Signal detection theory clarifies the concept of perceptual range and its relevance to landscape connectivity

Understanding functional connectivity is critical for several issues in ecology and conservation. When animals actively search for habitat across landscapes, their perceptual range of habitats can profoundly influence connectivity. Nonetheless, conceptual development and estimation of perceptual ranges and their influence on connectivity have been limited. Signal detection theory (SDT) has a long tradition in several disciplines to address the problem of detecting stimuli in noisy and uncertain environments. SDT is particularly useful for understanding perceptual ranges because it acknowledges uncertainty in the detection process and distinguishes between two key parameters that have previously been confounded when interpreting the perceptual range of animals: signal detectability and response bias of individuals. Here we extend SDT to the concept of perceptual range, provide approaches for estimating patch detectability and response bias, and apply this framework to interpreting the perceptual range of cactus bugs (Chelinidea vittiger). We find that signal detectability of habitat by C. vittiger, and thus their perceptual range, is between 1 and 2 m, based on generalized linear models aimed at estimating signal detection parameters. SDT provides new insights into perceptual ranges and functional connectivity, which may help understand intra and interspecific variation in animal responses to modified landscapes.     

Landscape sustainability science: ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes

The future of humanity depends on whether or not we have a vision to guide our transition toward sustainability, on scales ranging from local landscapes to the planet as a whole. Sustainability science is at the core of this vision, and landscapes and regions represent a pivotal scale domain. The main objectives of this paper are: (1) to elucidate key definitions and concepts of sustainability, including the Brundtland definition, the triple bottom line, weak and strong sustainability, resilience, human well-being, and ecosystem services; (2) to examine key definitions and concepts of landscape sustainability, including those derived from general concepts and those developed for specific landscapes; and (3) to propose a framework for developing a science of landscape sustainability. Landscape sustainability is defined as the capacity of a landscape to consistently provide long-term, landscape-specific ecosystem services essential for maintaining and improving human well-being. Fundamentally, well-being is a journey, not a destination. Landscape sustainability science is a place-based, use-inspired science of understanding and improving the dynamic relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes under uncertainties arising from internal feedbacks and external disturbances. While landscape sustainability science emphasizes place-based research on landscape and regional scales, significant between landscape interactions and hierarchical linkages to both finer and broader scales (or externalities) must not be ignored. To advance landscape sustainability science, spatially explicit methods are essential, especially experimental approaches that take advantage of designed landscapes and multi-scaled simulation models that couple the dynamics of landscape services (ecosystem services provided by multiple landscape elements in combination as emergent properties) and human well-being.     

Landscape concepts and approaches foster learning about ecosystem services

Landscape Ecology - The ecosystem services framework aims to encourage ecological sustainability through political-economic decisions. However, it fails to capture the complexity of...     

Landscape services as a bridge between landscape ecology and sustainable development

Landscape ecology is in a position to become the scientific basis for sustainable landscape development. When spatial planning policy is decentralised, local actors need to collaborate to decide on the changes that have to be made in the landscape to better accommodate their perceptions of value. This paper addresses two prerequisites that landscape ecological science has to meet for it to be effective in producing appropriate knowledge for such bottom-up landscape-development processes—it must include a valuation component, and it must be suitable for use in collaborative decision-making on a local scale. We argue that landscape ecological research needs to focus more on these issues and propose the concept of landscape services as a unifying common ground where scientists from various disciplines are encouraged to cooperate in producing a common knowledge base that can be integrated into multifunctional, actor-led landscape development. We elaborate this concept into a knowledge framework, the structure–function–value chain, and expand the current pattern–process paradigm in landscape ecology with value in this way. Subsequently, we analyse how the framework could be applied and facilitate interdisciplinary research that is applicable in transdisciplinary landscape-development processes.     

观赏草在植物景观设计中的应用

介绍观赏草的特点和在植物景观设计中的3大主要功能：建造功能、美学功能与生态功能,探讨观赏草在植物景观设计中应遵循的原则（适用原则与美学原则）与具体的应用形式,分析观赏草在应用过程中应该注意的一些问题,提出观赏草的应用和推广建议。     

我国械树属植物种质资源及其园林应用研究

在介绍槭树属植物概况的基础上,详细阐述了园林绿地中常见的槭树属植物种类及其观赏特性,并从行道树栽植、庭院观赏和专类园营造方面说明了槭树属植物可以发挥的重要作用。最后,对如何进一步提高槭树属植物种质资源的应用提出了一些建议。     

长柄双花木的生理习性及其在园林中的应用

对长柄双花木的形态特征、生态习性进行了总结和测定。结果表明:长柄双花木的光补偿点为12μmol.m-2.s-1,光饱和点为248μmol.m-2.s-1,最大的光合速率为3.913μmol.m-2.s-1,呼吸速率为0.234μmol.m-2.s-1。其CO2补偿点为40μg/g,CO2饱和点为884μg/g。并对其在园林中的应用进行了概括和总结,主要应用形式为群落中层、群植和片植。     

Expression of chemokine CXCL17 and its clinical relevance in gastric carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the expression and distribution of chemokine CXCL17 in gastric cancer and its clinical significance.METHODS: The CXCL17 expression was detected by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The correlation between the CXCL17 expression and clinicopathological features was statistically analyzed and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate the prognosis.RESULTS: A lower expression levels of CXCL17 were observed in the tumor tissues compared with the paired normal tissues (P < 0.05). Down-regulation of CXCL17 was associated with the degree of tumor differentiation and the size of tumor at primary site (P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that increased CXCL17 in the tumor tissues was associated with longer survival time.CONCLUSION: The result might illustrate that CXCL17 acts as a key factor in the prognosis of gastric cancer and is closely associated with the progression of gastric cancer.     

新中式景观对传统景观的传承

以中国传统景观中"神"、"意"、"形"作为切入点,总结新中式景观对中国传统景观的传承,并以亩中山水园为例对其进行解析,探寻用现代语言对中国传统景观的演绎。     

生态与园林交融的绵竹猕猴桃农业园景观设计

生态农业是按照生态学和循环经济理论和原理,利用动物、植物、微生物之间的相互关系,应用现代科学技术和系统方法,形成农业生态环境与经济发展的良性循环.生态农业不仅要满足农业生产要求,还应大力发展农业生态系统中的文化功能.现以绵竹市猕猴桃农业园为例,依据农业生态学原理制定了一个循环农业的产业模式,并将农业生态技术与园林造园艺术相结合,将湿地景观与生态净水相结合,力求营造一个高产、生态、优美和农耕文化浓厚的农业园.     

Landscape conflicts: preferences,identities and rights

Landscape Ecology - Landscapes are public environments in which different communities and individuals dwell and which matter to them in ways which are not always consistent. As such they are open...     

浅析自贡城区自然山水格局对其绿地系统构建的影响

由山体、河流、湖泊所形成的自然山水格局,作为城市绿地的组成部分,是城市绿地网络体系中不可或缺的一分子.简介四川省自贡市自然山水格局及其基本特征.提出在自贡市中心城区绿地系统规划中应归纳形成“一心都市聚茵、两带十字绿轴、三环绿屏交错、四楔绿廊穿插、多园星罗棋布”平面与垂直相结合的立体化绿地系统布局结构.分析自然山水格局对自贡城市绿地系统（城市景观特色,城市生态安全,构建城市绿色开敞空间）的影响.建议在今后的工作中针对不同地形地貌特征进行更加深入的探索研究和实践,以便可以为丘陵山地构建可持续发展的宜居城市提供更多的参考.     

Landscape ecology: Population genetics at the metapopulation level

Distribution of genetic diversity in a landscape depends on both within and among population processes. Selective pressures within populations have traditionally been studied by population genetics, which usually assumes that populations are at equilibrium. However, when selection pressures within and among populations are different, landscape processes are required to define an equilibrium (landscape being defined as the habitat of a set of populations called a metapopulation, and populations will differ depending on their situation in the landscape, i.e. their age and the state of neighboring populations). We examine reproduction systems and life history traits, for which variation depends on landscape processes. Predictions of their states in a metapopulation are drawn from theoretical models, and confronted to observations collected in natural populations.     

探寻中国古典园林与现代景观设计的交融之路——北京大观园酒店庭院景观设计

中国传统文化源远流长,是现代景观设计汲取营养和挖掘内涵的重要宝库。以北京大观园酒店庭院景观设计为例,来分析如何继承和发展中国古典园林设计理念及空间处理手法,并与现代景观设计的重要特性——大众公共活动空间的特性相结合,从而营造既符合现代都市居民的需求,又亲近自然的多元化景观空间。这有助于具有地域特色、时代特色和民族特色的标志性景观的创建,从而避免因盲目模仿而产生的雷同作品。     

From Hiking Through Farmland to Farming in a Leisure Landscape: Changing Social Perceptions of the European Landscape

The idea that landscape has been created by human activities on a biophysical basis allows for clear cause–effect reasoning. However, landscape planning and management practice learns that it is impossible to neglect the social perception of landscape, i.e. the ways people think about nature and landscape. It is the result of social research and human sciences of the last decade that a differentiation in views of nature and landscape can be identified in the different groups of social actors in the landscape. Case studies from France and the Netherlands show a marked change in values attributed to nature and landscape in the end of the last century. Social demand for landscape is growing and a shift from a functional image of nature and landscape to a more hedonistic image like the Arcadian and wilderness images has taken place. Comparing the Netherlands with France and rural with urban inhabitants, the influence of urbanisation is evident in this process. It is further shown that images of nature vary considerably between for example farmers, urban residents, hunters and conservationists. The way people perceive landscape seems determined by their functional ties with the landscape and the social praxis in which they encounter the landscape. It is concluded that the concept of landscape is nearer to the lifeworld of people than the abstract notions of nature and biodiversity. This implies a big challenge both for national and international landscape policies and for local landscape management initiatives to be developed, taking into due consideration both the material and immaterial nature of landscape.     

对景观设计方法的研究与分析

景观设计与规划林,生态,地理等多种学科交叉融合,在不同的学科中具有不同的意义,"景观设计"(又叫做景观建筑学)是指在建筑设计或规划设计的过程中,对周围环境要素的整体考虑和设计包括自然要素和人工要素。使得建筑(群)与自然环境产生呼应关系,使其使用更方便,更舒适,提高其整体的艺术价值。     

浅谈园林施工与养护的管理问题

分析了园林施工与养护管理的意义,阐述了园林施工与养护的主要管理工作,研究了园林施工与养护的主要方法,以及节约型技术的措施。