氨基酸调节哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体1信号通路的分子机制

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体1(mTORC1)信号通路能够感受一系列细胞内外环境因素的变化,如氨基酸浓度、能量水平、生长因子等进而调节细胞生长。氨基酸不仅是合成蛋白质的底物,也可作为信号分子激活mTORC1信号通路,促进蛋白质合成。溶酶体是氨基酸激活mTORC1信号通路过程中一个重要细胞器,mTORC1感应氨基酸的上游信号通路需要溶酶体相关蛋白及胞浆蛋白的参与完成。本文综述了氨基酸调节mTORC1信号通路的分子机制,为营养因子调控蛋白质合成的关键通路提供参考。     

SNAT2介导蛋氨酸对牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖与自噬的调节作用

钠离子依赖性中性氨基酸转运体2(SNAT2)是一种氨基酸转运蛋白,可转运中性氨基酸,广泛分布于多种细胞中。氨基酸既可作为蛋白质合成的底物,也是调节细胞新陈代谢的关键信号分子,但SNAT2是否介导氨基酸调节BMECs增殖和自噬尚未见报道。本研究利用CASY细胞计数和Western blotting技术检测SNAT2过表达和siRNA干扰后牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)增殖情况以及SNAT2对自噬标志蛋白LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ表达量的影响,并利用免疫荧光检测细胞自噬斑点(LC3-Ⅱ)变化。结果显示,SNAT2过表达时,p-PI3K、p-mTOR和Cyclin D1表达量增加,反之,p-PI3K、p-mTOR和Cyclin D1表达量下降。SNAT2抑制时,LC3-Ⅱ表达量增加,免疫荧光检测自噬斑点增多。添加自噬增强剂海藻糖(trehalose,Tre)和蛋氨酸(methionine,Met)后,与单一添加Tre组相比,Met+Tre组p-mTOR表达量增加,LC3-Ⅱ表达量降低,胞浆内绿色自噬斑点减少;添加Tre和Met并抑制SNAT2时,p-mTOR表达量下降,LC3-Ⅱ表达量增多,胞浆内绿色自噬斑点增加。以上结果表明,SNAT2可介导Met通过调控PI3K-mTOR/Cyclin D1信号通路调节BMECs的增殖与自噬。     

MAPK信号通路介导的自噬调控破骨细胞分化的研究进展

破骨细胞具有骨吸收活性,与骨组织稳态密切相关。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路是细胞介导胞内外刺激传导的信号通路,参与细胞的增殖、分化、自噬等多种生理过程。MAPK介导的自噬在调控破骨细胞分化中具有重要作用。探究MAPK的三条经典通路(ERK1/2、JNK及p38 MAPK信号通路)介导的自噬与破骨细胞分化之间的关系,对于寻找与破骨细胞相关的骨代谢疾病的新疗法具有重要意义。     

肠道蛋白质感应系统与肠道内分泌细胞调控研究进展

肠道上皮细胞的感应系统能够感应肠腔营养物质,影响肠道内分泌细胞(EECs)分泌脑肠肽,从而调节机体生理活动。机体对蛋白胨的感应主要通过小肽转运蛋白(Pep T1)和溶血磷脂酸受体5(LPAR5)发挥作用,对氨基酸的感应主要通过G蛋白偶联受体C家族6组a亚型受体(GPRC6A)、1型味觉受体1和3(T1R1/T1R3)以及雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体1(m TORC1)信号通路发挥作用。文章对动物肠道蛋白质的感应机制及内分泌调控进行综述,旨在为同行提供参考。     

ROS介导的氧化应激与自噬

自噬是真核细胞所特有的细胞内物质成分被溶酶体降解过程的统称。生命体借此清除细胞内的废物,重建结构从而维持蛋白质代谢平衡及细胞内环境稳定。氧化应激是指体内氧化与抗氧化作用失衡,倾向于氧化,导致中性粒细胞炎性浸润,蛋白酶分泌增加,产生大量活性氧中介物(ROS),而ROS直接参与细胞存活和死亡调节。大量研究表明,氧化应激中产生的ROS在多种条件下都是自噬的重要调节因子,它能诱导自噬发生,而自噬能通过不同的信号通路来缓解氧化应激造成的损伤,从而保护细胞存活。ROS在多种条件下都是自噬的重要调节因子。作者主要对自噬的形成过程、氧化应激诱导自噬产生机制(包括调控mTOR信号通路、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路机制)及自噬缓解氧化应激的途径(mTOR信号通路、PI3K介导的信号通路和调控p53等)进行综述,以期为畜牧生产中通过调控自噬缓解动物氧化应激的措施提供理论依据。     

营养素和激素对乳蛋白合成过程中哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路调节作用的研究进展

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)是一种非典型丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,是mTOR信号通路的重要分子。mTOR可整合氨基酸、能量和激素等多种细胞外信号,参与基因转录、蛋白质翻译等生物过程。本文总结了mTOR信号通路特点及信号途径,重点介绍了营养素(氨基酸、能量底物)和激素(主要是胰岛素)在乳蛋白合成过程中对mTOR信号通路的调节作用。     

PI3K/AKT/TORC1信号通路对丝素蛋白合成转录因子SGF1表达的影响

SGF1(silk gland factor 1)是一种转录调控因子,属于Fox家族的Fox A亚家族成员,能够启动丝素基因的表达,合成丝素蛋白。已知果蝇和其他高等动物中的PI3K/AKT/TORC1信号通路可以调控Fox转录蛋白的表达。为了探究家蚕幼虫后部丝腺(PSG)中PI3K/AKT/TORC1信号通路对SGF1表达水平的影响,对4龄第4天和5龄第7天家蚕幼虫分别注射信号通路抑制剂Wort、Rapa和LY294,24 h后解剖取出后部丝腺,一组用于免疫组织化学染色实验,另一组用于提取蛋白质进行Western blot检测。免疫组织化学染色实验表明,与对照组相比,注射3种信号通路抑制剂的家蚕幼虫后部丝腺组织的绿色荧光亮度明显减弱;Western blot检测表明,与对照组相比,实验组家蚕幼虫后部丝腺的蛋白质浓度有所下降。综合以上结果初步得出PI3K/AKT/TORC1信号通路抑制剂处理均可降低家蚕幼虫后部丝腺中SGF1表达的结论,即提示可以通过上游信号通路PI3K/AKT/TORC1影响SGF1的表达水平,进而调控丝素蛋白的合成。     

SNAT2介导蛋氨酸对牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖与自噬的调节作用

钠离子依赖性中性氨基酸转运体2（SNAT2）是一种氨基酸转运蛋白，可转运中性氨基酸，广泛分布于多种细胞中。氨基酸既可作为蛋白质合成的底物，也是调节细胞新陈代谢的关键信号分子，但SNAT2是否介导氨基酸调节BMECs增殖和自噬尚未见报道。本研究利用CASY细胞计数和Western blotting技术检测SNAT2过表达和siRNA干扰后牛乳腺上皮细胞（BMECs）增殖情况以及SNAT2对自噬标志蛋白LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ表达量的影响，并利用免疫荧光检测细胞自噬斑点（LC3-Ⅱ）变化。结果显示，SNAT2过表达时，p-PI3K、p-mTOR和Cyclin D1表达量增加，反之，p-PI3K、p-mTOR和Cyclin D1表达量下降。SNAT2抑制时，LC3-Ⅱ表达量增加，免疫荧光检测自噬斑点增多。添加自噬增强剂海藻糖（trehalose，Tre）和蛋氨酸（methionine，Met）后，与单一添加Tre组相比，Met+Tre组p-mTOR表达量增加，LC3-Ⅱ表达量降低，胞浆内绿色自噬斑点减少；添加Tre和Met并抑制SNAT2时，p-mTOR表达量下降，LC3-Ⅱ表达量增多，胞浆内绿色自噬斑点增加。以上结果表明，SNAT2可介导Met通过调控PI3K-mTOR/Cyclin D1信号通路调节BMECs的增殖与自噬。     

BmATG5蛋白作为分子开关调控家蚕细胞自噬和凋亡关系的研究进展

细胞自噬(autophagy)和凋亡(apoptosis)是昆虫蜕皮与变态发育过程中细胞死亡最主要的2种方式。家蚕(Bombyx mori)是鳞翅目的模式昆虫之一,有关细胞自噬和凋亡的研究也比较深入,包括细胞自噬和凋亡的形态特征、诱导信号和通路、对蚕体发育的影响、自噬相关蛋白的鉴定和功能等。前期研究揭示家蚕自噬相关蛋白Bm ATG5和Bm ATG6具有自噬与凋亡的分子开关功能,但它们调控细胞凋亡的具体机制至今不详。本文在简要综述昆虫及家蚕细胞自噬和凋亡研究的基础上,重点介绍了Bm ATG5调控细胞凋亡分子机制研究的最新进展,为深入揭示Bm ATG5的分子调控功能,以及其应用于鳞翅目害虫防治和家蚕变态发育调控的研究提供参考依据。     

氨基酸感知与代谢调控的研究进展

氨基酸不仅是蛋白质和其他含氮化合物合成的重要前体,还参与体内主要代谢途径的调控。当氨基酸不足时,机体内多种机制参与调节体内平衡,包括快速停止蛋白质合成、增加氨基酸合成和转运,以及加强自噬作用。越来越多的学者证明氨基酸可作为信号分子参与细胞内信号传导过程,可以调节其他营养素如脂肪和能量的代谢,最终导致机体整体代谢的改变。本文主要综述细胞内氨基酸的营养感知与应答机制,涉及氨基酸应答(AAR)和雷帕霉素靶蛋白(TOR)2条信号转导通路,并探讨这2条信号通路对下游营养素代谢途径的调节。     

Regulation of mTORC1 by amino acids in mammalian cells: A general picture of recent advances

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates various types of signal inputs, such as energy, growth factors, and amino acids to regulate cell growth and proliferation mainly through the 2 direct downstream targets, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). Most of the signal arms upstream of mTORC1 including energy status, stress signals, and growth factors converge on the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) − Ras homologue enriched in brain (Rheb) axis. Amino acids, however, are distinct from other signals and modulate mTORC1 using a unique pathway. In recent years, the transmission mechanism of amino acid signals upstream of mTORC1 has been gradually elucidated, and some sensors or signal transmission pathways for individual amino acids have also been discovered. With the help of these findings, we propose a general picture of recent advances, which demonstrates that various amino acids from lysosomes, cytoplasm, and Golgi are sensed by their respective sensors. These signals converge on mTORC1 and form a huge and complicated signal network with multiple synergies, antagonisms, and feedback mechanisms.     

动物氨基酸转运载体的研究进展

氨基酸转运载体（AAT）是一类介导氨基酸从细胞外转运到细胞内的重要蛋白，也是一类能介导氨基酸相关的信号通路的重要营养物质感受分子，在机体的生长代谢、营养健康等方面具有重要作用。动物机体中存在多种类型的AAT，它们能感知机体内相关氨基酸水平的变化，介导细胞氨基酸感知信号通路——哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体1（mTORC1）和一般性调控阻遏蛋白激酶2（GCN2）的激活，从而引起通路下游发挥作用。在不同组织细胞中，发挥主导作用的AAT存在差异，表明AAT具有组织特异性，同时，AAT也受多种因素的影响，比如动物机体本身、营养物质水平、激素水平等。作者主要从AAT的类型及转运机制、介导营养信号启动及对mTORC1通路和GCN通路的影响、在不同组织中的作用及AAT表达的调控4个方面进行综述，从宏观方面介绍了AAT，旨在为AAT的研究提供一些参考。     

乳腺对氨基酸的摄取及其调控机制研究进展

乳蛋白是乳中重要的营养成分之一,超过90%的乳蛋白是乳腺利用从血液中摄取的氨基酸从头合成,因此在保证氨基酸充足供给的前提下,乳腺对氨基酸摄取率的高低是影响乳蛋白产量的关键因素。血液中的氨基酸不能自由扩散进出乳腺,需要由乳腺上皮细胞膜上特异的氨基酸转运载体(AAT)协助完成。而乳腺AAT活性受到营养物质和激素水平的调节,当乳腺感知到营养物质和激素水平变化的信号,能够通过激活或抑制以哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1(mTORC1)和一般性调控阻遏蛋白激酶2(GCN2)为核心的2条信号通路的活性,进而影响AAT活性,调节乳腺对氨基酸的摄取。本文主要从乳腺AAT的分类和功能、影响乳腺摄取氨基酸的主要因素以及调控乳腺氨基酸摄取的信号通路机制3个方面作一综述,旨在从氨基酸摄取的角度为提高乳蛋白的合成提供参考。     

Amino acids regulate energy utilization through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase pathway in porcine enterocytes

As major fuels for the small intestinal mucosa, dietary amino acids (AA) are catabolized in the mitochondria and serve as sources of energy production. The present study was conducted to investigate AA metabolism that supply cell energy and the underlying signaling pathways in porcine enterocytes. Intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were treated with different concentrations of AA, inhibitor, or agonist of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mitochondrial respiration was monitored. The results showed that AA treatments resulted in enhanced mitochondrial respiration, increased intracellular content of pyruvic acid and lactic acid, and increased hormone-sensitive lipase mRNA expression. Meanwhile, decreased citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 mRNA expression were also observed. We found that AA treatments increased the protein levels of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), phosphorylated-p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, and phosphorylated-4E-binding protein 1. What is more, the protein levels of phosphorylated AMPK α (p-AMPKα) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) were decreased by AA treatments in a time depending manner. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and the production of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates were decreased upon inhibition of mTORC1 or AMPK. Moreover, AMPK activation could up-regulate the mRNA expressions of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (Ikbkβ), integrin-linked protein kinase (ILK), unconventional myosin-Ic (Myo1c), ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 (RPS6Kβ2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-β, which are downstream effectors of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The mRNA expressions of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform (PIK3CD) and 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 (PRKAG1), which are upstream regulators of mTOR, were also up-regulated by AMPK activation. On the other hand, AMPK activation also down-regulated FK506-binding protein 1A (FKBP1A), serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B beta isoform, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (Ulk1), which are up-stream regulators of mTORC1. Taken together, these data indicated that AA regulated cellular energy metabolism through mTOR and AMPK pathway in porcine enterocytes. These results demonstrated interactions of AMPK and mTORC1 pathways in AA catabolism and energy metabolism in intestinal mucosa cells of piglets, and also provided reference for using AA to remedy human intestinal diseases.     

Differential regulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and liver of neonatal pigs by leucine through an mTORC1-dependent pathway

Neonatal growth is characterized by a high protein synthesis rate that is largely due to an enhanced sensitivity to the postprandial rise in insulin and amino acids, especially leucine. The mechanism of leucine’s action in vivo is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of leucine infusion on protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and liver of neonatal pigs. To evaluate the mode of action of leucine, we used rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex-1 (mTORC1). Overnight-fasted 7-day-old piglets were treated with rapamycin for 1 hour and then infused with leucine (400 μmol·kg -1 ·h -1 ) for 1 hour. Leucine infusion increased the rate of protein synthesis, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1) phosphorylation in gastrocnemius and masseter muscles (P < 0.05), but not in the liver. The leucine-induced stimulation of protein synthesis and S6K1 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation were completely blocked by rapamycin, suggesting that leucine action is by an mTORC1-dependent mechanism. Neither leucine nor rapamycin had any effect on the activation of the upstream mTORC1 regulators, AMP-activated protein kinase and protein kinase B, in skeletal muscle or liver. The activation of eIF2a and elongation factor 2 was not affected by leucine or rapamycin, indicating that these two pathways are not limiting steps of leucine-induced protein synthesis. These results suggest that leucine stimulates muscle protein synthesis in neonatal pigs by inducing the activation of mTORC1 and its downstream pathway leading to mRNA translation.     

IGF-1 stimulates protein synthesis by enhanced signaling through mTORC1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Using the MAC-T cell line as a model, the effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 on the regulation of protein synthesis through the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling in bovine mammary epithelial cells were evaluated. Global rates of protein synthesis increased by 47% within 30 min of IGF-1 treatment. The effect of IGF-1 on protein synthesis was associated with enhanced association of the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E with eIF4G and a concomitant reduction of eIF4E association with eIF4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1). There was a progressive increase in the phosphorylation state of ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1, a downstream target of mTORC1 in response to IGF-1. In addition, IGF-1 stimulated mTORC1 kinase activity toward 4E-BP1 in vitro. Phosphorylation on Ser473 of Akt was induced by IGF-1 within 5 min and remained elevated throughout a 30-min time course. The effect of IGF-1 on Akt phosphorylation was also concentration dependent. Activation of Akt by IGF-1 led to increased phosphorylation of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 on Thr1426, without any change in its association with tuberous sclerosis complex 1. Phosphorylation of proline-rich Akt substrate of 40-kDa (PRAS40) at Thr246 was stimulated by IGF-1. The amount of PRAS40 associated with mTORC1 decreased in response to IGF-1, and PRAS40 binding to mTORC1 was inversely related to its phosphorylation level. Overall, these results suggest that activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway by IGF-1 stimulated global protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells through changes in the phosphorylation and association state of components of the mTORC1 signaling pathway.     

香菇多糖对脂多糖刺激的仔猪空肠细胞死亡信号通路相关基因表达的影响

本试验旨在探讨香菇多糖对脂多糖(LPS)刺激的仔猪空肠细胞死亡信号通路相关基因表达的影响。选取24头健康的28日龄“杜×长×大”断奶仔猪,平均体重为(8.12±0.19)kg,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验采用2×2因子设计,主因子分别为饲粮处理(基础饲粮或基础饲粮中添加0.02%的香菇多糖)和免疫应激处理(注射生理盐水或LPS)。试验第28天,免疫应激组仔猪腹膜注射100μg/kg体重(BW)的LPS或生理盐水。注射LPS或生理盐水4 h后,仔猪麻醉屠宰,取空肠样品待测。试验期为28 d。结果表明:1)LPS刺激导致仔猪空肠绒毛萎缩,肠上皮脱落,肠道形态受损;饲粮添加香菇多糖缓解了LPS刺激所导致的肠道形态结构损伤。2)LPS刺激显著提高了空肠程序性坏死信号通路关键基因受体互作蛋白激酶3(RIP3)mRNA的相对表达量(P<0.05),显著降低了动力相关蛋白1(Drp1)和混合系列蛋白激酶结构域样蛋白(MLKL)mRNA的相对表达量(P<0.05)。饲粮添加香菇多糖显著降低了空肠程序性坏死信号通路关键基因受体互作蛋白激酶1(RIP1)、Fas死亡结构域相关蛋白(FADD)mRNA的相对表达量(P<0.05)。3)LPS刺激显著降低了空肠焦亡信号通路关键基因凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、半胱天冬酶(Caspase)⁃1、白细胞介素-18(IL⁃18)以及凋亡信号通路关键基因Caspase⁃9、B淋巴细胞瘤-2相关X蛋白(Bax)mRNA的相对表达量(P<0.05),显著提高了空肠焦亡信号通路关键基因核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)、消皮素D(GSDMD)及凋亡信号通路关键基因Caspase⁃8 mRNA的相对表达量(P<0.05)。饲粮添加香菇多糖显著降低了空肠焦亡信号通路关键基因NLRP3 mRNA的相对表达量(P<0.05)及凋亡信号通路关键基因Caspase⁃9和原癌基因蛋白xl(Bcl⁃xl)mRNA的相对表达量(P<0.05)。4)LPS刺激显著降低了空肠自噬信号通路关键基因自噬相关基因12(Atg12)、微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)和Unc⁃51样激酶1(ULK1)mRNA的相对表达量(P<0.05)。饲粮添加香菇多糖显著降低了空肠自噬信号通路关键基因Atg12、LC3和ULK1 mRNA的相对表达量(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加香菇多糖是通过调控程序性坏死、焦亡和自噬信号通路关键基因,从而维持肠道完整性。     

自噬通路及其在顶复门原虫入侵发育中的作用

自噬(autophagy)是细胞通过降解自身大分子物质或破损细胞器等来维持胞内稳态的一种平衡机制.近年来在顶复门原虫与宿主细胞相互作用研究中发现,顶复门原虫不但可诱导宿主细胞产生自噬并启动天然免疫途径清除寄生虫,亦可进化出独特的机制来抵抗宿主细胞自噬甚至利用其为自身生长提供条件.不同种类顶复门原虫与宿主细胞互作方式不同...