马属动物指(跖)部腱鞘炎的综合治疗

腱鞘炎是马骡的常见疾病,屈腱的腱鞘比伸腱的腱鞘发病多,特别是指(跖)部腱鞘炎发病率较高,临床上目前还没有更好的治疗方法。笔者自2002年7月至2010年6月,共收治马骡指(跖)部腱鞘炎患畜28例,均采用推拿、按摩、TDP照射及中药外敷方法治疗。所有病例治疗半年后随访,     

治疗马骡球节扭伤的方法探究

观察采用按摩整复、内服跛行散、针灸、外敷中药及四种方法的综合运用治疗马骡球节扭伤的疗效,并加以对比,得出较好的治疗方案,以提高马骡球节扭伤的治愈率。自2009年1月至2011年9月,分别在深圳世界之窗、东莞雁田马场和吉林省九台市等地选择球节扭伤的临床治疗马骡65匹。随机分为6组,分别采用按摩整复、内服中药、针灸、外敷中药及综合治疗,并设空白对照组。治疗10d后观察各组动物的愈后情况。按摩整复组的治愈率54．55％、内服中药组50．00％、血针治疗组60．00％、外敷中药组66．67％、综合治疗组91．67％、空白对照组治愈率为0。采用四种方法综合治疗马骡球节扭伤获得良好疗效,为临床治疗该病提供了切实可行的治疗方法。     

中药敷治马急性软组织损伤

马骡的软组织损伤在临床上较为多见．其特点是局部软组织肿胀、疼痛，患处按压敏感，肢体功能活动受限。是由于各种机械外力直接或间接地作用于畜体引起的软组织非开放性损伤．按其力的作用方式和临床表现的不同可分为挫伤、扭伤、剧伸、血肿和淋巴外渗。多年来，我们采用自拟“消瘀膏”外敷的方法治疗马骡急性软组织损伤12例。取得满意疗效．现报告如下。     

中西医结合治疗黄牛腱鞘炎

黄牛腱鞘炎多发生在腕部、跗部和指（趾）部的腱鞘，屈肌腱鞘较伸肌腱鞘发病为多，多呈慢性经过。多年来，笔者通过临床实践，共诊治腱鞘炎病牛13例，治愈12例，治愈率达92．3％。现将诊治情况介绍如下：     

化毒消肿膏在兽医临床上的应用

笔者自拟化毒消肿膏治疗疗、毒、疖、肿，治愈率可达90％以上，有效率达100％。取得了较好疗效。     

自拟“蓖麻膏”治疗母畜乳腺炎

自拟“蓖麻膏”治疗母畜乳腺炎母畜因患乳腺炎而引起的拒哺乳、废食等症临床上较常见。一般采用抗菌素治疗，但见效慢。而“蓖麻膏”对母畜的乳腺炎则有明显的疗效。临床治疗母猪３９例，母犬９例，总有效率１００％，治愈率：猪９７．４％，犬１００％。“蓖麻膏”主要成...     

艾灸加中药外敷治疗马骡腕部浆液性腱鞘炎

腱鞘炎是马骡的常发疾病,特别是腕部浆液性腱鞘炎发病率较高,临床上也没有比较好的治疗方法。多年来,我们采用艾灸加中药贴敷治疗马属动物腕部浆液性腱鞘炎12例,其中腕桡侧伸肌腱鞘炎3例,腕斜伸肌腱鞘炎4例,腕部指屈肌腱鞘炎5例,均获得了令人满意的疗效,报告如下。     

4种方法治疗马颜面神经麻痹的疗效对比试验

目的:观察牵正散内服外敷、针刺、TDP照射及局部按摩五位一体疗法治疗马的末稍性颜面神经麻痹的疗效.方法:把26例患畜随机分为4组,即牵正散内服外敷组,针灸、TDP照射及按摩组,盐酸士的宁组及综合治疗组,4组均治疗两个疗程后观察疗效.结果:综合治疗组的治愈率显著高于其他3组,与其他3组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论:牵正散内服外敷、针刺、TDP照射与局部按摩五位一体疗法治疗马的末稍性颜面神经麻痹,其疗效明显优于其他3组,具有良好的疗效,值得临床推广.     

中药治疗家畜疥癣217例

中药治疗家畜疥癣２１７例家畜疥癣病比较多见，尤以猪多发生。用西药治疗，往往效果不佳，笔者用中药外敷治疗２１７例，治愈２０５例，治愈率９４．４％，现介绍如下，供同道参考。（一）方药与治法花椒、荆芥、防风、苍术各等份，研细末，用凡士林调膏备用。（二）典型...     

七厘散外敷配合红外线治疗灯照射治疗马属动物球节扭伤分析

为了目的:研究探讨七厘散外敷配合红外线治疗灯照射治疗马属动物球节扭伤的疗效。笔者方法:选择发生球节扭伤的马属动物48匹作为研究对象,随机分四组,分别采用七厘散外敷、红外线治疗灯照射以及二者相结合的方法对其进行治疗,并设一组空白对照组,比较不同方法治疗的有效率及症状改善情况。结果显示:采用单纯外敷和七厘散外敷联合红外灯照射治疗的两组患者治疗的总有效率均为100.0%,显著高于单纯使用红外灯照射治疗的91.7%和空白对照组的25.0%,单纯使用红外灯照射治疗患者的治疗有效率也显著高于空白对照组,且这些比较之间的差异都十分显著,P<0.05,具有统计学意义。结论:七厘散配合红外线治疗灯照射治疗能利用其产生的热效应促进马属动物扭伤部位的血液循,消除组织肿胀,在球节扭伤的治疗中具有起效快、作用迅速、操作简便、副作用轻、疗效好的优点,值得在临床治疗中进行推广。     

Septic tenosynovitis in horses: 25 cases (1983-1989).

The medical records of 25 horses with septic tenosynovitis treated over 7 years (1983 to 1989) were reviewed to determine clinical features of the disease and response to treatment. The median age of horses with septic tenosynovitis was 5 years (range, 1 month to 21 years). Fourteen fore limbs and 11 hind limbs were affected. Sepsis was located in the sheath of the digital flexor tendons of 22 horses. Sepsis was located in the sheath of the extensor carpi radialis tendon (1 horse), sheath of the long digital extensor tendon (1 horse), or sheath of the common digital extensor tendon (1 horse) in the remaining horses. Nine horses received only medical treatment, using a combination of broad-spectrum parenterally administered antimicrobial drugs (8 of 9 horses), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (8 of 9 horses), or irrigation of the wound (4 of 9 horses). Fourteen horses were treated surgically with either transection of the palmar/plantar annular ligament of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint (5 of 14 horses), lavage of the sheath after insertion of drains into the sheath (7 of 14 horses), or both (2 of 14 horses). All horses treated surgically were concurrently treated parenterally with broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Two horses with septic tenosynovitis were not treated and were euthanatized at the owners' request. Five horses were euthanatized before discharge from the hospital. Two horses (both treated medically) were lost to follow-up. Follow-up information was obtained for 18 horses, 6 to 55 months after discharge from the hospital.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Endoscopy of the Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath in Horses

An arthroscopic procedure for examination of the digital flexor tendons and tendon sheath was developed in 16 equine limbs and 12 horses. Distension of the tendon sheath and insertion of the arthroscope was accomplished through a cul-de-sac on the palmar or plantar surface of the tendon sheath 1 to 2 cm palmar or plantar to the digital neurovascular structures and between the annular ligament and proximal digital annular ligament. A single arthroscope entry point allowed examination of all regions of the tendon sheath cavity and most surfaces of the digital flexor tendons within the sheath. Distal to the fetlock, surgical procedures could be performed through additional entry portals on the lateral, medial, or palmar surfaces of the tendon sheath. The palmar digital vessels and nerves were avoided by palmar placement of the instrument incisions and insertion of a needle before incising the skin. The fetlock canal and proximal regions of the tendon sheath were examined by redirecting the arthroscope. Flexion of the fetlock aided passage of the arthroscope into the proximal tendon sheath regions. Evaluation of the palmar surface of the superficial digital flexor tendon was limited by the midline attachment of the tendon sheath, otherwise the surfaces of the tendons and tendon sheath could be examined with 25 degrees and 70 degrees arthroscopes. The tendon sheath was more tightly invested to the tendons in the proximal regions, limiting the arthroscope movements and second instrument access.     

Intrathecal deep digital flexor tenectomy for treatment of septic tendonitis/tenosynovitis in four horses

Objective: To describe partial removal of the intrathecal component of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) in horses with chronic septic DDF tendonitis and tenosynovitis unresponsive to conventional therapy, and to report long‐term outcome. Study Design: Case series. Animals: Horses (n=4). Methods: Four horses with chronic septic DDF tendonitis and tenosynovitis were treated by surgical tenectomy of the intrathecal component of the DDFT, followed by stabilization in casts and subsequent corrective shoeing. All horses were previously managed unsuccessfully with combinations of conventional therapy consisting of systemic antibiotics, through and through tendon sheath lavage/open drainage, regional limb perfusions, tenoscopy with debridement and transection of the palmar/plantar annular ligament, and intrathecal antibiotics. Results: Time from initial injury/diagnosis to tenectomy ranged from 10 to 210 days. Mean hospitalization time after surgery was 82 days. Long‐term follow‐up (>1.5 years; mean, 3.8 years) was available. All 4 horses were able to walk comfortably at pasture and were used as broodmares. Conclusions: Intrathecal tenectomy is a viable surgical procedure for treatment of chronic septic tenosynovitis of the digital sheath that is complicated by septic tendonitis of the DDFT.     

Proximal Digital Annular Ligament Desmotomy in Horses: A Cadaveric Study

Proximal digital annular ligament (PDAL) desmitis occurs in horses for which PDAL desmotomy is the only reported treatment. The presented work aims to develop a technique for safely performing PDAL desmotomy in horses. Twenty hind limbs and 13 forelimbs, harvested from horses dead or euthanized for reasons unrelated to any structure in the pastern region, were used. All horses were free of disease at the level of their PDAL. Proximal digital annular ligament desmotomy was performed using a minimally invasive approach to the digital flexor tendon sheath between the palmar (plantar) annular ligament and the PDAL, using a medial or a lateral access. Limbs were immediately dissected after the procedure to assess the completeness of the PDAL desmotomy and any possible damage to surrounding structures. The PDAL was successfully transected in all limbs except one. Damage to the surrounding tissue included transection of the palmar digital nerve (n = 1), longitudinal tear of the superficial digital flexor tendon (n = 3), and transection of the ligament of the ergot (n = 21). A medial approach was found to be safer than a lateral approach. In conclusion, PDAL desmotomy can be performed in a safe, repeatable, and technically easy way. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of a standardized technique for performing a PDAL desmotomy in the horse.     

Treatment and outcome of chronic septic tenosynovitis in three horses

Three horses were presented for treatment of chronic infections of the digital flexor tendon sheath. Clinical signs included severe lameness, and heat, pain and swelling of the digital flexor tendon sheath. The horses were treated with surgical lavage of the tendon sheath, systemic and local antibiotics, and analgesics. In each case, resolution of the lameness occurred over weeks to months. Only one horse returned to athletic activity, while the other two became comfortable at pasture. Response to treatment in cases of chronic tenosynovitis may not be as rapid or complete as that reported for acute tendon sheath infections.     

Treatment and outcome of chronic tenosynovitis in three horses

Three horses were presented for treatment of chronic infections of the digital flexor tendon sheath. Clinical signs included severe lameness, and heat, pain and swelling of the digital flexor tendon sheath. The horses were treated with surgical lavage of the tendon sheath, systemic and local antibiotics, and analgesics. In each case, resolution of the lameness occurred over weeks to months. Only one horse returned to athletic activity, while the other two became comfortable at pasture. Response to treatment in cases of chronic tenosynovitis may not be as rapid or complete as that reported for acute tendon sheath infections.     

Tenoscopic examination and proximal annular ligament desmotomy for treatment of equine "complex" digital sheath tenosynovitis

OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcome of horses with "complex" digital tenosynovitis treated by tenoscopic proximal annular ligament desmotomy and resection of synovial masses or adhesions, or both, within the digital sheath. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: Twenty-five horses with a clinical and ultrasonographic diagnosis of palmar or plantar proximal annular ligament constriction and ultrasonographic evidence of synovial masses or adhesions within the digital tendon sheath. METHODS: Each horse had tenoscopic surgery for annular ligament desmotomy combined with adhesiolysis and/or synovial mass resection. Mean follow-up time was 3.4 years. Spearman's rank correlation was used to assess the relationship between functional outcome or cosmetic results and preoperative variables including duration of clinical signs, digital sheath synovial fluid total protein concentration and nucleated cell count, thickness of the palmar or plantar proximal annular ligament (PAL), severity of adhesions, severity of synovial masses, degree of synovial distention, or limb affected. RESULTS: A total of 18 (72%) horses returned to athletic soundness, 4 were improved but not sound, and 3 were not improved. Cosmetic outcome was normal in 10 horses, improved but not normal in 12, and not improved in 3 horses. Cosmetic and functional outcome were significantly adversely affected by the duration of clinical signs and the severity of synovial masses. CONCLUSIONS: With appropriate tenoscopic surgical attention, horses with complex tenosynovitis syndrome characterized by synovial masses, adhesions, or both adhesions and masses, and PAL constriction, have a good prognosis for return to athletic soundness. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Horses with PAL constriction and additional digital tendon sheath pathology such as adhesions and synovial masses have a 72% chance of returning to sound athletic performance, however 60% of horses retain some degree of cosmetic blemish in the affected limb. There is an inverse relationship between the duration of clinical signs and outcome, and therefore, prompt surgical attention is advised.     

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) levels in digital sheath synovial fluid and serum with tendon injury

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a noncollagenous extracellular matrix protein found predominantly in cartilage, but also in tendon, ligament and meniscus. Studies in man have demonstrated that it may be used as a prognostic marker in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The present study investigated whether tendon injury contributes to serum and tendon sheath synovial fluid levels of COMP in horses. COMP levels, analysed by competitive ELISA, in the digital sheath synovial fluid were more than 10-fold higher than in the serum. Levels were significantly raised when tendon damage or sepsis was present within the tendon sheath but showed only mild, statistically insignificant, elevation in cases of tenosynovitis alone. COMP concentrations in serum were found to vary with age. Foals (age < or = 1 year) had significantly (P<0.001) higher levels in comparison to older control horses. Total COMP concentrations in an age-matched group with tendinitis were not significantly different from the control group. Measurements of COMP levels in tendon sheath synovial fluid are therefore useful in depicting processes in tendon tissue, while elevated serum levels are likely to be more representative of joint disease than tendinitis.     

Chemotherapy of surra in horses and mules with diminazene aceturate

During June–July 2000, an outbreak of surra occurred on an equine breeding farm in Khonkaen Province, Thailand. Forty-two percent of pregnant mares aborted or gave stillbirth and 40% (19/47) of horses and 10% (1/10) of mules died from surra. In August 2000 Trypanosoma evansi were detected in the remaining animals (28 horses and nine mules) on the farm by blood smear and/or the haematocrit centrifuge technique. All animals were treated with diminazene aceturate at 3.5 mg/kg body weight by intramuscular injection on days 0 and 41 of the study. Blood samples of eight randomly selected horses and mules were collected on days 0, 1 and once a week until day 56 and examined for T. evansi by various parasitological techniques. The sera were tested for antibodies against T. evansi using an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

The results revealed that diminazene aceturate at 3.5 mg/kg appeared to be effective in the first treatment of horses and mules infected with T. evansi. Parasites were cleared from the peripheral blood of horses on days 1 and 7 and mules on days 1 and 14. Thereafter the number of positive animals increased. After the second treatment, 50% of horses and 25% of mules were still positive to surra 24 h after treatment demonstrating that diminazene had no protective effect. Mild to severe toxicity of diminazene was seen in the horses and mules after injection.