光周期对二点委夜蛾生长发育的影响

为明确光周期对二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone(M?schler)生长发育的影响,在温度24±1℃、相对湿度(80±5)%以及13个不同光周期的条件下测定二点委夜蛾幼虫发育历期、成虫生殖等情况。结果表明,光周期对二点委夜蛾生长发育影响显著。当光照时数≥16 h时,二点委夜蛾幼虫至产卵前期的总发育历期在33.7~40.7 d之间,无休眠个体产生,成虫获得率在67.0%~78.7%之间,单雌产卵量在335.3~382.4粒之间,种群趋势指数在116.4~144.0之间。当光照时数16 h时,二点委夜蛾幼虫至产卵前期的总发育历期在40.2~63.2 d之间;老熟幼虫或蛹中的部分个体出现休眠现象,并以老熟幼虫为主;各处理间总休眠率在18.4%~79.6%之间,成虫获得率在15.3%~66.0%之间,单雌产卵量在275.8~419.0粒之间,种群趋势指数在30.4~122.6之间。表明长光照有利于二点委夜蛾的生长发育及生殖。     

光周期对莲草直胸跳甲生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila Selman et Vogt的生态适应性,提高其对恶性杂草喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides(Martius)的生物防治效率,研究了7组不同光周期对其生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明:不同光周期处理下,莲草直胸跳甲卵的孵化历期差异显著,在L∶D=12 h∶12 h时孵化历期最短,为4.33 d;其化蛹率无显著差异。相较于短光期,长光期条件更适合其幼虫生长发育。随着光照时数的增加,莲草直胸跳甲成虫寿命、产卵历期、雌虫产卵量呈明显单峰趋势,光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时,成虫寿命和产卵历期最长,分别为41.8 d和34.0 d;光周期为L∶D=8 h∶16 h时,雌虫产卵量最高,为98.5块。不同光周期处理下其成虫后代的孵化率均高于85%,各处理间均无显著差异。在7组光周期处理下,莲草直胸跳甲均未出现生长与生殖停滞及大量死亡现象。生命表分析结果显示,光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时,莲草直胸跳甲种群的净增殖率、平均世代周期及内禀增长率均最高,分别为386.88、45.36和0.13;而种群增殖时长最短,为5.27 d。表明光周期为L∶D=12 h∶12 h时最适合莲草直胸跳甲生长发育和繁殖。     

光周期对井上蛀果斑螟生长发育及繁殖的影响

为明确不同光周期对井上蛀果斑螟Assara inouei Yamanaka生长发育及繁殖的影响,在25℃, 70%RH,光照强度5 500 lx及5种不同光周期(L//D=8 h//16 h、10 h//14 h、12 h//12 h、14 h//10 h、16 h//8 h)条件下,研究了井上蛀果斑螟的生长发育和繁殖情况。结果表明,光周期对井上蛀果斑螟幼虫和蛹的发育历期、幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、成虫寿命、产卵期、平均单雌产卵量有显著影响。在L//D=16 h//8 h光周期下幼虫期、蛹期和产卵期最短,分别为18.8、8.2 d和7.8 d;幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率和平均单雌产卵量最高,分别为67.4%、86.5%、93.3%和95.3粒。在L//D=12 h//12 h光周期下雌、雄成虫寿命和产卵期最长,分别为15.8、15.1 d和12.5 d,但幼虫存活率最低,为38.9%。光周期对蛹重、成虫产卵前期和卵孵化率无显著影响。除L//D=16 h//8 h光周期外,其余4种光周期下井上蛀果斑螟幼虫部分个体出现生长发育停滞现象,滞育率在3.9%～6.9%之间。长光照有利于井上蛀果...     

黏虫在4种寄主植物上的生长发育和繁殖的比较研究

在室内条件下[温度(24±l)℃,湿度75%±5%,光周期L//D=12h//12h]以玉米、水稻、甘蔗和稗草叶片为食料饲喂黏虫,观察其各虫态发育历期、存活率、蛹重、成虫繁殖力并计算生命表参数。结果表明,黏虫幼虫历期以取食玉米最短,取食甘蔗最长;非成虫期存活率在玉米上最高,在甘蔗上最低;雌成虫蛹重以取食玉米最重,取食甘蔗最轻;产卵量以取食玉米最多,取食甘蔗最少。黏虫在玉米、水稻、甘蔗和稗草上的内禀增长率(r_m)分别为0.132 1、0.116 2、0.095 1和0.103 3,周限增长率(λ)分别为1.14、1.12、1.10和1.11。可见,在3种农作物中,玉米为黏虫最佳寄主,其次是水稻,最后是甘蔗。黏虫各项生长发育指标在稗草上要优于甘蔗,因此,稗草可作为黏虫的优质中间寄主。     

三种猎物对蠋蝽生长发育和繁殖的影响

为比较黏虫幼虫、米蛾幼虫、柞蚕蛹3种替代猎物对于饲喂蠋蝽的营养适合性,在室内测定了3种猎物的营养组成以及蠋蝽取食3种猎物后的发育历期、体重、体长、繁殖力等生物学参数,为扩繁蠋蝽提供依据。结果表明,蠋蝽取食3种猎物均能正常完成世代发育。体重、体长、性比不受食物处理的影响。蠋蝽在取食黏虫和柞蚕蛹时,其发育历期、存活率、产卵量、卵孵化率等指标无显著差异。蠋蝽取食米蛾时,卵孵化至成虫的发育历期为29.88 d,明显长于取食黏虫和柞蚕蛹的蠋蝽,历期分别为25.57和26.15 d;世代单雌平均产卵量为231.44粒,显著低于取食黏虫与柞蚕的360.00和441.00粒;成虫获得率为23.78%,极显著低于取食黏虫与柞蚕的获得率60.00%和60.56%;然而雌、雄虫寿命均较取食黏虫与柞蚕有所延长。综上所述,黏虫幼虫可作为室内扩繁蠋蝽的猎物。     

草地贪夜蛾的发育起点温度、有效积温和发育历期预测模型

温度是影响草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda生长发育、繁殖和分布地区的主要环境因素。本研究利用室内恒温饲养的方法,测定了草地贪夜蛾各发育阶段的发育起点温度、有效积温和生命表参数,并构建了发育历期的预测模型。研究结果表明,温度对草地贪夜蛾各发育阶段的发育历期、化蛹率、蛹的存活率与羽化率以及成虫繁殖力有显著影响。各发育阶段的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,15～35℃下幼虫的发育历期为55.26～9.58 d。20～30℃为种群生长发育的适宜温度,成虫繁殖的最适温度为20～25℃。卵、幼虫、蛹和卵到蛹的发育起点温度分别为10.27、11.10、12.20和11.34℃,有效积温分别为44.57、211.93、135.69和390.55日·度。本研究结果可为预测草地贪夜蛾的发育历期、发生区域、发生期和发生世代提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

温度对甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确温度对甘蔗条螟Chilo sacchariphagus生长发育和繁殖的影响,在20、23、26、29和32℃不同温度下测定甘蔗条螟各虫态的发育历期和成虫繁殖力。结果显示,在20～32℃范围内,各虫态发育历期随温度升高而缩短,20℃下完成1个世代需要83.30 d,而32℃下仅需35.56 d。各虫态的发育速率与温度呈显著正相关,符合Logistic回归模型。卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、成虫产卵前期以及全世代的发育起点温度分别为15.87、9.90、13.67、10.79和11.27℃,有效积温分别为69.49、490.99、142.95、26.72和717.68 d·℃。雌、雄成虫寿命均随温度的升高逐渐缩短,雌成虫产卵量在26℃时最高为136.37粒/头。卵和蛹在26℃时的存活率最高,分别为94.71%和93.55%,在29℃时幼虫的存活率最高,为47.73%,在26℃时全世代的存活率最高,为42.08%。表明温度是影响甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的关键因素,26～29℃是甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的适宜温度。     

棉蚜茧蜂发育及成蜂寿命的影响因子

在室内条件下，对棉蚜茧蜂发育及成蜂寿命的影响因子进行研究。结果表明，22℃，光照16h/d，RH60％-80％下，棉蚜茧蜂个体发育历经卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫4个阶段，一个世代需12．5d；卵的发育起点温度为7．06℃，完成一个世代需有效积温为176．95日度。发育历期、成蜂寿命均随温度的升高而缩短，在10％蜜水饲喂的情况下，成蜂的寿命有显著延长。     

不同光周期下草地贪夜蛾两性生命表的比较

为了阐明光周期对草地贪夜蛾生长发育和生殖能力的影响,在25℃条件下,设置5个光周期(L//D=16 h//8 h、L//D=14 h//10 h、L//D=12 h//12 h、L//D=10 h//14 h和L//D=8 h//16 h)测定不同光周期条件下草地贪夜蛾的生长发育参数和生殖参数并建立两性生命表。结果表明,L//D=12 h//12 h时草地贪夜蛾的幼虫历期(17.53 d)和产卵前期(5.73 d)最长,L//D=16 h//8 h时幼虫历期(15.12 d)和产卵前期(4.18 d)最短。各发育阶段存活率在L//D=16 h//8 h时最高,在L//D=12 h//12 h和L//D=10 h//14 h时最低。产卵整齐度(PFO)在L∥D=10 h//14 h时最大(2.82 d),在L//D=14 h//10 h最小(1.42 d)。L//D=14 h//10 h时成虫的产卵量(1 950.64粒)、产卵历期(7.48 d)以及交配次数(3.55次)和交配率(95.25%)均高于其余光周期。L//D=16 h//8 h和L∥D=14 h//10 h时净增殖率、内禀...     

低温胁迫对荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫存活和发育的影响

荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensis是为害荔枝龙眼的重要害虫,以幼虫越冬。了解其幼虫经历低温胁迫后的存活率和发育历期有助于预测其种群数量动态。本研究于室内测定荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫在不同低温条件下（5、10℃和15℃）处理1、3、5、7、10 d和15 d的存活率和发育历期及其对蛹和成虫发育的影响。结果表明,幼虫在5℃下处理1 d、3 d其存活率分别为48.54%和35.79%,分别为对照的1/2、1/3;10℃下处理7 d存活率为41.75%,降为对照的1/2。幼虫在5℃下处理3 d后蛹的存活率为45.95%,降至对照的1/2;10℃和15℃处理15 d降为31.11%和30.61%,约为对照的30%左右。幼虫历期在5℃处理3 d（8.14 d）、10℃处理5 d (8.43 d)和15℃处理7 d (9.32 d)时均可达对照的2倍。3种低温条件均造成荔枝蒂蛀虫蛹历期和成虫寿命缩短。由此可见,冬春季5~15℃的低温会引起荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫和蛹存活率显著降低以及不同虫态历期的异常变化,可导致荔枝蒂蛀虫的虫源减少。     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Inactivation of soil-borne plant pathogens during small-scale composting of crop residues

Samples of heavily infested crop residues were incorporated in static compost heaps (2.5–4.6 m³) of the Indore type. Temperature increased to 50–70°C within 6 days depending on the type of crop residues used and the location within the heap. The heat phase (>40 °C) lasted 2–3 weeks and was followed by a c. 5-months maturation phase (<40 °c).=" among=" the=" 17=" pathogens=" tested,=">Olpidium brassicae and one of the four formae speciales ofFusarium oxysporum that were tested survived composting, but also their inoculum was greatly reduced.Survival during specific phases of composting was studied by incorporation and retrieval of samples at various stages of the process.F. oxysporum f. sp.melonis was completely inactivated andO. brassicae andPlasmodiophora brassicae were almost completely inactivated during the short heat phase. The three pathogens survived the long-lasting maturation phase without loss of viability. Heat evolved during composting was found to be the most important factor involved with sanitation of crop residues. The possible involvement of fungitoxic conversion products and microbial antagonism is discussed.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。     

Identification and pathogenicity of Pythium species causing damping-off of kidney bean

Five Pythium species (Pythium irregulare, P. mamillatum, P. myriotylum, P. spinosum and P. ultimum var. ultimum) were isolated from the hypocotyls and roots of kidney bean plants with damping-off from a commercial field and from experimental plots that have undergone either continuous cropping with kidney bean or rotational cropping with arable crops. In inoculation tests, all five Pythium species were pathogenic to kidney bean. This is the first report of damping-off of kidney bean caused by Pythium species; we named this disease damping-off of kidney bean. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB291811, AB291944 and AB291945.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Combined effect of generally regarded as safe (GRAS) compounds andTrichoderma harzianum on the control of postharvest diseases of rambutan

Botryodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides andGliocephalotrichum microchlamydosporum are the causal fungi of the rambutan postharvest diseases stem-end rot, anthracnose and brown spot, respectively. Two different treatments of rambutan fruits(Nephelium lappaceum) against the three pathogens were compared: potassium metabisulphite (250 ppm) or cinnamaldehyde (30 ppm), each combined withTrichoderma harzianum (TrH 40). The application of TrH 40 and potassium metabisulphite effectively controlled the incidence and severity of the three postharvest diseases and maintained the overall quality and color of the fruit under low temperature storage at 13.5°C and 95% r.h. for 18 days. The greatest effect of this treatment was shown onG. microchlamydosporum. Cinnamaldehyde affected the growth and germination of TrH 40, whereas potassium metabisulphite did not. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 4, 2001.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Detection of the phytotoxin coronatine by ELISA and localization in infected plant tissue

Several pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae produce the phytotoxin coronatine (COR)in vitro, and the availability of purified toxin has facilitated development of immunological detection methods. A modified, indirect competitive ELISA using the COR-specific monoclonal antibody 11B8 was developed to detect COR in various host plants infected by P. syringae. The estimated detection limit for COR was 50 pg per well, and COR could be reliably quantified from 5 to 40 ng ml⁻¹. The subcellular localization of COR within infected tomato tissue was investigated using the COR-specific antibody MAb 8H3G2. Immunofluorescence microscopy and immunogold labelling showed that COR was present inside tomato cells and was associated with chloroplasts and particles of proteinase inhibitor I. Localization studies indicated that COR is mobile in infected plant tissue and can be detected in healthy tissue adjacent to the bacterial lesions.