应急饲料对甘肃高山细毛羊泌乳母羊生长性能、血液生化指标和瘤胃内环境的影响

试验旨在研究应急饲料对甘肃高山细毛羊泌乳母羊体重、血液生化指标以及瘤胃内环境的影响。选取健康、年龄相近、平均体重为(39.8±0.83)kg的甘肃高山细毛羊泌乳母羊18只,随机分成3组,每组6只,试验组A、B分别饲喂应急饲料1(EW)、应急饲料2(EC),对照组C正常放牧,试验期15 d,试验初、末测量体重,于试验末采集血样和瘤胃液。结果表明:相比对照组,①甘肃高山细毛羊泌乳母羊饲喂EW和WC的日增重、瘤胃微生物(白色瘤胃球菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌、真菌和原虫)相对表达量、血清中谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶含量显著提高(P<0.05);②EW和WC对甘肃高山细毛羊泌乳母羊瘤胃液总氮、蛋白氮、氨态氮、尿素氮含量和瘤胃液pH值、挥发性脂肪酸以及血清中总蛋白、蛋白氮、尿素氮、总胆固醇、乳酸脱氢酶、血糖含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。研究表明EW和EC能够促进甘肃高山细毛羊泌乳母羊的生长性能,但对血液生化指标和瘤胃内环境无显著影响,适宜在冬季放牧甘肃高山细毛羊的地区作为应急推广。     

酵母培养物对绵羊瘤胃发酵及生产性能的影响

本研究用酵母(JM)菌种,采取菌种液体培养-固体发酵的方法制备酵母培养物,活菌数达到3×109个/g.进行了酵母培养物对放牧补饲绵羊瘤胃发酵及生产性能影响的对比试验,按10g/d*只添加,连续饲喂30 d,提高日增重11.1%(P＞0.05).显著降低饲喂后瘤胃内氨态氮的含量(P<0.05).促进挥发性脂肪酸的生成,提高总挥发性脂肪酸量和乙酸/丙酸比值.提高饲喂后原虫数.稳定瘤胃pH.     

沙棘叶黄酮对绵羊瘤胃代谢和血清指标的影响

本试验旨在研究沙棘叶黄酮(SLF)对绵羊瘤胃代谢和血清生化、免疫指标的影响。选择30只6月龄平均体重相近的健康阿勒泰公羊,随机分成2组。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加0.25%SLF。试验期64 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)试验组瘤胃食糜乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和VFA显著高于对照组。2)饲喂SLF,试验组三期平均提高血清总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白、低密度胆固醇、乳酸脱氢酶和钙,降低碱性磷酸酶。试验后期与试验前期相比,血清中总蛋白、球蛋白、葡萄糖、低密度胆固醇、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶显著升高,胆固醇显著降低;尿素、葡萄糖、磷酸肌酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶极显著增加,其它指标无明显变化。3)试验组显著提高CD4、IL-1、IL-2和γ-INF的浓度。由此得出,在绵羊日粮中添加SLF,可以提高绵羊蛋白质的合成;调节脂类代谢;增加细胞因子的含量,有益于免疫力的提高。综合考虑,建议在绵羊日粮中添加0.25%的SLF。     

绵羊和牛饲以青贮日粮时瘤胃中挥发性脂肪酸比例与乳酸代谢

装有瘤胃套管的21头阉羊和6头爱尔夏牛用以进行喂给青贮日粮后瘤胃发酵与乳酸代谢的一系列试验。绵羊(3个试验)和牛(2个试验)饲以甲酸保存剂的多年生黑麦草青贮,部分试验补以压扁大麦,研究饲喂后瘤胃中乳酸与挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度。摄入青贮后瘤胃中随即有一个短时间的乳酸浓度高峰,随之是丙酸或丙酸与丁酸浓度的增加,丁酸的产生牛比羊更明显。单独饲喂青贮时6小时内瘤胃样本乙酸、丙酸和丁酸(毫克分子/VFA克分子总量)代表性地分别为590—600,210—250和70—150, 青贮补以大麦时,绵羊和牛丙酸比较减少,丁酸比较增加。绵羊的一个试验中发酵类型的这些变化伴随瘤胃原虫数量的增加,由2.78×10~5/ml增到18.66×10~5/ml(p<0.01),然而,随后的试验表明灭原虫导致瘤胃中丁酸比例的增加。在绵羊瘤胃中注入一个剂量20—50克的乳酸,测定了12次乳酸代谢,这些结果表明L+乳酸和DL—乳酸代谢同样地迅速,其半排出期约为25分。在未灭原虫的绵羊注入后发酵产物为丙酸,只有少量丁酸,在灭原虫绵羊乳酸代谢的主要发酵产物为丁酸。乳酸代谢的体外试验是用喂青贮日粮后绵羊瘤胃过滤液和分离出的细菌和原虫部分进行的,瘤胃液与细菌部分的乳酸消失率(微克/毫克蛋白质/小时)分别为50和22.2,显著地小于(p<0.05,n=5)原虫部分的消失率294.7,瘤胃液、细菌和原虫部分发酵终产物为相似的混合物,丙酸约占VFA量的60%。文中讨论了瘤胃中青贮乳酸代谢、VFA的产量和为微生物细胞合成的ATP产量等有关问题,包括瘤胃微生物群对乳酸发酵途径的调节,在调节乳酸发酵中,原虫可能有更为重要的作用。     

极端天气下补充料对空怀母羊体重、瘤胃内环境和血液生化指标的影响

为检验极端气候条件下补充料对空怀母羊体重、瘤胃内环境和血液生化指标的影响。选取甘肃高山细毛羊空怀母羊18只,随机分成3个处理组(n=6),试验组分别饲喂补充料1(EW)和补充料2(EC),对照组为正常放牧(CON),试验期为15 d,试验初、末测量体重,并在试验末采集血样和瘤胃液进行检测。结果显示:与CON组相比,空怀母羊饲喂EW和EC后,其日增重、瘤胃液总氮、尿素氮、丙酸含量显著提高(P<0.05);而谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶及总胆固醇的含量显著低于CON组;但对瘤胃液蛋白氮、氨态氮、pH、挥发性脂肪酸(除丙酸外)以及血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮、三酰甘油、乳酸脱氢酶、葡萄糖含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果表明:饲喂EW和EC能够促进甘肃高山细毛羊空怀母羊的体重,并对瘤胃内环境和血液生化指标有影响,为甘肃牧区极端气候条件下放牧绵羊补充料提供饲料配方。     

游离棉酚对绵羊瘤胃发酵和微生物区系的影响

为研究游离棉酚对绵羊瘤胃发酵和微生物区系的影响,试验采用单因素完全随机设计,将6只健康的、体重50 kg左右的内蒙古半细毛绵羊随机分为2组.对照组绵羊日粮中不添加棉酚,试验组日粮中添加0.10 g/kg的游离棉酚.试验预试期15d,正试期10 d.试验结果显示,日粮中添加0.10 g/kg游离棉酚,对绵羊瘤胃pH、干物质降解率和瘤胃发酵类型无显著影响(P＞0.05).但与对照组相比,饲喂2h时,试验组绵羊瘤胃氨氮(NH3-N)浓度显著提高(P＜0.05),饲喂2h和4h时,总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量显著降低(P＜0.05).试验组绵羊瘤胃细菌(P＜0.01)、纤维分解菌(P＜0.05)和原虫(P＜0.01)的数量较对照组显著提高,但真菌的数量显著降低(P＜0.01).由此可见,瘤胃细菌、纤维分解菌和原虫可能在提高反刍动物对游离棉酚的耐受性方面具有重要作用.     

反刍动物瘤胃微生物氨同化作用研究进展

反刍动物瘤胃微生物利用氨合成微生物蛋白质(microbial protein,MCP)主要通过谷氨酸脱氢酶(gluta-mate dehydrogenase,GDH)路径和谷氨酰胺合成酶-谷氨酸合成酶复合酶系(glutamine synthetase-glutamate syn-thase,GS-GOGAT)路径.氨同化作用过程中的关键酶有GDH、丙氨酸脱氢酶(alanine dehydrogenase,ADH)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(glutamate synthase,GOGAT)等,其活性主要受到氨浓度的影响.本文主要综述了瘤胃微生物氨同化作用过程及其关键酶.     

不同代乳条件下1～35日龄羔羊瘤胃及其微生物群落的发育

本试验旨在研究不同代乳条件下1~35日龄羔羊瘤胃及其微生物群落的发育。选取56只初生重(3 380±328)g的小尾寒羊公羊,从1日龄起分别饲喂牛奶粉代乳(milk powder substitute,MS,28只)或鱼粉代乳(fish meal substitute,FS,28只),并在21日龄将饲喂2种代乳的羔羊各8只转喂开食料。在7、14、21、28和35日龄分别宰杀4只,进行瘤胃液细菌和原虫分类计数,测定瘤胃液真菌数量、挥发性脂肪酸和氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度,瘤网胃重量和结构形态指标。结果表明:1)饲喂MS羔羊瘤胃在7日龄即有细菌(85.47×109个/m L,97.4%为瘤胃球菌)和原虫(1.10×105个/m L),且总数均随日龄增加而增加。7日龄羔羊瘤胃液真菌数量较少,直到35日龄时才较多。羔羊瘤胃在7日龄即有总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA,乙酸为主),但浓度在21日龄后才随日龄增加大幅上升。7日龄羔羊瘤胃液NH3-N浓度为33.2 mg/d L。饲喂MS的羔羊瘤网胃重量、瘤胃乳头长度和宽度随日龄增加而增加。2)与饲喂MS相比,饲喂FS的羔羊7日龄瘤胃液细菌和原虫总数分别减少30.8%(P0.01)和27.3%(P0.05),瘤胃液TVFA和NH3-N浓度随日龄增加波动变化,35日龄瘤网胃重减少17.1%(P0.05),瘤胃乳头长度和宽度分别减少16.0%(P0.05)和增加39.4%(P0.05)。3)21日龄给羔羊转喂开食料,原先饲喂MS羔羊28日龄瘤胃液细菌总数增加49.7%(P0.01),原虫总数减少50.3%(P0.01),TVFA浓度升高158.8%(P0.01),瘤网胃重增加14.0%(P0.05)、瘤胃乳头长度变短43.3%(P0.01),宽度增加61.8%(P0.01);瘤胃液真菌数量在35日龄时显著增加。4)21日龄给羔羊转喂开食料,原先饲喂FS羔羊28日龄瘤胃液细菌总数增加21.1%(P0.05),原虫总数减少60.4%(P0.01),TVFA和NH3-N浓度各降低43.5%(P0.05)和49.1%(P0.05),瘤胃乳头长度和宽度分别减少23.1%(P0.05)和11.2%(P0.05);在35日龄时几乎没有真菌存在。由本试验得出结论,羔羊7日龄瘤胃消化发育即已开始,饲喂FS或21日龄转喂开食料都会影响瘤胃及其微生物群落的发育。     

单宁和聚乙二醇对绵羊和山羊瘤胃微生物数量和营养物质表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平单宁和高单宁饲粮条件下添加聚乙二醇(PEG)对绵羊和山羊瘤胃总细菌、总厌氧真菌、原虫数量和营养物质表观消化率的影响。选取1.5~2.0岁、体重45 kg左右、安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的绵羊和绒山羊各4只为试验动物。采用自身对照设计,共分4期进行,第1期饲喂基础饲粮(Ⅰ组,对照组),第2、3、4期除饲喂基础饲粮外再分别添加占采食量2%单宁(Ⅱ组)、6%单宁(Ⅲ组)、6%单宁+12%PEG(Ⅳ组);每期试验30d,其中预试期12 d,正试期18 d。结果表明:1)山羊Ⅲ组有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率,Ⅳ组干物质(DM)、OM、CP表观消化率均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。绵羊营养物质表观消化率各组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。2)晨饲前(0 h)山羊Ⅲ、Ⅳ组,6 h绵羊和山羊Ⅳ组瘤胃原虫数量均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。3)0 h绵羊和山羊试验组瘤胃总细菌数量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。6 hⅡ、Ⅲ组山羊瘤胃总厌氧真菌的数量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结果提示,在饲粮中添加单宁会降低瘤胃总细菌和总厌氧真菌数量以及营养物质表观消化率,PEG可削弱单宁对瘤胃总细菌生长的影响;山羊的瘤胃微生物区系受单宁的影响程度比绵羊更大。     

不同精粗比日粮对绵羊瘤胃微生物蛋白浓度和细菌数的影响

为了研究不同精粗比日粮对绵羊瘤胃微生物蛋白浓度和细菌数的影响,本试验选用30只健康的安有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠进端瘘管的鄂尔多斯细毛羊,随机均分成1、2、3组,分别饲喂精粗比为1∶9、3∶7、5∶5的日粮。结果显示:1、2、3组绵羊的瘤胃微生物蛋白浓度分别为59.26、63.95、64.38 mg/100 m L,组间差异不显著(P0.05);细菌总数分别为8.73×109、9.22×109、11.00×109个/mL,组间差异不显著(P0.05);相关性分析表明,瘤胃细菌数量和瘤胃细菌浓度呈高度正相关(R2=0.997 2),瘤胃细菌浓度与瘤胃微生物蛋白浓度间的相关性较低(R2=0.227 1)。     

Effect of tropical browse leaves supplementation on rumen enzymes of sheep and goats fed <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dichanthium annulatum</Emphasis> grass-based diets

In a switch-over experiment, eight male animals, four each of sheep and goats of local breeds with mean body weight of 26. 8 ± 2.0 and 30.0 ± 2.1 kg, were fed Dichanthium annulatum (DA) grass and four browse species viz. Helictris isora, Securengia virosa, Leucaena leucocephala (LL) and Hardwickia binnata (HB) in four feeding trials to assess their supplementary effect on activity of rumen enzymes. The sheep and goats were offered DA grass with individual browse in 75:25 and 50:50 proportions, respectively, for more than 3 months during each feeding trial, and rumen liquor samples were collected twice at 0 and 4 h post feeding after 60 and 90 days of feeding. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) enzymes were determined in the bacteria and protozoa fractions of rumen liquor, while cellulase enzyme activity was measured in mixed rumen liquor. LL and HB had the highest and lowest contents of CP, while fibre contents were lower in early than later browse leaves. Supplementation of browse leaves significantly (P < 0.05) affect the specific activity of GDH enzyme in bacteria fraction of rumen liquor of animal species, while GDH activity was similar in protozoa fraction of rumen liquor of sheep and goats on all DA grass–browse-supplemented diets except DA–HB (42.8 units/mg protein), where activity was significantly (P < 0.05) low. Specific activities of GOT and GPT enzymes in both bacteria and protozoa fractions of rumen liquor differ significantly (P < 0.05) due to supplementation of browse leaves to DA grass. Browse leaves significantly (P < 0.05) affect the cellulase enzyme activity in animal rumen liquor, being highest on DA–LL (193.4) and lowest on DA–HB diet (144.8 μg sugar/mg protein). Goat exhibited higher activities of GOT and GPT than sheep in both bacteria and protozoa fraction of rumen liquor, while cellulase activity was similar between the animal species on the grass–browse leaves diets. Results indicate that browse leaves supplementation affect the enzyme activities of sheep and goats rumen, while the goats rumen liquor had higher activities of GOT, GPT and GDH enzyme than sheep.     

体外驱除瘤胃厌氧真菌对绵羊和山羊细菌、原虫及稻草干物质降解率的影响

选择体况良好、体重30kg左右、安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊和内蒙古土种去势绵羊各3只作为供体羊,为体外批次培养提供瘤胃液。比较研究了驱除瘤胃厌氧真菌对绵羊和山羊细菌、原虫及稻草干物质降解率的影响。结果表明:对照组(F0组)绵羊瘤胃液中真菌游动孢子数量多于对照组山羊瘤胃液;且在培养的2、4、6、48、72小时差异显著(P<0.05)。在培养初期(0～12小时)山羊F0组和F2组(驱真菌组)细菌总数均高于绵羊;绵羊和山羊驱真菌组(F2组)细菌总数均高于对照组(F0组)。山羊F0组(对照组)原虫数量各时间点的平均数显著高于绵羊F0组(P<0.05)。驱除厌氧真菌后绵羊和山羊对稻草干物质降解率显著下降,分别下降了12.06%和8.62%。这说明瘤胃厌氧真菌在纤维物质降解过程中的确发挥了重要作用。     

不同外源寡糖对崂山奶山羊瘤胃微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在研究不同外源寡糖对奶山羊瘤胃微生物区系的影响。试验选用 ６只平均体重为（３２．８０±２．４５）ｋｇ、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的崂山奶山羊,采用分期分组试验设计。各组羊饲喂基础饲粮（对照组）以及分别在基础饲粮中添加 １％甘露寡糖（ＭＯＳ组）、半乳甘露寡糖（ＧＭＯＳ组）、寡木糖（ＸＯＳ组）、低聚异麦芽糖（ＩＭＯ组）、果寡糖（ＦＯＳ组）的试验饲粮。共进行４期试验,每期 ２３ｄ,其中预试期 １４ｄ,正试期 ９ｄ。于晨饲前（０ｈ）,晨饲后 ２、４、６、８ｈ以及晚饲前（晨饲后 １０ｈ）采集瘤胃液,测定瘤胃液中细菌总数以及纤维素分解菌、原虫和真菌数量。结果表明：与对照组相比,试验组瘤胃液细菌总数趋于增加,仅晨饲前 ＭＯＳ组显著提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）;试验组瘤胃液纤维素分解菌数量有所提高,其中 ＭＯＳ组（０ｈ）、ＧＭＯＳ组（０、２、４ｈ）、ＦＯＳ组（０、２、４ｈ）显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;试验组瘤胃液原虫数量有所提高,其中 ＭＯＳ组（２和 ４ｈ）、ＸＯＳ组（４ｈ）显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;试验组瘤胃液真菌数量有所提高,其中ＧＭＯＳ组和 ＦＯＳ组（０ｈ）极显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,ＭＯＳ组（２ｈ）、ＩＭＯ组（２ｈ）、ＦＯＳ组（２ｈ）、ＭＯＳ组（４ｈ）、ＦＯＳ组（６ｈ）显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。细菌总数、纤维素分解菌和原虫数量呈先下降后上升趋势,真菌数量呈先上升后下降趋势。本试验条件下,添加不同外源寡糖对瘤胃微生物影响有所差异,其中甘露寡糖、半乳甘露寡糖和果寡糖对瘤胃液纤维素分解菌、原虫和真菌的增殖作用较明显。     

Effects of protozoa on methane production in rumen and hindgut of calves around time of weaning.

Effects of the presence or absence of ciliate protozoa on methanogenesis in the rumen and hindgut were investigated in young calves during a 7-week period. Ten Holstein calves, aged 7 days, were divided in two groups (n = 5) and fed an increasing amount of a commercial milk replacer and small amounts of a calves starter. One group was inoculated with ciliate fauna on two occasions, week 5 and 6, while the second remained ciliate-free. The absence of protozoa in the rumen decreased rumen empty weight (-23%, P < 0.01), and rumen pool size of N (-36%, P < 0.01) and crude fat (-37%, P < 0.05). Rumen bacteria of non-faunated calves contained a higher proportion of total amino acid-N per 16 g N (+3%, P < 0.01) and D-alanine-N per 16 g N (+13%, P < 0.05) compared to faunated calves. Further results contain a reference for a higher bacterial mass in the ciliate-free rumen with an increased number of bacteria adherent to rumen mucosa. The CH4 production in the rumen increased exponentially with the increase in protozoa population size (R2 = 0.68). In presence of 46 x 10(4) protozoa per ml rumen fluid, the in vitro CH4 production of rumen fluid per mol total VFA was about 34% higher in faunated than in non-faunated calves (P < 0.001). Hydrogen (2H) recovery of rumen fermentation was positively correlated (R2 = 0.55) to the CH4 production rate. Methanogens were attached on rumen mucosa. Methanogenesis, induced by rumen mucosa attached bacteria, was stimulated by ruminal protozoa. In the absence of protozoa in the rumen, the acetate-propionate ratio and butyrate proportion of VFA were reduced. In vivo, in the absence of protozoa not only the whole animal CH4 production (-30%, P < 0.05) but also the digestibility of carbohydrates (-4%, P < 0.05) was reduced. Thereby no difference was observed in the intake of ME per kg DM between the groups. In conclusion, the methanogenesis in the rumen, but not in hindgut, is associated with the development of the ruminal protozoa population. The level of methanogenesis (mol/mol VFA) in the hindgut amounts to 20% of the ruminal methanogenesis.     

不同添加水平多聚甲醛对绵羊瘤胃微生物数量及消化酶活性的影响

将5只体重(55.6±3.2)kg、2～3岁、装置了永久性瘤胃瘘管的小尾寒羊公羊,按5×5拉丁方设计,在饲喂相同日粮条件下,在5期试验中分别添喂0、150、300、450和600 mg/kg多聚甲醛,测定瘤胃液pH,氨态氮及挥发性脂肪酸浓度,内纤维素酶、外纤维素酶、纤维二糖酶、木聚糖酶、果胶酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性,并进行原虫、细菌显微镜分类和真菌PCR计数,以研究不同添加剂量多聚甲醛对绵羊瘤胃微生物及消化酶活性的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,添喂150、300、450和600 mg/kg多聚甲醛,绵羊的干物质自由采食量分别增加2.3%(P>0.05)、22.1%(P<0.01)、7.5%(P<0.01)和-6.6%(P<0.01);瘤胃液原虫总数分别减少14.2%、62.5%、72.6%和85.3%(P<0.01);而细菌总数分别增加35.8%、93.8%、-6.8%和-24.2%(P<0.01);真菌拷贝数分别增加2.0%(P>0.05)、5.4%(P>0.05)、14.3%(P<0.01)和26.8%(P<0.01);氨态氮分别降低9.0%、12.0%、14.9%和20.9%(P<0.01);挥发性脂肪酸分别提高2.4%(P>0.05)、-0.3%(P>0.05)、-1.3%(P>0.05)和-10.3%(P<0.01);内纤维素酶活性分别提高6.5%、22.4%、-10.2%和-19.2%(P<0.01);外纤维素酶活性分别提高3.4%(P>0.05)、17.5%(P<0.01)、-18.0%(P<0.01)和-25.7%(P<0.01);纤维二糖酶活性分别提高8.3%、23.7%、-24.9%和-31.8%(P<0.01);淀粉酶活性分别提高2.8%、8.6%、16.0%和23.3%(P<0.01);果胶酶活性分别降低11.8%、12.1%、11.2%和11.1%(P<0.01);蛋白酶活性分别降低10.9%、30.4%、49.6%和56.2%(P<0.01);而木聚糖酶活性没有显著变化(P>0.05)。综合试验结果,多聚甲醛添喂剂量为300 mg/kg时,绵羊的自由采食量最高,此时瘤胃液原虫数量减少而细菌总数最多、纤维素酶活性最高。     

不同粗精比日粮对绵羊小肠中瘤胃微生物蛋白质利用的影响

用4只装有瘤胃瘘管、十二肠瘘管和回肠瘘管的去势(公母各半)萨福克羊体重平均为(45.5±5.2)kg,在不同粗精比日粮条件下 ,研究瘤胃细菌、纤毛虫体蛋白质在小肠内的利用率。结果表明 :到达十二指肠的瘤胃细菌和纤毛虫的量 ,随日粮中精饲料水平的提高而显著减少(P<0.05)。与此相反 ,过瘤胃饲料蛋白质的量则显著增加(P<0.05)。小肠内的细菌利用率显著受日粮变化的影响 ,而纤毛虫利用率则不易受日粮影响且显著地高于细菌的利用率(P<0.05)。小肠内被吸收的细菌和纤毛虫对微生物氮的贡献率在全试验组中平均为50 %。     

Glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase activity in the digestive tract in lambs in relation to age]

Developmental dynamics was investigated in the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, E.C. 1.4.1.2.-4) and glutamine synthetase (GS, E.C. 6.3.1.2) in different parts of the digestive tract of lambs, in dependence on the age from 10 to 90 days; the goal of these investigations was to elucidate in greater detail the role of the above enzymes in nitrogen metabolism. The activity of GDH, and of the coenzymes NADH and NADPH, was followed in the digesta because simple organisms (bacteria, fungi, plants) have two glutamate dehydrogenases: they differ from each other by coenzyme specificity, unlike GDH from animal sources which can utilize both NADH coenzyme and NADPH coenzyme (Fahien et al., 1965; Frieden, 1964). The following activities of GDH and GS were found out in trials with lambs at the age of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 90 days, as to the different parts of digestive tract: in the tissues of rumen, omasum, reticulum, spleen, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, int. caecum and colon the activity of GDH (NADH) varied from 0.031 to 0.305 nkat/mg dry matter, in the digesta from 0 to 2.92 nkat/mg dry matter. An investigation of GDH (NADH, NADPH) dynamics in the digesta of lambs showed the relatively high activity of GDH (NADH) in the digesta of colon at the age of 10 days and that of GDH (NADPH) in the digesta of int. caecum. The activity of GDH (NADH) was also found to be high in the digesta of int. caecum at the age of 20 days. In that period the activity of GDH (NADH, NADPH) in the digesta of rumen, omasum and reticulum was zero.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of the Oral Formalin and Fauna-free on the Microbiocoenosis and Activities of Digestive Enzymes in the Rumen of Sheep

6 Small-tail Han sheep ram,2 to 3 year's old,with body weight of 48.3 kg±5.6 kg,were fitted with permanent rumen fistula and fed with the diet containing 70% of corn stalk.The experiment was designed as 4×4 Latin square,the sheep were orally administered with formalin at 0 mL/kg diet (control,treatment 1),1.0 mL/kg diet (low dose,treatment 2),3.0 mL/kg diet (high dose,treatment 3) and completely fauna-free (treatment 4),to study the effects of various treatments on the rumen microbiocoenosis,activities of digestive enzymes,NH₃-N and VFAs in rumen fluid of sheep,and their correlation with voluntary intake.The results showed that,compared with control,the voluntary intakes of dry matter in treatments 1,2 and 3 were increased by 14.9% (P<0.01),-6.8% (P>0.05) and -16.5%(P<0.01),respectively;NH₃-N were decreased by 10.5% (P<0.05),13.0% (P<0.05) and 23.0%(P<0.01),respectively;The protozoa number in rumen fluid were decreased by 59.3%,93.2% and 100.0%(P<0.01),respectively;The total number of bacteria were increased by 41.1%,-8.2% and 84.5%(P<0.01),respectively;The fungi copies were increased by 16.5%(P>0.01),23.5% (P<0.05) and 38.1%(P<0.01),respectively;The activities of endocellulase in treatments 1,2 and 3 were increased by 22.6%,-14.6% and -27.5%(P<0.01),respectively;The activities of exocellulase were increased by 15.5%,-23.9% and -25.2%(P<0.01),respectively;The activities of cellobiose were increased by 20.0%,-25.7% and -26.2%(P<0.01),respectively;The activities of xylanase were decreased by 0.4%(P<0.05),0.5%(P<0.05) and 0.1% (P>0.05),respectively;The activities of pectinase were decreased by 12.0%,11.0% and 2.8%(P<0.01),respectively;The activities of amylase were increased by 12.2%,15.3% and 19.9%(P<0.01),respectively;The activities of protease were decreased by 22.1%,48.0% and 22.2%(P<0.01),respectively.The correlation coefficients (R²) of the activities of the endocellulase,exocellulase and cellobiose with voluntary intake of sheep were 0.994,0.897 and 0.901.It was concluded that when the low dose of formalin was orally administrated the voluntary intake of sheep was increased,whereas the high dose of formalin or fauna-free was decreased;The factors determined the voluntary intake of sheep were the activities of endocellulase,exocellulase and cellobiose,rather than the numbers of the protozoa,bacteria or fungi,or the activities of other digestive enzymes in rumen fluid.     

口服福尔马林和祛原虫对绵羊瘤胃微生物群落和消化酶活性的影响

选取6只2~3岁龄、体重48.3 kg±5.6 kg的小尾寒羊公羊,装置永久性瘤胃瘘管,并饲喂含70%玉米秸秆的日粮。在4×4拉丁方试验中分别给绵羊口服0 mL/kg日粮（对照,处理1组）、1.0 mL/kg日粮（低剂量,处理2组）、3.0 mL/kg日粮（高剂量,处理3组）福尔马林和完全祛原虫（处理4组）,研究不同处理对绵羊瘤胃微生物群落、消化酶活性和氨态氮、VFAs浓度等的影响,及其与自由采食量的相关性。结果表明,处理2、3和4组与对照组相比,绵羊的干物质自由采食量分别增加14.9%（P<0.01）、-6.8%（P>0.05）和-16.5%（P<0.01）;瘤胃液氨态氮浓度分别降低10.5%（P<0.05）、13.0%（P<0.05）和23.0%（P<0.01）;原虫数量分别极显著减少59.3%、93.2%和100.0%（P<0.01）;细菌总数分别极显著增加41.1%、-8.2%和84.5%（P<0.01）;真菌拷贝数分别增加16.5%（P>0.05）、23.5%（P<0.05）和38.1%（P<0.01）;内纤维素酶活性分别极显著升高22.6%、-14.6%和-27.5%（P<0.01）;外纤维素酶活性分别极显著升高15.5%、-23.9%和-25.2%（P<0.01）;纤维二糖酶活性分别极显著升高20.0%、-25.7%和-26.2%（P<0.01）;木聚糖酶活性分别降低0.4%（P<0.05）、0.5%（P<0.05）和0.1%（P>0.05）;果胶酶活性分别极显著降低12.0%、11.0%和2.8%（P<0.01）;淀粉酶活性分别极显著升高12.2%、15.3%和19.9%（P<0.01）;蛋白酶活性分别极显著降低22.1%、48.0%和22.2%（P<0.01）。其中内纤维素酶、外纤维素酶和纤维二糖酶活性与绵羊自由采食量的相关系数（R²）分别为0.994、0.897和0.901。由本试验得出结论,绵羊口服低剂量福尔马林时自由采食量增加,高剂量或祛原虫时降低;决定绵羊自由采食量的因素是瘤胃液内纤维素酶、外纤维素酶和纤维二糖酶活性,而非瘤胃原虫、细菌或真菌数量,或其他消化酶的活性。     

不同蛋白源日粮添加乳酸链球菌素对育肥湖羊瘤胃发酵及微生物菌群结构的影响

本试验旨在探究不同蛋白源日粮条件下添加乳酸链球菌素（nisin）对育肥湖羊瘤胃发酵及微生物菌群结构的影响。试验采用2×2因子设计,两因子分别为蛋白源[豆粕（SBM）、干玉米酒精糟及其可溶物（DDGS）]和nisin （添加水平为0或30.5 mg·kg^-1 DM）,两两组合,配制4种等氮等能日粮。选取32只体重（23±2） kg的断奶湖羊公羔,按照随机区组设计,根据体重分为2个区组（低体重组,16只;高体重组,16只）,每个区组的湖羊随机分配到4个组并分别饲喂对应日粮,单栏饲喂。试验预饲期1周,正式期9周,试验期结束时每组从高、低体重区组中各随机选取3只湖羊（共24只）进行屠宰,采集瘤胃内容物,提取微生物基因组DNA,利用Illumina MiSeq测序和Real-time qPCR方法分析瘤胃微生物菌群结构。研究结果表明,除Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group和Unclassified Bacteroidetes相对丰度外,日粮蛋白源与nisin对其他所有测定指标（瘤胃发酵参数、瘤胃菌群数量、瘤胃细菌多样性及相对丰度等）均不存在交互作用（P>0.05）。日粮添加nisin对所有测定指标均无显著影响（P>0.05）。与饲喂豆粕湖羊相比,饲喂DDGS湖羊瘤胃乙酸、氨态氮浓度及总支链脂肪酸（BCVFA）浓度显著降低（P<0.05）。qPCR结果显示,饲喂不同蛋白源日粮湖羊瘤胃总菌、真菌及甲烷菌数量均无显著差异（P≥0.053）,但相对于饲喂豆粕湖羊而言,饲喂DDGS湖羊瘤胃内原虫和嗜氨梭菌（C.aminophilum）数量显著降低（P<0.05）。Illumina-MiSeq测序结果表明,饲喂DDGS湖羊瘤胃内细菌Chao1指数和ACE指数显著升高（P<0.05）。不同日粮处理组在门水平上的优势菌门均为Bacteroidetes及Firmicutes;在属水平各处理组的主要优势菌属为Prevotella 1、Christensenellaceae R-7 group和Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group。饲喂不同蛋白源湖羊瘤胃细菌在门水平上并未产生显著影响（P≥0.14）;在属水平上,饲喂DDGS湖羊瘤胃Pseudobutyrivibrio和Roseburia丰度均显著高于饲喂豆粕湖羊（P<0.05）,而Butyrivibrio 2以及Ruminococcaceae UCG-005的相对丰度显著低于饲喂豆粕湖羊（P<0.05）。综上所述,使用DDGS作为日粮蛋白源改变了湖羊瘤胃发酵参数及微生物菌群结构,原虫和C.aminophilum数量的降低可能是导致瘤胃氨态氮浓度显著降低的主要原因;日粮添加30.5 mg·kg^-1 DM的nisin对育肥期湖羊瘤胃发酵参数及微生物菌群结构均无显著影响。