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三唑类杀菌剂因具有高效、低毒的特性已在中国得到广泛使用,但同时也因其残留期较长、易污染土壤而备受关注。微生物降解被认为是修复被污染土壤的有效措施。文章从降解三唑类杀菌剂的微生物种类、降解机理及影响微生物降解的因素等方面进行了综述,同时指出,目前有关微生物降解三唑类杀菌剂的研究多数仅限于降解菌的筛选及影响降解的因素分析等方面,对于三唑类杀菌剂的微生物代谢途径、降解过程中起关键作用的酶和基因,以及对手性三唑类杀菌剂的对映体选择性降解机制等机理方面的研究仍较少,相关研究有待进一步加强。 相似文献
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Laj R. Ahuja Q. L. Ma K. W. Rojas Jos J. T. I. Boesten H. J. Farahani 《Pest management science》1996,48(2):101-108
The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) is a process-based model developed recently by USDA–ARS scientists. The model integrates physical, chemical and biological processes to simulate the fate and movement of water and agrochemicals over and through the root zone at a representative point in a field with various management practices. The model was evaluated using field data for the movement of water and bromide, and the transformation and transport of cyanazine and metribuzin in the soil profile. The model reasonably simulated soil water and bromide movement. Pesticide persistence was predicted reasonably well using a two-site sorption model that assumes a rate-limited (i.e. long-term) adsorption–desorption process with the additional assumption of negligible degradation of inter-aggregate adsorbed pesticides. 相似文献
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Singh N 《Pest management science》2008,64(10):1057-1062
BACKGROUND: Metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert-butyl-4,5-dihydro-3-methylthio-1,2,4-triazin-5-one) is weakly sorbed in soils and therefore leaches easily to lower soil profiles and results in loss of activity. Soil amendments play an important role in the management of runoff and leaching losses of pesticides from agricultural fields. Therefore, the effect of biocompost from sugarcane distillery effluent on metribuzin degradation and mobility was studied in a sandy loam soil.RESULTS: Metribuzin was more persistent in biocompost-unamended (T-0) flooded soil (t(1/2) - 41.2 days) than in non-flooded (t(1/2) - 33.4 days) soil. Biocompost application at the rate of 2.5 and 5.0% (T-1 and T-2) in non-flooded soils increased metribuzin persistence, but no significant effect was observed on persistence in flooded soils. Freundlich adsorption constants (K(f)) for treatments T-0, T-1 and T-2 were 0.43, 0.64 and 1.13 respectively, suggesting that biocompost application caused increased metribuzin sorption. Leaching studies in packed soil columns indicated that biocompost application affected both metribuzin breakthrough time and maximum concentration in the leachate. Leaching losses of metribuzin were drastically reduced from 93% in control soil (T-0) to 65% (T-1) and 31% (T-2) in biocompost-amended soils.CONCLUSION: Biocompost from sugarcane distillery effluent can be used effectively to reduce downward mobility of metribuzin in low-organic-matter sandy loam soil. Copyright (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献
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以稗草为生物测定材料,研究了土壤微生物及环境因子对乙草胺持效性的影响。结果显示:在相同温度、湿度和光照条件下,相同浓度的乙草胺在灭菌土壤中的持效期比在非灭菌土壤中的持效期长;在中性偏碱的华北褐土中的持效期比在中性偏酸的东北黑土和湖南红土中的短;在试验湿度和温度范围内,乙草胺在非灭菌土壤中的持效期随土壤湿度或温度的提高而变短。与黑暗处理相比,光照可延长土壤中乙草胺的持效期。对5种试验因子的影响程度进行综合分析可知,土壤微生物是影响乙草胺持效性的主要因素,有益于土壤中微生物生长的环境因素对土壤中乙草胺的持效期有降低作用。可以预测,通过栽培耕作等措施改变环境因子可以起到对农药的持效期进行人为调控的作用。 相似文献
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The retention and degradation of metribuzin herbicide were studied under two environmental conditions. Field studies were carried out on two soils, a sandy loam soil (soil A) and a clay soil (soil B). Metribuzin was applied with a jet sprayer at 1060 g a.i. ha?1 and 1960 g a.i. ha?1 on soils A and B respectively. Reconstituted soil columns were used to study the herbicide movement and metabolism in the two soils. Analyses of metribuzin and its metabolites were carried out using standardized methods. The results indicated a very weak capacity of adsorption of metribuzin in the two soils, and the weak adsorbed fraction is easily desorbed. Degradation and mobility of metribuzin in the field and laboratory soil columns were very intense and rapid. Soil A favoured reductive deamination whereas soil B favoured oxidative desulphuration and the respective metabolites deaminometribuzin and diketometribuzin yield the same product deaminodiketometribuzin. Both leaching by rainfall and degradation were important in the disappearance of metribuzin from the soils. 相似文献
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The dependence of the behaviour of metsulfuron-methyl on soil pH was confirmed during incubations under controlled laboratory conditions with two French soils used for wheat cropping. The fate of [14C] residues from [triazine-14C]metsulfuron-methyl was studied by combining different experimen-tal conditions: soil pH (8·1 and 5·2), temperature (28 and 10°C), soil moisture (90 and 50% of soil water holding capacity) and microbial activity (sterile and non-sterile conditions). Metsulfuron-methyl degradation was mainly influenced by soil pH and temperature. The metsulfuron-methyl half-life varied from five days in the acidic soil to 69 days in the alkaline soil. Under sterile conditions, the half-life increased in alkaline soil to 139 days but was not changed in the acidic soil. Metsulfuron-methyl degradation mainly resulted in the formation of the amino-triazine. In the acidic soil, degradation was characterised by rapid hydrolysis giving two specific unidentified metabolites, not detected during incubations in the alkaline soil. Bound residues formation and metsulfuron-methyl mineralisation were highly correlated. The extent of bound residue formation increased when soil water content decreased and was maximal [48 (±4)% of the applied metsulfuron-methyl after 98 incubation days] in the acidic soil at 50% of the water holding capacity and 28°C. Otherwise, bound residues represented between 13 and 32% of the initial radioactivity. © 1998 SCI 相似文献
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为了寻找塑料地膜的替代产品,解决应用塑料地膜造成的严重农田污染问题,对一种植物纤维地膜进行了玉米田间覆盖试验研究。结果表明,植物纤维地膜在玉米苗期具有显著的增温保墒作用,有利于保全苗,促进玉米的生长发育,显著提高玉米产量和水分利用效率。与露地相比,覆盖植物纤维地膜在不同测定时期内可提高土壤温度0.5℃~1.7℃,增加土壤含水量1.4%~6.1%;提高产量10.8%。植物纤维地膜覆盖8周后抗张强度损失率接近90%,120 d后地表残留量基本为零,表明该膜具有很好的降解性。 相似文献
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旱作区环保型材料覆盖对马铃薯生长的影响及其降解特性 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
2015年在宁夏南部旱作区进行了垄上覆盖普通地膜结合内覆盖不同材料(普通地膜、玉米秸秆、生物降解膜、麻地膜及液体地膜)的降解特性及其土壤水温效应对马铃薯生长的影响研究。结果表明,不同覆盖材料对马铃薯生育期土壤水温状况的调节作用表现为:生物降解膜覆盖处理0~25 cm土层平均土壤温度较不覆盖处理(对照)提高1.4℃,而秸秆和液态地膜覆盖处理在整个生育期分别低于对照1.5℃和0.7℃;地膜和秸秆覆盖处理在马铃薯生育期具有较强保墒作用,地膜、秸秆、生物降解膜、麻地膜覆盖处理下0~200 cm土层平均土壤贮水量较对照分别增加5.1%、6.2%、3.7%、3.1%;在生育前期,地膜、生物降解膜和秸秆覆盖处理植株株高及茎粗显著高于对照,而生育中后期麻地膜和秸秆覆盖处理显著高于对照,在整个生育期液体地膜覆盖处理马铃薯生长与不覆盖无差异。地膜、秸秆和麻地膜覆盖处理下马铃薯增产显著,分别较对照增产34.3%、56.1%、11.3%;秸秆、地膜和液态膜覆盖处理商品薯率分别较对照提高4.7%、3.4%、3.0%,以秸秆覆盖处理的纯收益最高(19 676.1元·hm-2)。在马铃薯收获期液态地膜可完全降解,70%以上麻地膜发生降解,生物降解膜次之。覆盖秸秆措施通过调节土壤水温状况可实现增产增收,是宁南旱区马铃薯覆盖栽培的有效措施。 相似文献
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为探究土壤中具有降解氟咯草酮能力的菌株.采用富集法和平板稀释法筛选菌株,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)检测分析各菌株对氟咯草酮的降解率,结合形态学观察、16S rDNA和ITS测序分析对筛选得到的优势降解菌株进行鉴定,并采用室内生测法对各菌株进行安全性评价.结果表明,从土壤中获得3株优势降解菌株FL-M-... 相似文献
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烟嘧磺隆属磺酰脲类除草剂,因其对玉米安全,对一年生和多年生禾本科杂草及部分阔叶杂草、莎草科杂草高效而在玉米田广泛应用,但其在土壤中的残留则易对后茬敏感作物产生药害。微生物对烟嘧磺隆的降解有望成为修复污染土壤的有效措施。文章从烟嘧磺隆的使用及危害,可降解烟嘧磺隆的微生物种类及降解特性、降解途径、降解酶及其编码基因等方面进行了综述。目前有关烟嘧磺隆微生物降解的研究多集中于其降解菌的筛选、降解特性及降解途径等方面,对于其微生物降解过程中起关键作用的酶和基因方面的研究仍较少,因此未来的研究趋势将主要体现在降解复合菌系的培养、降解微生物的环境生态学、降解基因以及降解酶制剂等方面。 相似文献
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本试验以裸地为对照,通过对土壤剖面CO2浓度的监测,研究了旱区灌溉棉田土壤呼吸的昼夜变化规律及其与土壤温度的关系。主要结果如下:(1)土壤及根际呼吸均呈\"V\"型昼夜变化特征,最小值出现在16∶00~17∶00之间,而土壤微生物呼吸昼夜变化趋势与之相反;(2)土壤微生物呼吸产生的CO2通量在土壤升温阶段略高于降温阶段,相对的,根际呼吸在土壤升温阶段产生的CO2通量低于降温阶段,并形成一个明显的逆时针圆圈;(3)棉花根际呼吸对土壤呼吸的平均贡献率为47%。以上结果说明,在建立土壤呼吸与土壤温度相关关系模型的过程中,需要区分根际呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸,充分考虑土壤温度变化对土壤呼吸各组分影响的差异性。 相似文献
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The inheritance of tolerance to the herbicide metribuzin was studied in two durum wheat cultivars, one of which, 'Anton', is resistant and one, 'Nita', susceptible. Parents, F1 , F2 and F3 of the crosses 'Anton' × 'Nita' and 'Nita' × 'Anton' were tested for herbicide response. The character evaluated was the increase in weight of plants treated with the herbicide. As there were no significant differences between progenies of reciprocal crosses, cytoplasm was not involved in tolerance. Tolerance was semi-dominant with means values of F1 , F2 and F3 progenies in the range of mid-parent. The heritability of this trait estimated by regression of the average of progeny F3 in their parent F2 had a value of 0.23 ± 0.063 and a value of 0.52 ± 0.150 estimated by the relation V G / V P for full-sib F2 families. 相似文献
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磺酰脲类除草剂的降解机制及代谢产物的研究进展 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
磺酰脲类除草剂是一类高效,低毒和高选择性的除草剂,该类除草剂能有效防除阔叶杂草,其中有些品种对禾本科杂草也有一定的抑制作用。但同时因其用量低、对哺乳动物低毒以及独特的除草活性等特点而得到广泛应用。因此,了解磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中的环境行为及归趋对于其科学合理使用、防止作物药害和保护农业生态环境具有非常重要的意义。根据笔者对磺酰脲类除草剂的深入研究,并总结归纳国内外的相关文献报道,对磺酰脲类除草剂的降解机制及其代谢产物的研究进行了综述,最后展望了磺酰脲类除草剂未来的发展趋势。 相似文献
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生物降解地膜降解性能对南疆土壤温湿度及棉花产量的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以普通聚乙烯(PE)地膜为对照,研究了棉田3种成分含量不同的聚对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)生物降解地膜(A、B1和B2)的降解过程,分析了生物降解地膜对土壤温度、土壤含水量、棉花生长和产量的影响。结果显示:不同类型降解地膜的降解速率不同,降解速率排序为B1AB2;在棉花生育前期,生物降解地膜膜面保持完整,保温保墒效果差异不显著,但随着降解地膜的膜面降解破裂,膜下土壤温度和含水量开始降低,在棉花生育后期,生物降解地膜比普通地膜的土壤日均温低0.5℃~1.5℃,土壤含水量低2%~3%;A和B2生物降解地膜降解时间较早,使棉花生育中期生长受限,籽棉减产22.47%和23.06%,而B1生物降解地膜处理的棉花生育期与普通PE地膜基本一致,籽棉增产0.89%。B1生物降解膜具有较好的棉田覆盖应用潜力,较适用于南疆棉花种植。 相似文献
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Stephen M MUREITHI Ann VERDOODT Charles KK GACHENE Jesse T NJOKA Vivian O WASONGA Stefaan De NEVE Elizabeth MEYERHOFF Eric Van RANST 《干旱区科学》2014,6(5):561-570
Rangeland degradation is a serious problem throughout sub-Saharan Africa and its restoration is a challenge for the management of arid and semi-arid areas. In Lake Baringo Basin of Kenya, communities and individual farmers are restoring indigenous vegetation inside enclosures in an effort to combat severe land degradation and address their livelihood problems. This study evaluated the impact of enclosure management on soil properties and microbial biomass, being key indicators of soil ecosystem health. Six reseeded communal enclosures using soil embankments as water-harvesting structures and strictly regulated access were selected, varying in age from 13 to 23 years. In six private enclosures, ranging from 3 to 17 years in age, individual farmers emulated the communal enclosure strategy and restored areas for their exclusive use. Significant decreases in bulk density, and increases in the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and microbial biomass contents and stocks were found in the enclosures as compared with the degraded open rangeland. In the private enclosures, the impact of rehabilitation on the soil quality was variable, and soil quality was in general lower than that obtained under communal management. The significant increase of absolute stocks of carbon, nitrogen and microbial biomass compared to the degraded open rangeland indicates the potential for the restoration of soil quality through range rehabilitation. Over-sowing with indigenous legume fodder species could improve total nitrogen content in the soil and nutritional value of the pastures as well. 相似文献
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利用盆栽法研究了嗪草酮对大豆叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,在嗪草酮较低用量(有效用量630和945g/hm2)时,荧光参数NPQ增大,而Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、qP、ETR等参数及光能分配与空白对照差异不显著;嗪草酮较高有效用量(大于1 155g/hm2)时,会使NPQ变化趋势由上升变为下降,Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、qP、ETR、Y(Ⅱ)等较空白对照显著下降、Y(NO)、β/α-1迅速增加。说明较低用量嗪草酮对大豆叶片PSⅡ有一定的影响,但大豆通过自身的调节机制使叶片的光合能力下降不明显,而较高用量的嗪草酮会使大豆PSⅡ反应中心发生不可逆破坏,能量分配不平衡,光合能力下降,甚至丧失。随施药后时间的推移,嗪草酮对大豆主要功能叶片PSⅡ的影响逐渐减弱,至施药后50d,嗪草酮不同使用量之间大豆叶片的荧光参数无显著差异。 相似文献
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为了筛选出可降解烟嘧磺隆的微生物,利用富集培养技术从水样中分离得到了5株能以烟嘧磺隆为唯一氮源、碳源和能源的微生物,分别编号为YF1、YB1、YB2、YB3和YB4,其中YF1为真菌,其余均为细菌。将所得菌株定量接种于含不同浓度烟嘧磺隆的培养基中,于30℃、150 r/min摇床上振荡培养5 d后,利用HPLC检测烟嘧磺隆含量,计算降解率。结果发现:这些菌株对低浓度烟嘧磺隆的降解率显著高于对高浓度烟嘧磺隆的降解率,当培养基中烟嘧磺隆的含量为2 mg/kg 时,YF1对该药剂的降解率最高,为80.31 %,其次是YB1和YB2,降解率分别为 78.18% 和73.72%,而YB3和YB4对药剂的降解率只有36.82 %和25.75 %。对3株降解率较高的菌株进行了初步鉴定,发现YF1为黑曲霉Aspergillus niger,YB1和YB2均为芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.。 相似文献