied. This paper aims to evaluate the effects of an afforestation of Pinus radiata D. Don and Betula alba L. on soil pH, understorey production and plant diversity and life cycle type (annuals vs. perennials) managed with different soil fertilisation treatments over a period of 11 years. The results show an acidification of the soil 11 years after establishment, better vertical growth and diameter of pine compared with birch as usually happens in the region and important variation in the biomass production and composition of the understorey below both tree species. Understorey species remained similar during the first 5 years below both canopies. However, species richness (S) was drastically reduced under Pinus radiata D. Don plantation compared to Betula alba L. (S_pine = 2 vs. S_birch = 17) after 11 years of tree establishment at a very high density (2500 trees ha⁻¹). Inorganic and organic fertilisation also caused a reduction in floristic diversity. Soil pH, pasture production and floristic understorey plant diversity are better preserved under autochthonous broadleaves, which increased the multiple uses of recently afforested lands in the short‐ and medium‐term. In the European context of high need for sawn wood, the use of autochthonous broadleaved tree species like Betula should be promoted due to their better sustainability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

石羊河流域干旱荒漠区人工梭梭林对土壤碳库的影响

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,研究石羊河流域民勤干旱沙区种植人工梭梭林4,13,36年后的土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)、无机碳(Soil inorganic carbon,SIC)、全氮(Total nitrogen,TN)和总碳(soil total carbon,TC)含量及储量变化特征。结果表明:流动沙地种植梭梭后,0-50cm层灌丛下和行间SOC和TN含量总体随造林年限增加而增加,5-50cm层灌丛下SIC含量在13年梭梭林地最高。36,13年林地0-50cm层灌丛下SOC和TN储量均高于行间,而13年灌丛下SIC储量低于行间,4年灌丛下5-50cm层SOC、TN和SIC储量均低于行间。0-50cm层土壤有机碳、无机碳、全氮储量增幅分别为102.44%,24.66%,54.55%,36年林地SOC和TN储量随土层加深先降低后增加,但4,13年和流动沙地SOC、SIC和TN储量均随土层加深而增加。土壤有机碳占总碳比例随造林年限增加而增加。相关分析结果表明,土壤颗粒组成、造林年限、土层深度等与土壤有机碳和全氮储量显著相关(P0.01)。民勤干旱沙区造林提高了土壤碳库截存量,并且随林龄增长而增长。     

Soil arthropods in a developmental succession on the Nouragues inselberg (French Guiana)

Tropical inselbergs are isolated rock outcrops with a special type of vegetation surrounded by rain forest. They are exposed to a harsh climate (alternation of heavy rain and severe drought) and provide few nutrients for plant growth. The aim of our study was to investigate a possible correlation between primary plant succession, size and diversity of soil arthropods. The study site was the Nouragues inselberg, in French Guiana (South America). Nine soil samples (three samples in each vegetation type) were taken for the study of soil arthropod communities and their food habits in three habitat types: Pitcairnia geyskesi (Bromeliaceae), Clusia minor (Clusiaceae) and Myrcia saxatilis (Myrtaceae), which represent three stages in a primary plant succession on this inselberg. Soil arthropods were classified into morphospecies under the dissecting microscope and their food habits were characterized by examining their gut contents under the light microscope. A variation in food habits was observed, cyanobacteria being found in arthropod guts only during the Pitcairnia stage, and were replaced by plant material at the Myrcia stage. Carnivory was prominent in oribatid mites, contrary to temperate records. All our samples contained large numbers of microarthropods, principally mites and collembolans. At the Myrcia stage arthropod density was significantly higher than at the two other stages. Macroinvertebrates are present only at late and intermediate successional stages. The number of macropredators increased by a factor of 10 in species richness and 100 in abundance along the succession. These results suggest that abundance and diversity of soil arthropods increased throughout the plant succession and show the importance of organic matter as a factor which can explain the observed phenomenon.