基于动态力学分析方法的渔用纤维适配性研究

利用动态力学分析(DMA)方法研究了超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、尼龙(PA)、聚丙烯(PP)、涤纶(PET)、中高分子量聚乙烯(MHMWPE)等6种常用渔用纤维材料的低温适配性及外部介质对其动态力学性能的影响,测定了样品的动态力学性能参数。结果表明:当测试温度由-20℃升至30℃时,几种渔用纤维材料的拉伸模量均下降。其中,UHMWPE、PET纤维具有较低的变化率,而PP单丝具有最高的变化率。DMA分析结果表明,纤维在使用温度区间或附近出现玻璃化转变峰或与结晶相关的α转变峰,使用温度区间纤维的力学性能对温度的敏感性高。若使用温度区间距离转变峰值对应温度远,则对温度的敏感性低。在水介质中,与UHMWPE纤维相比,PA分子链由于酰胺亲水基团的存在吸收了更多水分,模量下降更显著。     

核壳结构nano-CaCO_3/POE复配体系改性渔用聚乙烯复合材料的制备及性能

以纳米碳酸钙/乙烯辛烯共聚物(nano-CaCO_3/POE)复配体系为改性剂,采用两种共混工艺,调节nano-CaCO_3/POE复配体系在渔用高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)基体中的含量,制备了核壳结构nano-CaCO_3/POE复配体系改性渔用聚乙烯三元复合材料(nano-CaCO_3/POE/HDPE),研究了共混工艺、复配体系配比及其含量对nano-CaCO_3/POE/HDPE三元纳米复合材料微观形态结构和宏观力学性能的影响。结果表明,当复配体系中nano-CaCO_3和POE质量比为1∶4时,两步法共混工艺可使nano-CaCO_3与POE在聚乙烯基体中形成nanoCaCO_3为核、POE为壳的核壳结构,且该核壳结构由POE包裹2~3颗nano-CaCO_3粒子组成,尺寸为100~200 nm,均匀分散于聚乙烯基体中。此外,当核壳结构nano-CaCO_3/POE复配体系的含量为5%时,所制备的nano-CaCO_3/POE/HDPE三元复合材料的综合力学性能最优,与纯HDPE相比,其断裂强度、屈服强度和断裂伸长率分别提高了37.2%、5.1%和27.0%。     

渔用聚乙烯纤维研究现状及趋势

系统论述了渔用聚乙烯纤维的研究现状及其发展趋势,结合聚乙烯塑料的改性方法,提出了渔用聚乙烯纤维增强增韧的改性思路。介绍了橡胶或弹性体、刚性粒子、刚性粒子协同弹性体对聚乙烯增强增韧改性方法,重点介绍了刚性粒子和刚性粒子协同弹性体对聚乙烯的增韧改性,指出纳米粒子协同弹性体增韧渔用聚乙烯纤维将是未来渔用聚乙烯纤维增韧改性的主要研究方向。     

渔用纳米蒙脱土改性聚乳酸纤维制备及性能

以双官能团有机化改性纳米蒙脱土(nano-MMT)为改性添加剂,采用熔融纺丝工艺制备渔用nanoMMT改性聚乳酸(PLA)纤维,研究了渔用改性PLA纤维的形态结构、力学性能、热稳定性和耐磨性能。结果表明,双官能团有机化改性纳米蒙脱土的加入,能够提高PLA纤维的结晶速度和结晶度。当nano-MMT含量为0.5%时,所制得改性PLA纤维的综合力学性能最优,断裂强度为3.2 c N/dtex,断裂伸长率为26.8%。改性PLA纤维的热降解性能下降意味着nano-MMT的加入有利于其在实际使用过程中的降解。在干摩擦和水润滑两种条件下,纯PLA纤维的耐磨度分别为2.20 F/tex和5.76 F/tex。当加入0.5%nano-MMT时,纳米蒙脱土改性聚乳酸(nano-MMT/PLA)纤维在干摩擦和水润滑两种条件下的耐磨度分别为2.34 F/tex和6.03 F/tex,此时nano-MMT/PLA纤维的耐磨性能最好。当nano-MMT的含量增加时(≥0.5%),nano-MMT/PLA纤维的耐磨性反而下降。     

拉伸工艺对渔用聚乙烯纤维结构与性能的影响

为纺制高性能渔用聚乙烯纤维,实验以齐鲁石化生产的高密度聚乙烯为原料,进行螺杆挤出机熔融纺丝—多级热拉伸纺丝实验。结果显示,一级拉伸倍数为8.17倍时,聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度和结节强度分别为5.71和4.56 cN/dtex;当采用二级拉伸工艺,一级拉伸倍数8.17倍,总拉伸倍数为9.52倍时,所制备的渔用聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度和结节强度分别为7.91和5.24 cN/dtex,比现行国家标准中规定的聚乙烯单丝优等品指标高出41.3%和34.4%。研究表明,二级拉伸工艺可使聚乙烯大分子链在纤维中的排列更加规整,提高大分子链的取向度,制备的渔用聚乙烯纤维的综合渔用性能更好。随着总拉伸倍数的提高,聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度、声速取向和热性能均显著提高。随拉伸倍数提高,渔用聚乙烯纤维的结节强度呈现先升高后降低的趋势。     

拉伸工艺对渔用聚乙烯纤维结构与性能的影响

为纺制高性能渔用聚乙烯纤维,作者以齐鲁石化生产的高密度聚乙烯为原料,进行螺杆挤出机熔融纺丝-多级热拉伸纺丝实验。研究表明,二级拉伸工艺可使聚乙烯大分子链在纤维中的排列更加规整;提高大分子链的取向度,制备的渔用聚乙烯纤维的综合渔用性能更好。随着总拉伸倍数的提高,聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度、声速取向和热性能均显著提高。随拉伸倍数提高,渔用聚乙烯纤维的结节强度却呈现先升高后降低的趋势。结果显示,一级拉伸倍数为8.17倍时,聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度和结节强度分别为5.71cN/dtex和4.56cN/dtex;当采用二级拉伸工艺,一级拉伸倍数8.17倍,总拉伸倍数为9.52倍时,所制备的渔用聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度和结节强度分别为7.91cN/dtex和5.24cN/dtex,比现行国家标准中规定的聚乙烯单丝优等品指标高出41.3%和34.4%。     

MMT改性淀粉基纳米复合纤维的海水降解性能

不可降解渔具造成的“白色污染”和“幽灵捕捞”问题已严重威胁到海洋的生态环境,开发可降解渔具材料已经成为我国渔业可持续发展的有效途径之一。本实验采用熔融纺丝法制备淀粉(STR)/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/纳米蒙脱土(MMT)纳米复合纤维,研究MMT对纳米复合纤维的热学性能、力学性能、动态力学性能与海水降解性能的影响。结果显示,引入MMT后,纳米复合纤维的熔融温度(Tm)移向低温,结晶度增加,而断裂强度下降。此外,MMT的加入显著降低了聚乙烯的玻璃态储能模量和内部损耗,但对淀粉相影响不显著。4个月海水降解结果显示,与STR/HDPE纤维相比,STR/HDPE/MMT纳米复合纤维失重率增加了约5%,纤维直径减小了约11%,这表明MMT加快了STR/HDPE纤维的降解过程。本实验系统研究了MMT改性淀粉基纳米复合纤维的海水降解性能,可为渔业等海洋产业用降解新材料的开发与应用提供参考。     

常用超高分子量聚乙烯纤维钓线断裂强度与耐磨性能研究

迪尼玛(Dyneema?)纤维是一种超高分子量聚乙烯纤维,相较于普通聚乙烯纤维,具有高强度的特点,正逐渐成为拖网网囊及捕捞钓线的首选材料.为研究迪尼玛纤维钓线性能指标,使用电子织物强度机及电脑纱线耐磨试验仪对2种结构、8种规格的16种迪尼玛纤维钓线进行断裂强度与耐磨性能研究.结果显示:迪尼玛纤维钓线的断裂强度随拉伸速度...     

聚酮单丝材料的渔用适配性

聚酮(POK)材料是由一氧化碳、烯烃(乙烯、丙烯)共聚合成的一种工程塑料,有着良好的拉伸性能和优异的抗冲击性能,有望成为一种渔用新材料。为了探究聚酮单丝材料的渔用适配性,本文对POK单丝进行了热性能和动态力学性能测试,又测试分析了其蠕变性能、力学性能和耐磨性能。结果表明：POK单丝的结晶度为38.44%、熔融温度为200.8℃,且使用环境温度可达150℃;与相同直径的超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)单丝和聚酰胺(PA)单丝相比,同等温度下POK单丝的模量最大(118.04 MPa),且在低温下(0-20°C)具有更优异的力学模量;蠕变试验测得POK单丝的拉伸应变在9%左右,在绳网的长效应用上POK单丝优势明显高于UHMWPE单丝和PA单丝;在结节状态下,POK单丝的结节强力在干(3.96 daN)、湿(4.02 daN)状态下均高于同等直径的UHMWPE单丝和PA单丝;另外,POK单丝的耐磨性能表现优异,在相同摩擦条件下,干(湿)态下POK单丝的强力保持率达58.38%(60.90%),也高于同等直径的UHWMPE单丝和PA单丝。研究表明,与相同直径的UHMWPE单丝和PA单丝相比,POK单丝耐磨、耐高温、高模量、低蠕变、高结节强力,其综合性能和适配性好,这为渔用POK单丝绳索网具的开发及其产业化应用提供了理论和技术支撑。     

聚乙烯渔网材料的紫外老化与疲劳性能研究

利用紫外老化环境箱模拟环境老化条件,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热、力学性能的测试表征,分析了在老化过程中高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)和超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)渔网材料的微观结构与宏观性能的演变过程,并通过动态疲劳仪分别研究了紫外老化时间、频率变化对HDPE、UHMWPE渔网材料的疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,随着老化时间的延长,C=C共轭双键及含氧结构单元增多,氧化与断链作用更剧烈,聚乙烯渔网材料结晶度呈增大趋势,拉伸性能下降显著。与HDPE渔网相比,UHMWPE渔网的强力保持率高,具有更优异的耐老化性能。随着频率增大,疲劳寿命逐渐降低,紫外能加速聚乙烯渔网材料的疲劳进程。相同老化条件下,UHMWPE渔网比HDPE渔网具有更优异的抗疲劳性能。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.