淀粉和氨基酸对泌乳奶牛乳腺内乳蛋白合成调控的影响

本试验旨在研究乳腺内局部分子适应以调控乳蛋白的合成。研究假设氨基酸和产能底物通过系统和局部机制组合独立调控乳腺内氨基酸的代谢和乳蛋白的合成。试验选用6头具瘤胃瘘管的初产泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛,随即分配到4个处理组中。试验采用重复的不完全4×4拉丁方试验设计。试验期间,试验动物的基础日粮组成(17.6%粗蛋白质和6.61MJ/kg泌乳净能)相同。泌乳奶牛限饲采食量至70%并通过蠕动泵连续36h分别灌注水、酪蛋白(0.86kg/d)、淀粉(2kg/d)和淀粉与酪蛋白的混合物(2kg/d淀粉+0.86kg/d酪蛋白)。整个试验期间测定乳产量和乳成分组成;灌注的最后8h每20min采集动脉和静脉血浆样品,用于测定乳腺对氨基酸的吸收率;每期灌注末采集乳腺组织样品,用于评定调控乳蛋白合成的细胞内信号分子磷酸化位点。结果显示,灌注酪蛋白组增加了动脉血浆中氨基酸的浓度,提高了乳腺从血浆中摄取氨基酸的效率,但对氨基酸的清除率和乳蛋白的产量没有影响。灌注淀粉组增加了乳产量和乳蛋白产量,提高了乳腺血浆流量,但降低了动脉血浆中氨基酸的浓度,同时,提高了乳腺对氨基酸的清除率和乳腺对氨基酸的净吸收量。灌注淀粉组同时提高了血浆中葡萄糖、胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子-1的浓度,核糖体蛋白S6的磷酸化和内皮型一氧化氮合成酶含量也随之提高并伴随着乳蛋白产量和血浆流量的变化。灌注酪蛋白和淀粉的混合物处理组提高了哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶标的磷酸化。结果表明,不同的营养素刺激,乳蛋白合成调控的细胞信号分子机制反应不同。试验过程中,由于灌注酪蛋白对乳蛋白合成的影响不明显,未发现试验假设的酪蛋白和淀粉对动物代谢和细胞信号传导的独立效应。     

颈静脉灌注油脂对泌乳奶牛乳腺氨基酸摄取率的影响

本试验旨在研究颈静脉灌注不同组合的油脂对泌乳奶牛乳腺氨基酸摄取率的影响。试验选用体况良好、体重相近,泌乳早期,产奶量25 kg/d左右装有颈静脉插管的荷斯坦奶牛8头,进行4×4拉丁方试验。预试期14 d,每期的试验期12 d,包括5 d灌注期和7 d恢复期。分别从颈静脉灌注处理组(A)橄榄油+红花籽油、处理组(B)橄榄油+胡麻油、处理组(C)红花籽油+胡麻油和处理组(D)橄榄油+红花籽油+胡麻油。在灌注期的最后一天,采集乳样、尾动脉血和乳静脉血。乳样用于测定乳成分,血样用于测定血中氨基酸含量并计算乳腺氨基酸摄取效率。结果表明:当给泌乳奶牛的颈静脉灌注不同组合的油脂后对尾动脉血中Cys和Val的含量差异显著(P0.05),Arg和BCAA的含量有差异显著的趋势(P=0.12;P=0.08),其余各个AA含量均差异不显著(P0.05);在动静脉差和摄取效率上,单一AA、TAA、EAA、NEAA、BCAA、LAA均差异不显著(P0.05);但B组的动脉氨基酸浓度、氨基酸的动静脉差以及氨基酸的摄取效率均高于其他处理组,但差异不显著(P0.05)。泌乳奶牛静脉灌注橄榄油和胡麻油所提供的长链不饱和脂肪酸(C18:1和C18:3)组合对乳腺氨基酸的摄取有一定的促进作用,但表现为低乳蛋白含量。     

灌注必需和非必需氨基酸对泌乳奶牛乳腺代谢和产奶量变化的影响

本试验旨在研究乳腺对不同类型的氨基酸需求和乳腺对不同的氨基酸供给模式其代谢模式的变化。试验采用带14d残差效应的重复4×4平衡拉丁方试验设计,8头荷斯坦奶牛(泌乳日龄61d±4d)被随机分配到4个处理组中。试验日粮满足100%净能需要和72%代谢蛋白需要。4个处理组分别为皱胃灌注水处理组(1组)、皱胃灌注必需氨基酸组(359g/d)(2组)、皱胃灌注非必需氨基酸组(356g/d)(3组)、皱胃灌注必需氨基酸(359g/d)和非必需氨基酸(356g/d)组(总计715g/d)(4组)。灌注液氨基酸组成除了蛋氨酸被提高到与赖氨酸保持3∶1比例、酪氨酸由于其溶解性低全部由苯丙氨酸替代和部分谷氨酸由谷氨酰胺替代外,灌注氨基酸谱图与酪蛋白氨基酸谱图相同;与其他处理组相比,必需氨基酸处理组提高了乳产量和乳蛋白产量,非必需氨基酸处理组趋向于提高乳腺对葡萄糖的摄取率。必需氨基酸处理组,乳腺摄取的氨基酸(His、Met、Phe、Trp和Tyr)与乳蛋白排出的氨基酸(His、Met、Phe、Trp和Tyr)比例不一致且这种比值有增加的趋势。灌注必需氨基酸时,Ile、Leu、Lys和Val表现出相同的试验结果。结果表明,当供给的氨基酸谱图和剂量不同时,乳腺能选择性的吸收氨基酸和产能营养素;当供给蛋白质缺乏非必需氨基酸时,未发现乳产量和乳蛋白合成的提高。     

玉米秸秆饲粮条件下阴外动脉灌注氨基酸混合物对奶牛乳腺内短链脂肪酸摄取规律的影响

本试验采用动静脉血插管技术,以泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,研究玉米秸秆饲粮条件下阴外动脉灌注氨基酸(AA)混合物对奶牛产奶性能、尾动脉血和乳静脉血中短链脂肪酸(SCFA)浓度及其比例以及乳腺内SCFA摄取规律的影响。采用2×2交叉试验设计,将体况良好、体重相近、日乳产量为(20.17±1.28)kg的8头经产(2~3胎)荷斯坦奶牛随机分为采食不同饲粮的2组[苜蓿组(MF组)和玉米秸秆组(CS组)],每组4头。2组奶牛饲喂的饲粮精粗比均为45∶55,精饲料组成相同,粗饲料组成不同,MF组粗饲料由苜蓿干草、玉米青贮和羊草组成,CS组以单一的玉米秸秆全部替代MF组饲粮中的粗饲料。试验分为2个阶段,每个阶段20 d,均分为饲粮适应期(预试期)14 d,载体灌注期3 d,正式灌注期3 d。在第1阶段,在载体灌注期,MF组奶牛接受载体灌注(阳性对照组1),CS组奶牛也接受载体灌注(对照组);在正式灌注期,MF组奶牛继续接受载体灌注(阳性对照组2),CS组奶牛接受AA混合物灌注;在第2阶段,将2组动物互换后处理方法同第1阶段。每个正式灌注期的最后2 d采集乳样和血样。结果显示:CS组奶牛阴外动脉灌注AA混合物可显著提高乳蛋白率(P0.05),对乳产量、4%乳脂校正乳(FCM)产量、乳脂率、乳脂产量、乳蛋白产量有一定促进效果,但部分指标仍然显著低于MF组(P0.05)。CS组奶牛阴外动脉灌注AA混合物可趋于显著地提高乳静脉血中乙酸的浓度(P=0.09),显著降低乳腺内乙酸的动静脉差(P0.05),缩小CS组与MF组奶牛在乳腺对乙酸的摄取量和摄取效率方面存在的差距。CS组奶牛阴外动脉灌注AA混合物对提高尾动脉血中乙酸/丙酸、(乙酸+丁酸)/丙酸有一定的促进效果(P0.05)。由此得出,以玉米秸秆为粗饲料的奶牛阴外动脉灌注AA混合物可显著提高乳蛋白率,增加乳静脉血中的乙酸浓度,同时缩小与以苜蓿干草、玉米青贮和羊草为粗饲料的奶牛在乳腺对乙酸的摄取量和摄取效率方面存在的差距。     

颈静脉灌注精氨酸对泌乳中期奶牛泌乳性能和牛乳酪蛋白合成的影响

本文旨在研究颈静脉灌注精氨酸对泌乳中期奶牛泌乳性能和牛乳酪蛋白合成的影响。将6头体重、胎次、泌乳期、泌乳量和体况基本一致的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为3组(每组2头):酪蛋白模式组(对照组)、精氨酸灌注组、丙氨酸等氮组(与精氨酸灌注组等氮),采用3×3复拉丁方试验设计,每期22 d(7 d灌注期+15 d间隔期),测定其泌乳性能、酪蛋白含量以及酪蛋白基因的表达情况。结果表明:1)灌注的第5天精氨酸灌注组的乳蛋白及乳中非脂固形物含量均显著高于酪蛋白模式组(P0.05);第6天精氨酸灌注组的乳脂率显著高于丙氨酸等氮组(P0.05)。2)酪蛋白模式组的α-酪蛋白含量显著低于其他2组(P0.05);β-酪蛋白含量在3组间没有显著的差异(P0.05);κ-酪蛋白含量则以精氨酸灌注组为最高,显著高于其他2组(P0.05)。3)精氨酸灌注组αs1-酪蛋白基因(CSN1S1)、αs2-酪蛋白基因(CSN1S2)的表达量显著高于其他2组(P0.05)。综上,灌注精氨酸提高了乳蛋白中α-酪蛋白和κ-酪蛋白含量,以及CSN1S1、CSN1S2在奶牛乳腺组织的表达量,有利于牛乳中乳蛋白率和乳品质的提高。     

真胃梯度酪蛋白钠灌注对奶山羊泌乳性能和乳腺组织氨基酸吸收利用的影响

血液中游离的氨基酸为乳蛋白合成的主要前提物,乳腺组织氨基酸的供给和吸收影响乳蛋白的合成。本文以4只奶山羊为试验动物,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,试验处理为真胃灌注不同数量的酪蛋白钠,对动脉血液中各种游离氨基酸的浓度、乳腺组织氨基酸提取率以及乳蛋白质合成效率进行了测定。试验结果表明,动脉血浆游离必需氨基酸浓度,除Arg外,均随酪蛋白钠灌注量的升高而升高(P<0.05)。动脉血浆必需氨基酸浓度升高的幅度不同,最大灌注量组与对照组比较,Ile、Leu和Lys的浓度增加了2倍左右,Met增加了58.33%,Thr增加了32.5%,Phe增加了29.87%,His增加了61.66%。乳腺组织对Arg、Thr、Lys、Leu和Phe的提取率随着真胃酪蛋白灌注量的增加而明显升高(P<0.05),对其他EAA的提取率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。乳腺组织对不同必需氨基酸的提取率差异很大,在未灌注酪蛋白钠时各种EAA乳腺提取率的变化范围为9.18%~33.89%,泌乳反刍动物小肠可消化氨基酸理想构成应不同于乳蛋白的氨基酸构成。     

不同氨基酸模式对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞酪蛋白合成的影响

本试验旨在验证氨基酸模式的不同是否会影响奶牛乳腺上皮细胞酪蛋白的合成。采用完全随机试验设计设置4个组,分别为低蛋白质饲粮条件下血液氨基酸模式组(LPBP)、全乳蛋白氨基酸模式组(MP)、80%酪蛋白+20%乳清蛋白氨基酸模式组(CLP)、酪蛋白氨基酸模式组(CP),每组3个重复,并重复试验3次。分别用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)和酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测乳蛋白合成基因αs1-酪蛋白(CSN1S1)和κ-酪蛋白(CSN3)mRNA表达量及αs-酪蛋白合成量。结果表明:氨基酸模式能够显著影响CSN1S1和CSN3基因mRNA表达量(P<0.05)。MP组CSN1S1和CSN3基因mRNA表达量分别显著和极显著高于LPBP组(P<0.05和P<0.01);相对于LPBP组,MP组CSN1S1和CSN3基因mRNA表达量分别上调了1.70和2.12倍。MP组αs-酪蛋白合成量显著高于CLP、CP组(P<0.05),极显著高于LPBP组(P<0.01)。由此可见,氨基酸模式的不同能够影响奶牛乳腺上皮细胞酪蛋白的合成,全乳蛋白氨基酸模式可能是一种较为理想的氨基酸模式。     

灌注葡萄糖对奶山羊乳腺营养摄取的影响

本试验研究了阴外动脉灌注葡萄糖对乳腺营养物质吸收和乳成分的影响。选用体重和产奶量相近的4只泌乳中期关中奶山羊,做阴外动脉和腹部皮下静脉手术安装血插管,采用4×4拉丁方设计,每天分别灌注葡萄糖0、12、24g和36g。结果表明:乳脂率随葡萄糖灌注量的增加而显著降低(P0.01)。灌注36g/d处理组乳脂产量显著低于其他处理组(P0.01);葡萄糖灌注提高了奶山羊的产奶量,24g/d处理组的产奶量显著高于对照组(P0.01);36g/d处理组乳腺对葡萄糖的摄取量和乳糖的产量都显著高于对照组(P0.01)。甘油三酯和非脂固形物的含量各组间差异不显著(P0.05),但葡萄糖灌注提高了乳蛋白产量,其中24g/d处理组乳蛋白产量最高,并显著高于对照组(P0.05)。葡萄糖的灌注显著降低了奶山羊干物质的采食量(P0.01)。葡萄糖的灌注对乳腺氨基酸的摄取影响不显著。葡萄糖的灌注使氨基酸合成乳蛋白的产出率提高1%～9%,葡萄糖合成乳糖的产出率提高0%～5%,有效改善了乳成分。     

阴外动脉灌注乳脂前体物对奶牛产奶量及乳腺内短链脂肪酸摄取规律的影响

本试验研究了阴外动脉灌注乳脂前体物对奶牛产奶量及乳腺内短链脂肪酸摄取规律的影响。选择8头健康荷斯坦奶牛分为2组,每组4头牛。采用2×2交叉试验设计,2组分别饲喂2种不同粗饲料[苜蓿(MF组)、玉米秸秆(CS组)]的饲粮,饲粮的精粗比为45∶55。试验分为2阶段,每阶段20 d,其中预试期14 d,载体灌注期3 d,乳脂前体物灌注期3 d。在载体灌注期,MF组与CS组均接受载体灌注,分别命名为MFC_1组和CSC组;在乳脂前体物灌注期,MF组继续接受载体灌注(MFC_2组),CS组灌注乳脂前体物(CSF组)。测定产奶量、干物质采食量及乳成分。采集尾动脉和乳静脉血浆测定短链脂肪酸浓度和脂肪酸比例。结果表明:1)在灌注乳脂前体物前,CSC组产奶量、4%乳脂校正乳产量、乳脂产量、乳蛋白产量和产乳脂效率显著低于MFC_1组(P0.05),CSC组尾动脉血浆中短链脂肪酸浓度及短链脂肪酸/长链脂肪酸有低于MFC_1组的趋势(0.05≤P0.10)。2)灌注乳脂前体物后,CSF组产乳脂效率和乳蛋白率显著高于CSC组(P0.05),CSF组产奶量、4%乳脂校正乳产量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率尽管在数值上仍然低于MFC_2组,但组间差异不显著(P0.05),而CSF组产乳脂效率显著高于MFC_2组(P0.05)。3)灌注乳脂前体物后,CSF组尾动脉血浆中乙酸、丙酸以及短链脂肪酸浓度显著高于CSC组(P0.05),且乙酸、丁酸及短链脂肪酸浓度显著高于MFC_2组(P0.05),短链脂肪酸/长链脂肪酸有低于MFC_2组的趋势(0.05≤P0.10)。4)除CSF组丁酸动静脉差有高于CSC组的趋势(0.05≤P0.10)外,CSC组与MFC_1组、CSC组与CSF组、CSF组与MFC_2组乳腺对乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、短链脂肪酸的摄取量、摄取率和动静脉差均无显著差异(P0.05)。结果提示,以玉米秸秆为粗饲料奶牛灌注乳脂前体物可显著增加奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率和乳脂产量,并达到与以苜蓿等为粗饲料相似的水平,且具有较高的产乳脂效率,但对乳腺内短链脂肪酸的摄取量和摄取率无显著的影响。     

奶牛乳蛋白产量的营养调节效应与乳腺真核起始因子-2(eIF2)和核糖体s6(S6)激酶-1(S6K1)的磷酸化有关

日粮蛋白质和能量同时影响泌乳动物乳蛋白的产量,必需氨基酸单独不能完全解释营养素对乳蛋白产量的影响。生长动物组织中,营养素对蛋白质合成受哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶点(mTOR)和整合应激网络(ISR)的调控。本试验旨在探讨乳腺内营养素信号是否也通过mTOR和ISR网络调控乳蛋白的合成。泌乳奶牛饥饿22 h后,静脉内分别灌注必需氨基酸(EAA)和葡萄糖混合物,葡萄糖、l-Met+l-Lys、l-His或l-Leu 9 h。结果表明,EAA和葡萄糖混合物或葡萄糖能分别提高乳蛋白产量的33%和27%。Met+Lys或His产生的效应分别是EAA和葡萄糖混合物效应的35%和41%。乳腺组织中,EAA和葡萄糖混合物降低了ISR靶点eIF2的磷酸化,但增强了mTOR靶点S6K1和S6的磷酸化,同时刺激了乳蛋白的合成。葡萄糖提高了乳腺内S6K1的磷酸化(P0.05),降低了eIF2磷酸化62%,暗示着ISR网络在刺激乳蛋白产量中的作用。与此相反,EAA提高或趋向于(P0.1)提高乳腺内mTOR的活性(P0.05),但His,如葡萄糖一样降低了eIF2磷酸化62%。尽管EAA和葡萄糖混合物激活了乳蛋白合成信号的活性83%到127%,但EAA产生的效应还不到EAA和葡萄糖混合物效应的50%。因此,本试验结果表明,ISR和mTOR网络在调控乳蛋白产量中只起着部分的作用。     

Milk protein responses to balanced amino acid and removal of Leucine and Arginine supplied from jugular‐infused amino acid mixture in lactating dairy cows

This study was undertaken to evaluate the milk protein response when cows were supplied a balanced AA profile and to determine whether a deficiency of Leucine (Leu) or Arginine (Arg) had a negative effect on milk protein. Eight mid‐lactation Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 5‐day continuous jugular infusions of saline (CTL), EAA mixture prepared on the profile of casein and supplied (in % of lysine (Lys)) 100% of Lys, 33.3% of methionine (Met), 110.2% of Leu, 43.6% of Arg, 50.8% of threonine (Thr), 81.6% of valine (Val), 69.7% of isoleucine (Ile), 61.4% of phenylalanine (Phe) and 34.2% of histidine (His) (Casein, 160 g/d), EAA mixture excluding Leu (?Leu, 163 g/d) or EAA mixture excluding Arg (?Arg, 158 g/d) in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four infusion periods separated by 7‐day interval period. The basal diet supplied 1.6 Mcal NE_L and 94.4 g MP per 1 kg DM to meet requirements for lactation. The Casein treatment provided a balanced supply (in % of MP) of 10.3% Leu and 5.3% Arg, whereas in the two subsequent ?Leu and ?Arg treatments, the concentration of Leu and Arg was reduced to 8.4 and 4.6% respectively. Dry matter intake (15.4 kg/day) was not affected by treatments. The Casein treatment increased milk yield (14.9%, p < 0.001), milk protein yield (120 g, p < 0.001) and milk protein efficiency (0.03, p = 0.099) than CTL treatment. However, the ?Leu treatment decreased the responses of above‐measured parameters by 6.25%, 70 g, 0.05 (p < 0.06) (compared with Casein). These effects of Leu were related to decreased Leu concentration and improved concentration of Ile and Val in plasma. The ?Arg treatment decreased the plasma Arg concentration than the Casein treatment, whereby resulted in the decrease of milk yield (5.7%, p = 0.073), milk protein yield (60 g, p = 0.011) and milk protein efficiency (0.04, p = 0.037). In conclusion, supply of EAA profile of casein can increase the lactation production in dairy cows, and 8.6% of Leu in MP partly limits the milk protein response when the requirements of Lys, Met and His were met. The level of Arg at 4.6% MP is not deemed to an ideal profile, as evidenced by decreased milk protein efficiency.     

Effect of rumen protected methionine supplementation on early lactational responses of dairy cows fed a grass silage and cereals diet.

To investigate the milk production limiting potential of a diet based on grass silage (40%), hay (15%), dried sugar beet pulp (13%) and grain compound mixture (32%), 28 multiparous cows in early lactation were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: a control group and a group receiving supplementary rumen protected methionine (RPMet) treatment (12 g intestinally available methionine/cow/day, given 1-120 days postpartum; Smartamine; RPAN's technology). The diet was formulated to meet the requirements for protein and net energy. RPMet supplementation had no significant effect on DMI (kg/cow/day), milk dry mass, milk lactose and milk urea contents. Responses for mean daily milk yield, mean milk fat and milk protein yields were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in cows supplied with RPMet than in controls. Mean daily milk yield, milk protein and milk fat yields increased by 2.4 kg, 108 g and 124 g, respectively. The mean daily milk protein and casein contents were increased by 1.8 g and 0.9 g and milk fat content by 1.2 g in 1 kg of milk, respectively. The results suggest that in cows fed grass silage and a grain compound mixture milk production is limited by methionine insufficiency, but milk production performance can be increased significantly by the addition of RPMet to the diet.     

过瘤胃氨基酸对泌乳早期奶牛生产性能、乳成分和血液生化指标的影响

为研究日粮添加过瘤胃氨基酸对泌乳早期奶牛生产性能、乳成分、血液生化指标和经济效益的影响,选择96 头体况良好、健康的泌乳早期荷斯坦牛,泌乳天数为（65±15）天。采用单因素随机区组试验设计,按照年龄、胎次和产奶量相近的原则,将96 头奶牛随机分为对照组和试验组,每组48 头。对照组为基础日粮,试验组在对照组日粮的基础上添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸（RPMet）和过瘤胃赖氨酸（RPLys）,添加量分别为18 g/头·天和35 g/头·天。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加RPMet和RPLys显著提高产奶量（P=0.034）,对干物质采食量和饲料转化率无显著影响（P>0.050）;添加RPMet和RPLys显著降低乳尿素氮含量（P=0.015）,对乳脂率有增加的趋势（P=0.096）,对乳蛋白率、乳体细胞数、乳糖率和总固形物含量无显著影响（P>0.050）;添加RPMet和RPLys显著提高血清总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）和血糖（GLU）含量,显著降低尿素氮（BUN）含量（P=0.049）,对谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、球蛋白（GLOB）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、甘油三酯（TG）和总胆固醇（TC）含量无显著影响（P>0.050）;添加RPMet和RPLys可提高经济效益3.60 元/头·天。综上所述,日粮添加RPMet和RPLys可提高泌乳早期奶牛的产奶量,增加经济效益。     

Milk casein and fatty acid fractions in early lactation are affected by nutritional regulation of body condition score at the beginning of the transition period in primiparous and multiparous cows under grazing conditions

The objective was to evaluate the effect of body condition score (BCS) at 30 days before calving (−30 days) induced by a differential nutritional management, parity and week of lactation (WOL) on milk yield and composition, and milk casein and fatty acid composition. Primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows with high BCS (PH, n = 13; MH, n = 9) and low BCS (PL, n = 9; ML = 8) under grazing conditions were sampled at WOL 2 and 8 (before and after peak of lactation). Milk yield was greater in multiparous than in primiparous cows and tended to decrease from WOL 2 to 8 only in ML cows. Milk protein, fat and casein yields were greater in multiparous than in primiparous cows and decreased from WOL 2 to 8. Milk casein concentration in milk protein was greater in MH cows than in ML, PH and PL cows at WOL 2. Milk κ‐casein was greater, and β‐casein was less in multiparous than in primiparous cows. As lactation progressed, proportion of casein fractions were not altered. Only κ‐casein fraction was affected by BCS at −30 days as PL showed a higher concentration than PH. The de novo (4:0–15:1) and mixed‐origin fatty acids (16:0–16:1) in milk fat increased, whereas preformed fatty acids (≥17:0) decreased from WOL 2 to 8. Saturated (SAT) fatty acids tended to be greater and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were less in multiparous than in primiparous cows. High‐BCS cows had greater concentrations of polyunsaturated (PUFA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as well as n‐6 and n‐3 fatty acids in milk fat than low‐BCS cows. The results indicate that casein and fatty acid fractions in milk were affected by parity and may be modified by a differential nutritional management during the pre‐calving period (BCS at −30 days) in cows under grazing conditions.     

牛乳酪蛋白基因多态性研究进展

牛乳被称为"白色血液",是最理想的天然食品之一,富含蛋白质、乳脂、钙、维生素和人体必需的8种氨基酸,也被称为"接近完美的食品".但我国的牛乳多用于液态乳的加工,其营养价值未得到充分利用.酪蛋白基因多态性被认为会影响乳产量、乳的理化特性和营养成分、乳制品加工特性以及营养价值,因此得到学者们的重视.本文对现有研究中关于酪蛋...     

山羊奶理化性状研究——Ⅳ.末乳主要理化性状及其变化和常乳中氨基酸组成与含量

本文分析研究了西农萨能奶山羊、英国萨能奶山羊和关中奶山羊末乳中脂肪、乳糖、蛋白质、总干物质、灰分及钙和磷的含量及其变化,同时也对3个被试品种羊奶中氨基酸含量进行了测定。研究结果表明末乳中 pH 值、灰分和蛋白质含量达到整个泌乳期最高水平,而酸度和乳糖含量则较低.蛋白质含量高于脂肪含量。3个品种间氨基酸含量基本相近。山羊奶里酪蛋白中谷氨酸与组氨酸的比值明显高于牛奶.这是山羊奶酪蛋白的特点之一。山羊奶中游离氨基酸含量明显高于牛奶。     

低酸度酒精阳性乳患牛乳汁蛋白组分及氨基酸含量变化

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和酸水解法对低酸度酒精阳性乳患牛乳汁中蛋白组分及17种氨基酸含量进行了测定。结果显示,酒精阳性乳患牛乳汁中总蛋白、SA、lgG-H、-αLG、-βLG相对百分含量无显著变化(P0.05),tCN相对百分含量显著降低(P0.05);在酪蛋白中,-αCN相对百分含量无显著变化(P0.05),-βCN相对百分含量上升(P0.05),-κCN相对百分含量极显著下降(P0.01);17种氨基酸中,Cys含量极显著下降(P0.01),而Arg含量极显著上升(P0.01),Leu含量亦呈上升趋势(P0.05)。结果表明,酒精阳性乳患牛乳汁中主要蛋白组分及氨基酸的含量均发生了变化,乳汁中酪蛋白微球的稳定性遭到了严重破坏,乳汁胶体的稳定性降低,导致酒精试验呈阳性反应。     

Effect of Amino Acid Balance Diet on Production Performance,Serum Biochemical Indexes and Economic Benefits in Dairy Cows

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of amino acid balance diet on production performance,serum biochemical indexes and economic benefits in dariy cows.36 healthy Holstein cows in the early lactation period were selected,the average number of lactation (DIM) was (39.69±12.48) d,the average parity was 3.02±0.64.Principle of experiments using single factor randomized experimental design accroding to age,milk yield,parity identical same or similar,the 36 Holstein cows were assigned by random block design to 3 groups,and each group were 12 cows.The control group cows were fed with TMR diets only adding rumen-protected methionine (HMBi);Diets of group 1 and 2 were on the basis of control group,respectively adding two kinds of rumen-protected lysine levels in order to balance the amino acid in diet.The results showed as follows:① Compared with control group,the feeding conversion ratio in groups 1 and 2 were increased by 10.60% and 11.26% (P>0.05),respectively,while the dry matter intake had no significantly changed (P>0.05),the 4% average daily milk yield in groups 1 and 2 were significantly increased by 8.65% and 10.58% (P<0.05),respectively,and the milk fat and milk protein yield in groups 1 and 2 were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01),respectively.Adding amino acid balance diet had no significantly effects on reproductive performance and health conditions in dariy cows (P>0.05).② When feeding the amino acid balance diets for 60 days,the contents of GLU and TAA in serum of dairy cows were significantly increased (P<0.05),while the BUN content was significantly decreased (P<0.05).③ Compared with control group,the economic benefits of groups 1 and 2 were increased by 15.09 and 16.36 yuan/(head·d).The results indicated that feeding the amino acid balance diets could significantly improve production performance of dairy cows,and there was a tendency to improve metabolic conditions.     

氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛生产性能、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛生产性能、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响。选择36头体况良好的泌乳初期的健康荷斯坦奶牛,平均泌乳天数(DIM)为(39.69±12.48) d、平均胎次为(3.02±0.64)胎。采用单因素随机试验设计,按年龄、产奶量、胎次相同或相近的原则,将36头荷斯坦奶牛区组配对后随机分为3组,每组12头奶牛,其中对照组奶牛饲喂仅添加有瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸(HMBi)的TMR日粮;试验1、2组日粮在对照组的基础上分别添加2种水平的瘤胃保护性赖氨酸,以平衡日粮中的氨基酸。结果表明,①与对照组相比,试验1、2组奶牛饲料转化率分别提高10.60%和11.26%(P>0.05),而干物质采食量没有显著变化(P>0.05),平均每日4%校正乳产量分别显著提高了8.65%和10.58%(P<0.05),并可显著或极显著增加乳脂和乳蛋白产量(P<0.05;P<0.01);饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛繁殖性能、健康状况无显著影响(P>0.05)。②饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮60 d时,奶牛血清中葡萄糖、总氨基酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),尿素氮含量显著降低(P<0.05)。③与对照组相比,试验1、2组奶牛经济效益分别增加了15.09和16.36元/(头·d)。综上所述,饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮能显著提高奶牛的生产性能,具有改善奶牛代谢状况的趋势。