大菱鲆幼鱼对几种蛋白质源中营养物质的表观消化率及膨化处理对其产生的影响

本试验旨在研究大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)对秘鲁红鱼粉、豆粕、葵花粕和玉米蛋白粉中干物质、粗蛋白质、氨基酸和总能的表观消化率,以及膨化处理对其产生的影响。试验饲料由70%基础饲料和30%待测蛋白质源组成,并添加0.1%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)作为外源指示剂,将其分别制作成正常颗粒料和膨化颗粒料。将平均体重为(8.98±0.01)g的大菱鲆幼鱼随机分成10组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾鱼,按照不同处理分别投喂相应饲料,喂养2周后采用后肠挤压法收集粪便样品至第6周。结果表明:大菱鲆幼鱼对4种蛋白质源中干物质、粗蛋白质、总氨基酸和总能的表观消化率分别为22.33%~65.50%、48.97%~85.28%、47.70%~84.14%和44.50%~81.16%。其中,秘鲁红鱼粉的各营养物质的表观消化率均显著高于3种植物蛋白质源(P0.05);3种植物蛋白质源中以豆粕中粗蛋白质的表观消化率最高,葵花粕次之,玉米蛋白粉最低;各待测蛋白质源中总氨基酸表观消化率的变化趋势与粗蛋白质表观消化率基本一致。经膨化处理后,大菱鲆对4种蛋白质源中营养物质的表观消化率均得到改善,尤其是3种植物蛋白质源,效果显著(P0.05),膨化处理后4种蛋白质源中干物质、粗蛋白质、总氨基酸和总能的表观消化率分别为24.26%~70.87%、57.20%~85.33%、68.27%~87.09%和49.23%~84.35%。由此得出,膨化处理能够提高大菱鲆幼鱼对秘鲁红鱼粉、豆粕、葵花粕和玉米蛋白粉中营养物质的表观消化率。     

鳙鱼对10种蛋白质饲料原料中营养物质的表观消化率

本试验旨在研究鳙鱼(Aristichthys nobilis)对鱼粉(国产)、干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)、菜籽粕、米糠、豆粕、酶解羽毛粉、棉籽粕、小麦麸、玉米蛋白粉和花生粕中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总能以及氨基酸的表观消化率。试验饲料按照基础饲料和待测饲料原料7∶3的比例构成,并添加0.5%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)作为外源指示剂。挑选初体重为(290.02±2.82)g的鳙鱼,随机分成11组,每组3个重复,每个重复10尾鱼。随机选取1组作为对照组投喂基础饲料,剩余10组为试验组分别投喂试验饲料。投喂1周后通过虹吸法收集粪便。结果表明:1)10种饲料原料中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和总能的表观消化率的范围分别为69.9%~85.7%、73.5%~88.3%、81.2%~91.1%和81.9%~86.3%。2)在10种饲料原料中,米糠总能的表观消化率最高,而鱼粉的干物质、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪的表观消化率最高;酶解羽毛粉的干物质、粗脂肪和总能的表观消化率最低,玉米蛋白粉的粗蛋白质的表观消化率最低。3)各饲料原料氨基酸的表观消化率基本维持在65.59%~99.17%,且都以小麦麸较低。由此可见,鳙鱼对鱼粉具有很好的利用效果,其次是豆粕和花生粕,而酶解羽毛粉中粗蛋白质的表观消化率最低,小麦麸各氨基酸的表观消化率均比较低。     

达氏鳇幼鱼对6种蛋白质原料中营养物质的表观消化率

为了解达氏鳇(Huso dauricus)幼鱼对不同蛋白质原料的消化能力,以0.4%的二氧化钛(TiO2)为指示剂,分别将鱼粉、鸡肉粉、肉骨粉、羽毛粉、双低菜粕和玉米蛋白粉这6种蛋白质原料与基础饲料按照3∶7的比例配制试验饲料,测定达氏鳇幼鱼对这6种蛋白质原料中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总能和总氨基酸的表观消化率。试验选取初始体质量为(66.79±2.18) g的达氏鳇幼鱼420尾,随机分为7组,每组3个重复,每个重复放鱼20尾。基础饲料投喂2周后,开始用试验饲料投喂,试验饲料投喂1周后采用捞网收集成形的粪便,共收集10 d。结果表明:达氏鳇幼鱼对鱼粉、鸡肉粉、肉骨粉、羽毛粉、双低菜粕和玉米蛋白粉这6种蛋白质原料中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总能和氨基酸的表观消化率分别为54.79%～88.07%、73.62%～89.47%、99.80%～100.74%、66.64%～89.24%、51.27%～98.62%。在6种蛋白质原料中,粗脂肪的表观消化率均在99%以上,而干物质、粗蛋白质和总能表观消化率则以鱼粉和鸡肉粉较高,玉米蛋白粉和双低菜籽粕次之,肉骨粉和羽毛粉较差。其中,鱼粉的粗蛋白质表观消化率最高,为89.47%,显著高于其他蛋白质原料(P0.05);鸡肉粉次之,为81.14%,与肉骨粉、双低菜籽粕和玉米蛋白粉差异不显著(P0.05);羽毛粉的粗蛋白质表观消化率最低,为73.62%,与肉骨粉差异不显著(P0.05),与其他蛋白质原料差异显著(P0.05)。各蛋白质原料中总氨基酸的表观消化率与粗蛋白质的表观消化率的变化趋势基本一致。由此可知,对于达氏鳇幼鱼饲料,鱼粉是最佳的蛋白质来源,鸡肉粉、玉米蛋白粉和双低菜籽粕亦可以作为其优质的蛋白质来源,而羽毛粉和肉骨粉作为蛋白质来源时,要控制其在饲料中的用量。     

吉富罗非鱼对5种蛋白源营养物质表观消化率的比较研究

试验旨在研究吉富罗非鱼(GIFT Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼对鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕、棉粕、橡胶籽饼中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总磷、总能和氨基酸的表观消化率。试验饲料由70%基础饲料+30%待测原料组成,并以1.0%的三氧化二铬(Cr_2O_3)作为外源指示剂。选取平均体重为1.73 g/尾的吉富罗非鱼幼鱼,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾鱼。投喂2周后通过虹吸法收集粪便。结果表明:(1)吉富罗非鱼幼鱼对饲料原料干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总能、总磷和总氨基酸的表观消化率分别为:63.86%~73.66%、88.70%~93.15%、90.09%~94.27%、64.62%~73.47%、69.33%~86.46%和91.92%~94.80%;(2)5种饲料原料中鱼粉的干物质、粗蛋白质、总能和总磷的表观消化率最高,鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕中粗脂肪表观消化率高于棉籽粕和橡胶籽饼;(3)各饲料原料氨基酸的表观消化率基本维持在86.69%~96.81%之间,各原料氨基酸表观消化率的变化趋势与蛋白质表观消化率的趋势一致。由此可见,吉富罗非鱼幼鱼对鱼粉具有很好的利用效果,其次是菜粕、豆粕、棉籽粕、橡胶籽饼,且植物蛋白源之间的利用效率相当,可视为吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的优质植物蛋白源,在吉富罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中可适量添加,既有利于饲料的营养平衡,还可降低饲料成本。     

青鱼对8种饲料原料中营养物质的表观消化率

本试验旨在研究青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)对国产鱼粉、蝇蛆粉、玉米蛋白粉、大豆粕、花生粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕和米糠8种饲料原料干物质、粗蛋白质、氨基酸、粗脂肪、总磷和总能的表观消化率。试验饲料由70%基础饲料和30%待测饲料原料组成,并以0.1%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)为外源指示剂。选取平均体重为(60.17±1.28)g的青鱼270尾,随机分成9组,每组3个重复,每个重复10尾鱼。对照组试验鱼饲喂基础饲料,试验组试验鱼分别饲喂1种试验饲料。饲喂1周后采用自排法收集粪便待测。结果表明:8种饲料原料的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总磷、总能以及总氨基酸的表观消化率的范围分别是62.17%～86.47%、83.34%～95.84%、78.93%～100.06%、37.33%～81.99%、66.75%～89.86%、86.33%～96.58%。在8种饲料原料中,玉米蛋白粉的干物质、总磷和总能的表观消化率最高,而大豆粕的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和总氨基酸的表观消化率最高;棉籽粕的干物质和总能的表观消化率最低,米糠的粗脂肪和总磷的表观消化率最低。各饲料原料中总氨基酸表观消化率与粗蛋白质表观消化率的变化趋势一致,其中以蝇蛆粉最低。由此可见,大豆粕和玉米蛋白粉是青鱼的优质植物蛋白质源,可适量替代鱼粉;蝇蛆粉中粗蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率都较低,在青鱼饲料中的添加量不宜过高;花生粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕也是较好的植物性蛋白质源,在青鱼饲料中适量添加既有利于饲料的营养平衡,还可降低饲料成本;米糠作为青鱼的能量原料必须保持新鲜,并控制其在饲料中的用量。     

不同玉米脱水酒精糟及其可溶物含量饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、营养物质消化率及抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究不同玉米脱水酒精糟及其可溶物(DDGS)含量饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、营养物质消化率及抗氧化能力的影响。选用720尾初重为(13.00±0.01)g的大菱鲆幼鱼,随机分为8个组,每个组设3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。D3、D6、D9、D12组为不加酶对照组,分别饲喂以玉米DDGS替代基础饲料中3%、6%、9%、12%鱼粉的试验饲料;D3+、D6+、D9+、D12+组为加酶试验组,分别饲喂以玉米DDGS替代基础饲料中3%、6%、9%、12%鱼粉并添加木聚糖酶(活性为120 163U/g,添加量为20g/t)和纤维素酶(活性为13 424U/g,添加量为300g/t)的试验饲料。试验期为9周。结果表明:大菱鲆幼鱼饲喂相同玉米DDGS含量的饲料时,加酶试验组的终末体重、增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率均高于不加酶对照组,但差异未达显著水平(P0.05)。各组大菱鲆幼鱼摄食率以及全鱼水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P0.05),肥满度、肝体比和脏体比也无显著差异(P0.05)。大菱鲆幼鱼饲喂相同玉米DDGS含量的饲料时,加酶试验组的干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率均高于不加酶对照组,其中D9+组的干物质表观消化率较D9组显著升高(P0.05),D3+组的粗蛋白质表观消化率较D3组显著升高(P0.05),D12+组的粗蛋白质表观消化率较D12组显著升高(P0.05)。大菱鲆幼鱼饲喂相同玉米DDGS含量的饲料时,加酶试验组大菱鲆幼鱼血清超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性均较不加酶对照组显著提高(P0.05),血清丙二醛的含量较不加酶对照组显著降低(P0.05)。由此得出,在不同玉米DDGS含量饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶提高了大菱鲆幼鱼对饲料的利用效果。     

建鲤对7种饲料原料中营养物质的表观消化率

本试验旨在研究建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)对鱼粉、肉骨粉、豆粕、花生粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕和玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)7种常用饲料蛋白质原料中干物质、粗蛋白质、氨基酸、总磷和总能的表观消化率.营养物质表观消化率采用基础饲料(基础饲料Ⅰ、Ⅱ)和试验饲料(按基础饲料和待测原料7︰3的比例配制)测定,以0.5%的三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)为外源指示剂.选用平均体重为(200.0±4.7) g的建鲤240尾,随机分为8组,每组3个重复,每个重复10尾.从8组中随机选取1组为对照组,饲喂基础饲料;其余为试验组,饲喂试验饲料.试验分为2个阶段,第1阶段(1～4周)采用基础饲料Ⅰ,用于干物质、粗蛋白质、氨基酸和总能表观消化率的测定;第2阶段(5～8周)采用基础饲料Ⅱ,用于总磷表观消化率的测定.结果表明,各试验原料的干物质表观消化率在35.44%～71.10%之间,其中花生粕和豆粕的干物质表观消化率(分别为71.10%和65.15%)显著高于其他原料(P＜0.05).各试验原料的粗蛋白质表观消化率在60.31%～88.75%之间,其中豆粕的粗蛋白质表观消化率最高,而最低的为玉米DDGS,并且豆粕和花生粕的粗蛋白质表观消化率显著高于其他原料(P＜0.05).本研究中总磷的表观消化率相对较低,最高的为玉米DDGS(38.69%),最低的为肉骨粉(6.52%).从总体上来看,鱼粉、豆粕和花生粕的单个氨基酸及总氨基酸的表观消化率均处在较高水平,而肉骨粉和玉米DDGS的单个氨基酸及总氨基酸的表观消化率均处在较低水平.由此可知,对建鲤而言,豆粕和花生粕是较好的植物性蛋白质原料.     

建鲤对6种非常规蛋白质原料中营养物质的表观消化率

本试验以0.5%的三氧化二铬为指示剂,由70%基础饲料和30%待测原料组成试验饲料研究建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian)对血粉、蚕蛹粉、膨化羽毛粉、酶解羽毛粉、蛋白肽和玉米蛋白粉等6种非常规蛋白质原料中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、总磷和总能的表观消化率.选用均重为(220.53±4.67)g...     

罗非鱼对6种碳水化合物饲料原料中营养物质的表观消化率

本试验旨在研究罗非鱼对南方糙米、次粉、玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、甘薯淀粉和木薯淀粉6种碳水化合物原料中总能、干物质、粗灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、淀粉及总糖的表观消化率。选取初始体均重为(35.05±0.62)g的健康吉富罗非鱼420尾,随机分为7组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼。配制由70%的基础饲料和30%的待测原料组成的试验饲料,采用三氧化二钇(Y2O3)为指示剂。对照组鱼饲喂基础饲料,试验组鱼随机饲喂1种试验饲料。各组投喂相应饲料1周后,采用虹吸法收集粪便待测总能、干物质、粗灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、淀粉及总糖的表观消化率。结果表明:6种碳水化合物原料中总能、干物质、粗灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、淀粉及总糖的表观消化率分别为33.89%~90.85%、31.50%~88.01%、7.73%~64.37%、95.74%~114.38%、97.63%~111.51%和21.49%~79.73%。6种碳水化合物原料中,玉米淀粉中总能、干物质、粗蛋白质、淀粉及总糖的表观消化率最高,其次是南方糙米,而马铃薯淀粉最低。玉米淀粉与南方糙米之间的干物质、淀粉及总糖的表观消化率无显著差异(P0.05)。6种试验饲料与6种碳水化合物原料中总能、干物质、粗蛋白质、淀粉及总糖的表观消化率的变化趋势一致,均以玉米淀粉和南方糙米较高,以甘薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉较低。由此可见,罗非鱼对不同来源的碳水化合物中营养物质的表观消化率不同。本试验条件下,罗非鱼对玉米淀粉和南方糙米的利用效果较好,可作为罗非鱼优质的碳水化合物源适量添加以降低饲料成本。而马铃薯淀粉和甘薯淀粉由于其可利用性淀粉及总糖较少,导致表观消化率低,不适宜在罗非鱼饲料配制中大量添加。     

吉富罗非鱼幼鱼对10种饲料原料表观消化率的研究

本试验以0.5%的三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)为指示剂研究吉富罗非鱼幼鱼对10种饲料原料的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、磷、总能和氨基酸的表观消化率.10种饲料原料分别为玉米蛋白粉、玉米柠檬酸渣、玉米胚芽粕、普通豆粕、发酵豆粕、大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆分离蛋白、麦芽根、鱼粉和蚯蚓粉,试验日粮由70%的基础饲料和30%的试验饲料原料组成.选用初体重为(7.05±0.09)g的吉富罗非鱼苗495尾,随机分为11组,每组3重复,每个重复15尾鱼,其中对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂1种试验日粮,收集的粪便样品待测.结果表明:10种饲料原料的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、磷、总能和氨基酸的表观消化率范围分别为41.7%～98.9%、90.6%～99.6%、73.1%～98.8%、49.5%～99.6%、45.4%～99.7%和83.3%～100%.在10种饲料原料中,鱼粉、蚯蚓粉和大豆分离蛋白的干物质、粗蛋白质、总能表观消化率较高;玉米柠檬酸渣和蚯蚓粉的粗脂肪表观消化率较高;玉米胚芽粕和蚯蚓粉的磷表观消化率较高.蚯蚓粉的总能表观消化率最高,麦芽根的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总能表观消化率最低,大豆浓缩蛋白的磷的表观消化率最低.各原料氨基酸表观消化率的变化趋势与蛋白质表观消化率的趋势一致.由此可知,大豆分离蛋白、蚯蚓粉可视为鱼粉的优良动植物替代物,大豆浓缩蛋白、普通豆粕和发酵豆粕的营养价值略低于大豆分离蛋白、蚯蚓粉和鱼粉,麦芽根的营养价值最低.     

Limiting order of amino acids and the effects of phytase on protein quality in corn gluten meal fed to young chicks

An amino acid deletion assay, a protein efficiency ratio (PER) assay, and a slope-ratio growth assay were used to establish the limiting order of AA, and to determine the effects of microbial phytase on protein utilization in corn gluten meal (CGM) fed to chicks during the period of 8 to 21 d posthatching. In Assay 1, a 12% CP CGM diet was fortified with AA to fulfill the digestible AA ideal profile (only Phe + Tyr, Leu, and Pro exceeded requirements) for young chicks. Amino acids were then individually deleted, and all diets were fortified to 23% CP, with Glu varying as necessary. A Met-fortified 23% CP corn-soybean meal diet served as a positive control. No weight gain or feed efficiency differences were observed between the fully fortified CGM basal diet and the corn-soybean meal positive-control diet. The limiting order of AA established in CGM was 1) Lys, 2) Trp, 3) Arg, 4) Thr, 5) Val, 6) Ile, 7) His, 8) cystine, and 9) Met. In Assay 2, diets with 10% CP furnished by CGM or casein were fed in the presence and absence of 1,200 U/kg phytase. A protein source x phytase interaction (P < 0.05) was observed for weight gain, gain:feed, and PER, indicating positive responses to phytase when casein was fed but negative responses to phytase when CGM was fed. In Assay 3, graded levels of protein (8, 16, and 24% CP) furnished by CGM were fed in the presence and absence of 1,200 U/kg phytase. Weight gain and gain:feed increased linearly (P < 0.05) as a function of protein intake, but phytase supplementation had no effect on weight gain or gain:feed slopes. These results indicate that 1,200 U/kg phytase did not increase either CP or AA utilization in CGM for young chicks.     

Effects of starch and protein sources on starch disappearance in the gastrointestinal tract of Hanwoo (Korean native) steers

Hanwoo (Korean native) steers (274.8 ± 4.6 kg) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to examine the effects of dietary treatments on starch disappearance in the gastrointestinal tract. Dietary treatments consisted of concentrate that were based on ground corn with soybean meal (C‐SBM), ground corn with corn gluten meal (C‐CGM), ground barley with soybean meal (B‐SBM) and ground barley with corn gluten meal (B‐CGM). Although the intakes of starch and protein for steers fed experimental diets were different, it did not change ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations. Average duodenal CP flow and quantity of CP apparently digested post‐ruminally was higher (P = 0.001) for CGM‐based diets than SBM‐based diets. There were increases in quantity (P < 0.001) and percentage (P < 0.001) of corn starch digested post‐ruminally compared to barley starch. Synchronized diets showed higher percentages (P = 0.03) of starch apparently digested post‐ruminally than asynchronization. Hanwoo steers fed a corn‐based diet with a large quantity of starch reaching the duodenum and fed C‐CGM supplying great amounts of protein to the small intestine may have contributed to increased post‐ruminal starch digestion.     

Intestinal supply of amino acids in sheep fed alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw-based diets supplemented with soybean meal or combinations of corn gluten meal and blood meal

The intestinal supply of amino acids (AA) in sheep fed alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw (AHPWS)-based diets supplemented with soybean meal (SBM) or corn grain plus combinations of corn gluten meal (CGM) and blood meal (BM) was measured in a 5 X 5 latin square. Sheep (avg wt 45 kg) with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulas were fed diets containing 65% AHPWS supplemented with the following protein sources: soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), blood meal (BM), 2/3 CGM:1/3 BM and 1/3 CGM:2/3 BM. Total nitrogen (N) flow at the duodenum was not affected (P greater than .05) by protein source. Flows of bacterial N and AA increased (P less than .05) and flows of nonbacterial N and AA decreased (P less than .05) when wethers were fed SBM vs corn plus other protein sources. When diets contained SBM, quantities of total AA at the duodenum were lower (P less than .05) and the profile of AA supplied to the intestine was altered substantially. Total flows of AA at the duodenum and total quantities of AA disappearing from the small intestine were similar (P greater than .05) for all diets containing BM and CGM, but flows and disappearance of valine, histidine, lysine and arginine increased linearly (P less than .05), whereas flows and disappearance of leucine, isoleucine and methionine decreased linearly (P less than .05) as BM replaced CGM in the diets. Results suggest that quantities of individual AA flowing to the duodenum and disappearing from the intestine of wethers fed AHPWS-based diets can be altered by source of dietary protein. Furthermore, feeding protein sources resistant to ruminal degradation in combination may improve the profile of AA supplied to the intestine.     

Digestibility of amino acids in corn, corn coproducts, and bakery meal fed to growing pigs

The objectives of this experiment were to determine the apparent ileal digestibility and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in bakery meal, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, corn germ meal, and hominy feed and to compare these values with the apparent ileal digestibility and SID of CP and AA in corn and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Eight growing barrows (initial BW: 82.5 ± 5.5 kg) were randomly allotted to an 8 × 8 Latin square design with 8 diets and 8 periods. Diets contained corn, DDGS, bakery meal, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, corn germ meal, or hominy feed as the sole source of protein and AA. An N-free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of AA and protein. Pigs were fed experimental diets for eight 7-d periods, with ileal digesta being collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. Results indicated that the SID of Lys in corn gluten meal (78.7%) was greater (P < 0.01) than in DDGS, bakery meal, corn germ meal, and hominy feed (46.0, 48.4, 68.4, and 58.8%, respectively). The SID of all indispensable AA except Arg, Leu, and Met in bakery meal were not different from those in DDGS. The SID of Arg, His, Leu, and Met in corn gluten feed were less (P < 0.01) than in corn, but the SID of all other indispensable AA in corn gluten feed were not different from those in corn. However, for most indispensable AA, the SID in corn gluten feed was not different from the SID in DDGS. The SID of all indispensable AA in corn germ meal, except Arg, His, Leu, and Met, were not different from the SID in corn. Likewise, the SID of all indispensable AA in corn germ meal, except Arg and Leu, were not different from those in DDGS. The SID of Ile, Met, Phe, and Val in hominy feed were less (P < 0.01) than in corn, but the SID of the remaining indispensable AA in hominy feed were not different from the SID of indispensable AA in corn. All indispensable AA in hominy feed also had SID values that were not different from the SID values of AA in DDGS, except for Arg and Lys, which had greater (P < 0.01) SID than in DDGS. In conclusion, bakery meal had SID values of most AA that were less than in corn, but corn gluten meal had SID values for most AA that were greater than the SID of AA in corn, bakery meal, and corn coproducts.     

Determination and prediction of digestible and metabolizable energy from chemical analysis of corn coproducts fed to finishing pigs

Twenty corn coproducts from various wet- and dry-grind ethanol plants were fed to finishing pigs to determine DE and ME and to generate equations predicting DE and ME based on chemical analysis. A basal diet comprised corn (97.05%), limestone, dicalcium phosphate, salt, vitamins, and trace minerals. Twenty test diets were formulated by mixing the basal diet with 30% of a coproduct, except for dried corn solubles and corn oil, which were included at 20 and 10%, respectively. There were 8 groups of 24 finishing gilts (n = 192; BW = 112.7 ± 7.9 kg). Within each group, gilts were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 test diets or the basal diet for a total of 4 replications per diet per group. Two groups of gilts were used for each set of coproducts, resulting in 8 replications per coproduct and 32 replications of the basal diet. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design. Gilts were placed in metabolism crates and offered 3 kg daily of their assigned test diet for 13 d, with total collection of feces and urine during the last 4 d. Ingredients were analyzed for DM, GE, CP, ether extract, crude fiber, NDF, ADF, total dietary fiber (TDF), ash, AA, and minerals, and in vitro OM digestibility was calculated for each ingredient. The GE was determined in the diets, feces, and urine to calculate DE and ME for each ingredient. The DE and ME of the basal diet were used as covariates among groups of pigs. The DE of the coproducts ranged from 2,517 kcal/kg of DM (corn gluten feed) to 8,988 kcal/kg of DM (corn oil), and ME ranged from 2,334 kcal/kg of DM (corn gluten feed) to 8,755 kcal/kg of DM (corn oil). By excluding corn oil and corn starch from the stepwise regression analysis, a series of DE and ME prediction equations were generated. The best fit equations were as follows: DE, kcal/kg of DM = -7,471 + (1.94 × GE) - (50.91 × ether extract) + (15.20 × total starch) + (18.04 × OM digestibility), with R(2) = 0.90, SE = 227, and P < 0.01; ME, kcal/kg of DM = (0.90 × GE) - (29.95 × TDF), with R(2) = 0.72, SE = 323, and P < 0.01. Additional equations for DE and ME included NDF in the instance that TDF data were not available. These results indicate that DE and ME varied substantially among corn coproducts and that various nutritional components can be used to accurately predict DE and ME in corn coproducts for finishing pigs.     

Nutritional value for swine of extruded corn and corn fractions obtained after dry milling

The experiment was designed to assess whether corn fractions or extrusion of corn can result in feed ingredients with a greater nutritional value than corn. Corn grain (8.0% CP, 0.21% P, 9.8% NDF) was processed by extrusion (82.8 degrees C, 345 kPa steam pressure for 12 s) or by dry milling to derive fractions rich in germ (13.1% CP, 1.19% P, 17.2% NDF), hulls (8.1% CP, 0.27% P, 32.6% NDF), and endosperm, namely tails (6.6% CP, 0.07% P, 3.6% NDF) and throughs (7.4% CP, 0.15% P, 4.5% NDF). Relative recovery in each fraction was 16, 20, 44, and 20%, respectively. Ileal digestibility of DM, P, and amino acids was determined using diets containing 7.0% CP from soybean meal and 5.3% CP from one of the test products. To allow for determination of standardized ingredient, ileal digestibility, basal endogenous AA losses were determined using a protein-free diet (74.6% cornstarch and 18.7% sucrose). Soybean meal ileal digestibility was determined using a diet (12.3% CP) based on soybean meal (23.3%). Eight barrows (27 +/- 2 kg) fitted with T-cannulas were fed 8 experimental diets (5-d adaptation and 2-d collection period) such that each diet was evaluated in at least 5 barrows. Relative to corn (77.9 +/- 1.2%), ileal digestibility of DM was greater for extruded corn (82.5%; P = 0.02), tails (85.9%; P < 0.01), and throughs (85.0%; P < 0.01), but it was lower for hulls (62.2%; P < 0.01) and germ (51.1%; P < 0.01). For P, corn (41.6 +/- 9.5%), throughs (47.2%), and hulls (57.3%) had similar ileal digestibility, but germ (7.9%) had lower ileal digestibility (P = 0.02) than corn; tails (27.6%) and extruded corn (23.5%) were not different from corn or germ but were lower than throughs and hulls. For total AA, corn (84.7 +/- 2.4%), throughs (84.3%), and hulls (85.8%) had similar ileal digestibility, but germ (76.6%) had lower ileal digestibility (P < 0.01) than corn; tails (82.0%) and extruded corn (81.7%) were intermediate. In conclusion, germ and hulls have a low ileal DM digestibility; germ also has low AA and P digestibility. Extrusion improved the ileal DM digestibility of corn. To maximize the ileal digestibility, removal of germ and hull from corn or extrusion of corn may thus be of interest.     

Effects of dietary energy level and supplemental protein source on performance of growing steers and nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in lambs

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate three crude protein (CP) sources (urea, U; soybean meal, SBM; corn gluten meal, CGM) in diets based on corn silage (high energy) or grass hay (low energy). In Exp. 1 and 2, growing steers were fed all combinations of energy and protein source at 10.5 or 12% CP. Steers fed high energy diets or 12% CP had improved (P less than .05) daily gains and feed:gain over 84 d. Protein source had no effect (P greater than .05) on performance except that steers fed U consumed more (P less than .05) feed than those fed CGM. Steers were fed experimental diets to a common weight and switched to an 85% concentrate diet for finishing. During finishing, steers fed low energy diets in the growing period consumed more (P less than .05) feed and had increased (P less than .05) feed:gain compared with those fed high energy diets. Growing lambs were fed the same diets as steers. At 10.5% CP, lambs fed high energy diets had higher (P less than .05) digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N) and fiber components, and retained more (P less than .05) N. For lambs on 12% CP, high energy diets had higher (P less than .05) DM and OM digestibilities and lower (P less than .05) N digestibilities. At 12% CP, energy level had no effect (P greater than .05) on N retained. Protein source had no effect (P greater than .05) on N retention. There appeared to be no advantage in supplementing with ruminally undegradable proteins, i.e. CGM, in these experiments.