小麦HD2基因家族的全基因组鉴定及热胁迫下的表达模式分析

组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histonedeacetylase,HDAC)负责去除组蛋白上的乙酰基团,在生物体的生长发育和非生物胁迫响应方面具有重要作用。本研究根据其他植物中HD2基因家族序列,利用生物信息学方法对小麦中的HD2基因进行鉴定,并对其基本生物学特性和调控网络等进行分析。结果表明,有12个小麦HD2基因被鉴定,并根据蛋白质序列C端是否含有锌指结构将其分为Group1和Group2两个亚家族;这些基因的编码蛋白均定位于细胞核内。利用WheatExp数据和RNA-seq数据对小麦HD2基因在不同组织和不同逆境胁迫下的表达模式进行分析,结果表明,小麦HD2基因在不同组织和不同逆境下均存在差异表达。同时,利用qRT-PCR技术对其在小麦12个生长发育时期的叶片中响应热胁迫的表达模式进行分析,结果表明,其在小麦挑旗期和抽穗期表达量明显上升。     

小麦LBD基因家族的全基因组鉴定、表达特性及调控网络分析

为深入发掘小麦LBD基因的功能,利用小麦最新基因组数据,通过生物信息学手段,对小麦LBD基因家族进行了鉴定,并对其表达特性及调控网络进行了分析。鉴定结果表明,本研究得到了75个小麦LBD基因,根据系统进化分析结果,可将它们划分为ClassⅠ和ClassⅡ两个亚家族。染色体定位结果表明,除了5D和7D外,其余染色体均含有LBD基因。共表达调控网络分析表明,15个LBD基因参与了小麦功能基因调控。利用RNA-seq数据对所有小麦LBD基因在不同组织以及不同逆境胁迫下的表达情况进行分析表明,小麦LBD基因在不同组织间和胁迫下存在着差异表达,多个组织特异和胁迫响应相关LBD基因被鉴定到,可作为后续功能研究的候选基因。     

普通小麦DREB基因家族的全基因组鉴定及热胁迫下的表达模式分析

DREB基因家族在调控植物生长发育和响应多种逆境胁迫中起着至关重要的作用。为了全面分析小麦中DREB基因家族成员的特性,为小麦DREB家族基因的发掘和利用提供参考,本研究采用生物信息学方法进行了全面的全基因组范围搜索,共获得了204个TaDREB基因。利用系统发育分析将其分为6个亚组,并进一步进行了染色体定位、基因结构和保守蛋白基序以及基因复制事件分析,系统研究了这些TaDREB基因的进化特征。此外,基于同源性分析的方法,构建了小麦DREB基因与其他基因之间的调控网络,鉴定到13个参与网络调控的TaDREB基因,并确定了179对互作关系。通过分析现有的RNA-seq数据,研究了TaDREB在不同组织和不同逆境胁迫下的表达情况,并鉴定到11个组织特异表达和多个响应逆境的基因。最后选取5个TaDREB基因,通过qRT-PCR技术验证了它们在热胁迫条件下的表达,结果证实这些基因均能对热胁迫产生响应。     

野生二粒小麦PYL基因家族的鉴定及其在逆境胁迫下的表达特性分析

脱落酸(ABA)是一类重要的植物内源激素,在调控植物生长发育和胁迫响应等方面发挥着关键作用。基因作为ABA的受体,在ABA信号转导过程中发挥着重要作用。为深入发掘野生二粒小麦PYL基因,本研究利用生物信息学对野生二粒小麦的PYL家族进行全基因组鉴定与分析。结果在野生二粒小麦基因组中共鉴定到24个PYL基因(TdPYLs),分布在1A、1B、2A、2B、3A、3B、4A、4B、7A和7B染色体上,且所有成员均含有PYR-PYL-RCAR-like功能域;系统进化分析发现,24个TdPYL基因可分为3个亚家族,同一亚家族成员间具有相似的基因结构和保守结构域;对这些PYL基因的启动子顺式元件进行预测,发现它们含有大量与逆境胁迫、光调节和ABA响应相关的元件;基于RNA-seq数据的表达特性分析发现,它们在不同组织中以及逆境胁迫下表达差异明显,并鉴定到多个与组织特异性以及胁迫响应相关的PYL基因;进一步对PYL基因的单倍型组成进行分析,发现在野生二粒小麦、栽培二粒小麦和硬粒小麦中PYL基因的遗传变异和单倍型组成具有明显的差异,发生了显著的遗传分化。本研究为深入揭示野生二粒小麦PYL基因的调控功能及其进化机制研究提供了有益信息。     

小麦SPL家族基因在非生物胁迫下的表达分析

SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein like(SPL)是一类在植物中广泛存在的转录因子家族,在调控植物生长发育、响应逆境胁迫等方面发挥着重要作用。为解析小麦中SPL家族基因响应非生物胁迫的机理,本研究采用生物信息学的方法在全基因组范围内对小麦SPL基因家族成员进行鉴定,并对鉴定到的SPL基因进行表达模式分析。结果表明,在全基因组范围内共鉴定到56个小麦SPL基因,其中27个是miR156的靶基因;系统进化分析发现,56个小麦SPL基因聚类为7个亚家族。基于转录组数据对表达模式进行分析,发现36个小麦SPL基因与非生物胁迫响应相关,响应缺氮、缺磷、高盐、低温、干旱、高温胁迫以及热旱共胁迫的基因分别有12、16、22、6、13、14和21个,其中TraesCS3D02G425800同时响应7种非生物胁迫。qRT PCR验证结果与转录组数据基本一致。     

花生AhCLE基因家族鉴定及对土壤紧实和氮素复合胁迫响应分析

花生是我国重要的油料作物，其生长过程面临多种土壤环境逆境胁迫。CLE(CLAVATA3/Embryo Surrounding Region)多肽是目前研究最深入的植物多肽(多肽激素),具有类似传统植物激素的调节功能，广泛参与植物生长发育及抗逆过程。目前关于花生CLE(AhCLE)家族基因鉴定及抗逆功能的研究尚未见报导。本研究基于花生基因组注释信息，系统鉴定AhCLE家族成员并对其进行基因亚细胞定位、染色体定位、多序列比对、基因保守基序、基因结构及系统进化等分析；利用转录组信息结合实时荧光定量PCR技术(qRT-PCR)检测AhCLE基因家族各成员在花生不同组织部位及不同的土壤紧实及氮素胁迫条件下的表达情况。研究结果表明：AhCLE基因家族由9个成员组成，均含有12个氨基酸组成的CLE保守结构域序列；亚细胞定位预测结果显示该基因家族成员均位于细胞外，为分泌型蛋白；启动子区顺式作用元件分析发现，该家族成员具有多个逆境胁迫及植物激素响应元件，表明AhCLE家族可能与多种植物激素协同参与调控植物逆境胁迫；聚类分析发现，该家族成员分布于4个不同的分支中，分别与拟南芥的AtCLE家族不同成员聚在一...     

小麦LEAsm基因及其启动子的克隆与功能研究

胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白(LEA)是一个小的高亲水性的蛋白家族,该蛋白家族在逆境胁迫下大量积累,保护植物免受逆境胁迫。LEA蛋白可分为7组,其中重复的11-氨基酸基序是第3组LEA蛋白的特征。为深入分析第3组LEA蛋白在小麦响应逆境胁迫中的作用机制,利用芯片技术从小麦表达谱中筛选出一个渗透胁迫诱导表达的第3组LEA蛋白基因TaLEAsm,然后根据该基因序列设计引物筛选石麦15的BAC文库,获得1个含有该基因的BAC单克隆,以该BAC单克隆质粒为模板,通过BAC延伸测序克隆了TaLEAsm基因及其启动子序列,并对TaLEAsm序列特征、表达模式和启动子功能进行了初步分析。结果表明,TaLEAsm基因序列仅含有1个105bp的内含子,其开放读码框长675bp,编码224个氨基酸。TaLEAsm含有10个11-氨基酸重复序列,属于第3组LEA蛋白。低温、高盐和渗透胁迫均诱导TaLEAsm基因上调表达,但在根和叶中表达模式不同。在TaLEAsm基因起始密码子上游1 500bp序列中,预测含有14个逆境响应顺式元件。在拟南芥中,TaLEAsm基因启动子能够启动GUS基因表达,渗透胁迫诱导GUS基因明显上调表达。以上结果表明,TaLEAsm为小麦脱水响应基因,其启动子为渗透胁迫诱导启动子。     

小麦LACS基因家族的全基因组鉴定与表达分析

长链酰基辅酶A合成酶(long-chain acyl-coenzymeA synthetase, LACS)在脂肪酸代谢、角质层角质和蜡的合成中发挥着重要作用。为研究小麦中LACS基因的特征,以中国春为材料,进行全基因组鉴定和分析。结果共鉴定出148个小麦LACS基因(TaLACS),不均匀分布于21条染色体上,且有成簇分布的现象,编码蛋白大部分为中性、亲水的水溶性蛋白,性质稳定。系统进化分析结果显示,148个TaLACS基因聚为6组,有55对旁系同源基因。表达谱分析表明,TaLACS基因在不同组织和逆境胁迫下存在明显的差异表达,说明TaLACS基因具有组织特异性,在抗低温、干旱和赤霉病过程中TaLACS基因发挥重要作用。该家族中含有响应低温、干旱和脱落酸元件的基因分别占34.9%、46.0%和85.8%,揭示TaLACS基因参与生物胁迫和非生物胁迫过程。     

番茄HDACs家族基因在胁迫条件下的表达分析

组蛋白去乙酰化酶（Histone deacetylases，HDACs）家族基因在植物的生长发育、器官构建及逆境胁迫和激素信号应答中发挥重要作用。利用生物信息学方法对番茄的HDACs家族成员、分布及结构和功能等进行分析。结果表明，番茄HDACs家族包含15个成员，分为3个亚家族。遗传进化分析表明，番茄HDACs家族成员与拟南芥HDACs家族具有相似分类。利用实时荧光定量PCR对番茄HDACs家族基因的组织表达分析表明，HDACs具有组织特异性表达差异，SlHDT1、SlHDT2和SlHDT3在根中表达较高，而SlHDA1、SlHDA3、SlHDA5、SlHDA6在果实发育过程中表达较高；利用RT-PCR对番茄HDACs的胁迫响应分析表明，在盐、SA、ABA、高温和低温胁迫条件下，15个番茄HDACs成员的表达模式不同，其中部分基因的表达水平被显著地诱导增加或者降低，推测这些基因很可能参与了调控番茄逆境胁迫条件下的防御应答反应。结果将为进一步解析番茄HDACs家族基因的功能奠定基础。     

大麦转录因子基因 HvNAC1的克隆及功能初探

NAC转录因子家族是植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,在植物的生长发育及植物参与生物与非生物胁迫过程中起重要作用。本研究通过分析感染大麦温和花叶病毒(Barley mild mosaic virus,BaMMV)的大麦转录组测序结果,获得表达上调的基因 HORVU5Hr1G011650,基因注释为 HvNAC1。通过生物信息学分析发现该基因全长915 bp,编码304个氨基酸,分子量为33.3 kDa,理论等电点为9.21,在14～141位氨基酸之间含有NAC转录因子家族保守结构域。系统进化分析发现,该基因与小麦、拟南芥中的NAC转录因子同源性较高。组织表达分析发现,该基因在大麦的不同生长时期均有表达,在结实后期和外颖壳中表达量较高。农杆菌介导的烟草亚细胞定位实验表明,该基因定位于细胞核中。在酵母实验中,发现 HvNAC1具有完整的转录因子活性。     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

先玉335、郑单958和京科968抗虫能力的比较研究

以先玉335、郑单958、京科968为材料,以玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、黏虫(Mythimna separata)和禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)为供试昆虫,探究玉米品系大喇叭口期对玉米螟和黏虫及抽雄期对禾谷缢管蚜抗性差异,测定其主要抗虫化合物丁布类物质的含量。结果发现,京科968对玉米螟及禾谷缢管蚜抗性均高于另外两个品系;对黏虫的抗性,郑单958和京科968高于先玉335。大喇叭口期京科968中丁布类物质含量最高,抽雄期郑单958和京科968中主要丁布成分含量均高于先玉335,上述组织中丁布合成相关基因在郑单958及京科968中的表达量也均高于先玉335。本研究揭示杂交玉米抗虫性与抗性相关化合物含量及其相关基因表达间存在正向相关关系,为抗虫玉米分子育种提供理论参考。     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Evaluation of fungicides to control Petri disease pathogens in the grapevine propagation process

The efficacy of fourteen selected fungicides against Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was evaluated in vitro by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides against P. chlamydospora, while carbendazim and didecyldimethylammonium chloride were the most effective against P. aleophilum. An assay was also conducted with cubiet, hydroxyquinoline sulphate and didecyldimethylammonium chloride to determine their potential to prevent infections caused by these pathogens during the hydration stage in grapevine propagation. The results of this experiment demonstrated that P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum were able to infect healthy cuttings during the hydration stage and showed that didecyldimethylammonium chloride was consistently the best treatment as a disinfectant soak for grapevine cuttings. Additionally, semi-commercial trials were conducted in two grapevine nurseries to evaluate the effectiveness of several strategies with carbendazim, flusilazole and hydroxyquinoline sulphate at different nursery stages. Soaking planting material in carbendazim during the hydration stage was the most effective treatment since neither P. chlamydospora nor P. aleophilum were isolated from planting material in either nursery.     

Evaluation of diploid potato clones for resistance to tuber soft rot induced by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica,E. carotovora subsp.carotovora andE. chrysanthemi

Summary Tubers of clones from a diploid hybrid population ofSolanum phureja andS. stenotomum were screened for resistance to tuber soft rot caused by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca),E. carotovora subsp.carotovora (Ecc) andE. chrysanthemi (Ech). Significant, positive correlations between resistance to the different strains and species were observed, indicating that screening for resistance to tuber soft rot could be accomplished by using just one of the three pathogens. Strains of Ecc and Ech were found to be much more virulent than strains of Eca. Inoculating with Ecc and Ech resulted in more distinct differences among susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant clones than inoculating with Eca.     

Screening for resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) using toxic metabolites produced by the fungus

Summary The phytotoxic components of the culture filtrate of the fungusAlternaria solani Sor, which causes early blight in potato, were used in this study to differentiate between resistant and susceptible genotypes selected to represent a range of reactions when screened in the field. Detached leaflet assays, using spores and toxic metabolites from the culture filtrate, were compared with field ratings and a whole-plant glasshouse test. Rank correlations between several detached leaflet tests were highly significant (P<0.01) but the correlations between these tests and the glasshouse and field tests were poor. The disease ratings obtained in the various tests were clustered into four groups and assigned to resistance classes. For many of the genotypes there was a good correspondence between resistance classes for all test methods. Divergent results between tests were associated with foliage maturity characteristics of the genotypes. Contribution no. 3879050 of the Lethbridge Research Station.     

B9601-Y2溶磷解钾固氮能力及促玉米生长效果研究

为了明确淀粉芽孢杆菌B9601-Y2(Y2)的促生长机制,通过摇瓶培养,检测其溶磷解钾固氮活性;通过盆栽试验,探索Y2对玉米生长量和溶磷解钾量的影响。结果表明,在第7天时,Y2固氮量为2.9 mg/L,解钾量为13.5μg/mL;在第4天时,溶磷量达732μg/mL。与空白对照相比,Y2发酵液能增加玉米株高28.29%,根长27.21%,叶宽18.56%,鲜重80.93%,干重66.67%;提高土壤中速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别为20.42%、111.01%和17.24%,提高植株氮、磷、钾含量45.46%、120.17%、68.45%。研究结果表明,Y2活化土壤中难溶性磷、钾和具有固氮能力,并能促进植株对氮、磷、钾营养的吸收利用。