Effects of varying air trajectories on spatial and temporal precipitation chemistry patterns

This study was designed to determine if judicious use of synoptic data and an operational trajectory model could identify probable source regions of anthropogenic pollutants in northeastern United States precipitation and thus relate receptor measurements to emissions data without consideration of the complex intervening meteorological and chemical processes. The storm event of April 8 to 10, 1979, was selected for intensive study. Precipitation chemistry data were obtained from event samples at six MAP3S sampling sites and from hourly samples at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Concentrations of hydrogen, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium ions were used as receptor data. Some emissions data for SO_x and NO_x were obtained from the MAP3S emissions inventory. Surface and upper air meteorological data were analyzed. Backward trajectories ending at each of the sampling sites during the precipitation period were computed with the Heffter Interactive-Terminal Transport Model using selected transport layers. Results show that concentrations of pollutant species in event precipitation samples were much higher at stations at end points of trajectories passing through the Ohio River valley than at stations with other trajectories. Likewise, concentrations at Brookhaven were much higher during the end period of a trajectory through the same region than with more northerly and more southerly tracks. The model produced back trajectories consistent with synoptic flows. Concentrations of air pollutants in precipitation were roughly proportional to the number of major pollutant sources along the trajectory. These results suggest that a larger number of studies might identify more restricted source areas or even establish a quantitative relationship between source emissions along a trajectory and concentrations in precipitation at receptor sites.     

1960-2013年广东省梅江流域径流特征及其对降水的滞后效应

[目的]全面了解梅江流域的水文特征及其变化趋势,为河流水量调节、防洪防汛及流域生态环境保护等方面提供决策依据。[方法]以该地区的典型河流梅江为例,利用1960—2013年流域的径流、降水数据,结合累积距平、变异系数、集中度和集中期等数理方法,对梅江的径流量、降水量在年代、年际、季节等时间尺度上进行分析,并用集中期来反映径流对降水变化的滞后效应。[结果]梅江径流量年际变化整体呈下降趋势,递减率为5．79 mm／10 a ;流域径流主要集中在4—9月,季节上主要集中在夏季和春季,径流集中期主要集中在5月下旬至7月中旬;流域内多年降水量呈波动减少趋势,但减少幅度很小,降水集中期主要集中在5—6月;流域内年径流量与降水量存在极大的相关性,并呈线性回归关系（r ＝0．824＞0．428＝ R0．001,54,回归显著水平超过0．001）,流域径流对降水具有滞后效应,多年平均滞后时间为21 d ,且滞后天数随着时间推移呈扩大趋势。[结论]可以推测是人类活动改变了地表覆被状况或者是气候的变化。     

Resuspension of Trace Metals in Belgrade Under Conditions of Drastically Reduced Emission Levels

Deposition rates of trace metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) were determined at the Meteorological Station in New Belgrade (H _s =74 m; φ=44°49′N and λ=20°24′E) in the hydrological year 1992/93 (1 November-31 October). The dominant characteristics of the observation period were strong drought and drastically reduced pollutant emissions. Traffic and local sources operated at 0–10% of their capacities. Samples of dry and wet precipitation were taken by an automatic collector at a height of 2 m at weekly intervals. Two petri polycarbonate dishes of 93.5 mm diameter, facing upward, and one, facing downward, were used for dry precipitation sampling. Determination in a ‘clean room’ by differential pulse stripping voltammetry provided the low detection thresholds of 0.1, 1.0, 0.5 and 2.0 ng mL^-1,i.e. the measurement of minimal dry deposition rates of 0.02, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.4 μg m^-2d^-1 for Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn, respectively. The mean annual deposition rates, expressed in μg m^-2d^-1, were found to be as follows: 4.5 (down), 26 (up) and 37 (wet) for Pb, 2.1 (down), 13 (up) and 36 (wet) for Cu, and 3.1 (down), 26 (up) and 95 (wet) for Zn. No values above 0.2 μg m^-2d^-1 were found for the Cd dry deposition rate and no Cd concentration higher than 1 ng mL^-1 for precipitation with an amount >0.5 mm at the weekly interval was detected. Using the XREDS method with a scanning electron microscope, Si, Al, Fe matrix elements and Mg, Ca, S, K, P, Cu, Zn. W were identified as minor constituents of the single spherical particles and of the agglomerates present. Pb could not be categorized as a minor constituent of the coarse particles suspended in the air of New Belgrade on the basis of the previous analysis. Analysis of meteorological data showed road dust transport by outgoing SE-ESE wind from the old city of Belgrade (H _s =100–250 m) as a possible Pb source at the chosen site, which was located in a park. A comparative measurement of Pb deposition on linden leaves was carried out in the vegetation period (1 April–31 October) of 1993 and 1994. The Pb distribution on leaves differed in the two growing seasons, while the sum of Pb deposition rates on the downward and upward oriented petri dishes remained practically equal. The Pb accumulation on linden leaves was higher in 1994, first because of an intensive soil supply by rain water. Besides, ‘yellow’ rain was reported during the night 15/16 April, on 16 and 17 April 1994. A Fe concentration of 2.3 μg mL^-1 and a Pb concentration of 312 ng mL^-1 with a total precipitation of 12.6 mm were found in the weekly wet sample of 13–20 April. Dry deposition rates of 17 and 84 μg m^-2d^-1 for Cd and Pb, respectively, were measured on the upward facing dishes two weeks later (27 April–4 May). The synoptic analysis confirmed the development of the Saharan cyclogenesis and its influence on the Balkan peninsula in the period of 14 to 17 April 1994. In this region the impact of dustfall originating from the Saharan storm was evident either during wet deposition or through resuspension processes.     

小麦蚜虫种群消长气象影响成因及预测

利用1985—2007年的实测资料,分析了1985年以来武威凉州区小麦蚜虫始见期、高峰期及高峰期蚜量的时空动态变化规律和气象影响成因。结果表明：流域内蚜虫的发生及危害总体呈加重趋势,危害面积扩大;蚜虫种群周年增长遵循逻辑斯蒂生长曲线,可划分为开始增长期（4月下旬-5月中旬）、加速增长期（5月下旬-6月下旬）、减速增长期（7月上-中旬）三个阶段;影响蚜虫开始期迟早的主要气象因子有5月上旬极端最低气温和3月降水量,影响高峰期迟早的有6月降水量、5月中旬-6月上旬累积日照时数和6月下旬极端最低气温,影响危害程度的有3月下旬-4月上旬累积日照时数、冬季12月中旬极端最低气温、1月上旬极端最低气温和3—4月空气相对湿度。热量和水分条件是影响蚜虫种群消长的关键气象因素,光热因子（气温、日照）对蚜虫发生发展具有正相关同步协同作用,水分因子（降水、湿度）具有负相关反向抑制作用。用统计学方法建立了始见期、高峰期及危害程度预报预测模型,预测精度在73％～82％,可用于气象业务服务。     

CONTENT OF INOSITOL PENTA- AND HEXAPHOSPHATES IN SOME CANADIAN SOILS

The combined amounts of inositol penta- and hexaphosphates in a number of Canadian soils of differing origin have been measured. The esters were precipitated as barium salts from alkali extracts and purified by anion-exchange chromatography; their identity was confirmed by paper-partition chromatography. An alternative method involving precipitation of the esters as ferric salts in acid medium was found to give much lower values, probably because of incomplete precipitation. Values for eighteen surface soils ranged from 20 to 71 and for twelve subsoils from 18 to 43 ppm P. The amounts found were related to the contents of both total phosphate and total organic phosphate, and accounted, on average, for 6 per cent of the former and 17 per cent of the latter. A correlation of +0.67 (P < 0.01) was found with orthophosphate retention capacity but correlations with soil N and C contents were poor. Amounts of the esters were higher in forest soils than in grassland soils.     

Fluorine contamination of soils and earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) near a site of long-term industrial emission in southern Germany

Summary The F contamination of soils and Lumbricus spp. around a site of long-term industrial emission in southern Germany was examined. Among total, water extractable, and HCl-soluble fractions, the latter most appropriately characterized anthropogenic F accumulation. Based on the HCl-soluble fractions from 88 sampling sites, a contamination map consisting of three zones was established. F accumulation in the calcareous soils of the area was restricted to the top 40–50 cm and can be explained by precipitation as CaF₂. Earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) collected from the different zones reflected the F contamination well in the significant correlations found between total F in earthworms with and without gut and the corresponding soils. The bioaccumulation of F in earthworms is obvious, and may become hazardous for the earthworms themselves and for other animals feeding on contaminated soil and/or its fauna. A significantly higher F value was recorded in the linings of earthworm tubes than in the corresponding soil. F translocation by earthworm burrowing may be a mechanism of subsoil contamination.     

区域气候变化对华东地区水稻产量的影响

为揭示区域气候变化对华东地区水稻产量的影响以及水稻产量波动的原因,采用功率谱和交叉小波变换方法分析了近59a来华东地区水稻产量、平均气温和降水量的时频变化特征以及水稻产量与区域气候变化之间的关系。结果表明：华东地区水稻产量和区域气候均存在年际和年代际尺度变化周期。气象产量与生育期平均气温以正相关关系为主,局部时域中也存在不同频率尺度的负相关;主要表现为2～3a、4～6a、10～14a和16a尺度的强凝聚性耦合振荡,两者年代际尺度显著相关具有阶段性而年际尺度显著相关具有时域局部化特征。气象产量与生育期降水量之间存在准2a、3～4a、8～10a和16a左右的显著共振周期,1985年以前的降水偏多期两者以负相关为主而1985年以后的降水偏少期则多为正相关关系,负相关耦合振荡的凝聚性明显大于正相关耦合振荡。华东地区水稻产量波动与区域气候变化关系密切,气候变暖对水稻产量的影响远大于降水量减少所产生的影响。气候异常导致气候灾害频发是华东地区水稻产量波动的主要原因。     

黄土高原中部降水梯度带植被覆盖度动态变化特征

黄土高原植被生长的水分环境从东南向西北呈现明显的梯度变化,定量分析各降水梯度带植被覆盖度空间分布特征和演变趋势,对正确评价退耕还林草工程的生态效应具有重要意义。选择一条垂直于降水梯度变化的样带,利用MODIS/NDVI数据,基于像元二分模型获取了研究区2000—2010年植被覆盖度空间分布特征,采用斜率法和相关系数法分析了植被覆盖度的变化趋势和影响因素。结果表明:(1)研究区植被覆盖度在空间分布上由东南向西北降低,东南部地区植被覆盖度达82.6%,北部荒漠地区仅为38.6%;(2)由于退耕还林草工程的实施,该区11a间植被覆盖度整体呈现上升趋势,其中2007年植被覆盖度值最高,为65.3%,与降水年际变化趋势一致;(3)研究区植被覆盖度主要受当年4—8月降雨量和气温影响,时间序列具有显著相关性。     

江西省降水集中程度的变化特征

根据《江西省双季稻气象灾害指标》中降水集中期的定义,从降水集中期、降水集中期内的站次和平均单站雨量三个角度,探讨江西省83个气象站1971-2008年历年4-9月降水集中程度的变化特征。结果表明:江西省降水集中期的时空分布比较集中,赣西北地区的降水集中期平均每年只有赣东北地区的50%,6月中旬-7月上旬是降水集中期的主要时段;出现降水集中期的站次和平均单站雨量随年份变化均呈增多趋势,年倾向率分别为8.2站/10a和3.7mm/10a;20世纪90年代的降水集中期站次和平均单站雨量多于其他年代,而每年出现在6月中旬-7月上旬的降水集中期站次和平均单站雨量均多于其余时段。     

退耕还林(草)对北洛河上游水沙变化的影响

为探究黄土高原地区退耕还林（草）政策的水沙响应问题,以植被恢复较好的北洛河上游为研究区域,根据其控制站吴起水文站1971—2010年4—10月实测水沙资料,定量分析降水量、径流量和输沙量三个水文要素的变化趋势和发生突变的年份。结果表明:1971—2010年,降水量并未发生显著的趋势性变化,径流量和输沙量呈显著减小趋势;综合四种突变点检验方法结果,并结合水土保持措施资料,确定径流量和输沙量的突变年份为2002年;利用双累积曲线定量分析降水和以退耕还林（草）为主的人类活动对径流量与输沙量的影响,相对于1971—2002年,2003—2010年降水和人类活动对径流量的影响程度分别为70.8%和29.2%,对输沙量的影响程度分别为34.0%和66.0%。植被的减沙作用明显大于减水作用,以退耕还林（草）为主的人类活动是北洛河上游流域泥沙减少的主要驱动力。     

2008-2020年成都地区盛夏降水时空分布特征

为获得成都盛夏降水的时空分布特征,通过2008—2020年中国自动站与CMORPH降水产品融合的逐时降水资料,分析了成都地区盛夏7月、8月降水的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)成都地区盛夏平均降水量总体呈西高东低的分布趋势。(2)成都盛夏以夜间降水为主,雨带明显向东传递,降水峰值主要出现在3:00—4:00,并且中东部在午后还存在一个次峰值。(3)小时强降水的降水量和降水频次的贡献率在空间上分布基本一致,最大值区均位于大邑和邛崃的交界处,低值区出现在西部高海拔地区和简阳地区。(4)2013年、2018年、2020年小时强降水的次数明显偏多,这是由于副高异常偏西偏北导致。(5)成都西部地区小时强降水的频次明显多于其他地区,但极值却偏小,成都地区极端强降水事件更容易出现在3:00左右。综上,通过对成都盛夏降水的研究,为该地区降水监测、城市防洪和防灾减灾等提供决策依据。     

Fog and Precipitation Chemistry at Mt. Rokko in Kobe, April 1997-March 1998

Fog water and precipitation were collected and analyzed to study fog and precipitation chemistry. The research was carried out through one year from April 1997 to March 1998 at Mt. Rokko in Kobe. Higher fog occurrence and larger volume of fog water were observed in summer, corresponding to the trend of seasonal variation in precipitation amount. The annual mean pH value of fog water (3.80) was lower by ca. one pH unit than that of precipitation (4.74). The concentration of chemical species in fog water was ca. 7 times that in precipitation. The highest anion and cation concentrations were SO₄ ^2? and NH₄ ⁺ in fog water and Cl^? and Na⁺ in precipitation, although the Cl^?/Na⁺ equivalent ratio in both fog water and precipitation was almost the same value as that in sea water. It is considered that in the longest fog event, NH₄ ⁺ and nss-SO₄ ^2? in fog water mainly scavenged as (NH₄)₂SO₄, mainly derived from (NH₄)₂SO₄ (aerosol) in the atmosphere, NH₃ was scavenged at the growing stage, and SO₂ was also scavenged after the mature stage. NO₃ ^? in this fog event was mainly absorbed as HNO₃.     

青海湖克土沙区不同类型沙丘土壤水分的动态变化

对青海湖湖东克土沙区的土壤水分变化特征及其与降雨之间的关系进行了分析,结果表明:固定沙丘土壤水分随深度的变化较小,采取措施(人工植被+麦草方格沙障)的流动沙丘在不同深度上的变异最大;从0—80cm平均水平看,土壤含水量为固定沙丘>流动沙丘>采取措施的流动沙丘;三种沙丘土壤水分与降雨的时间变化都基本一致,可以分为冻结滞水期(12月—翌年3月)、水分补偿期(4—7月)和失水期(8—11月)三个阶段,土壤含水量以夏秋季最高;降水对0—80cm的土壤水分都有影响,对上层土壤的影响更显著,采取措施的流动沙丘主要影响深度为60cm,固定沙丘为20cm;在流动沙丘上种植人工植被以及布设麦草方格沙障,可以抑制表层土壤水分蒸发,提高表层土壤含水量,在植被恢复前能够有效减少风蚀,对于植物初期生长具有积极意义。     

The composition of precipitation at Snoqualmie Pass and Stevens Pass in the Central Cascades of Washington state

Bulk precipitation samples were collected weekly during the winters of 1984 and 1985 at two high elevation sites in the Washington Cascades. The Puget basin, west and upwind of the Cascade sites, includes an urban industrialized region with a variety of area and point sources of acidic oxides. The precipitation was found to be low in contaminant content with SO₄ ⁼ and NO₃ ^? concentrations as low or lower than those reported for remote pristine stations in the US or elsewhere. It is suggested that the reduced contaminant levels result from an interplay of the meteorological and washout factors unique to the region.     

宁夏云雾山典型草原休眠期气候变化对生产力的影响

基于1992-2011年黄土高原典型草原长期生产力观测数据及相应气候资料,分析了近20a来宁夏云雾山地区休眠期（11月-翌年3月）温度及降水变化趋势,利用简单线性回归及偏最小二乘回归法（Partial Least Squares regression-PLS）探究了休眠期月和日不同尺度温度和降水变化对草地生产力的影响特征,以揭示黄土高原典型草原生产力对休眠期气候变化的响应规律。结果表明：（1）近20a来研究区休眠期平均气温以0.09℃·a-1的速率极显著升高（P<0.01）,其中1月和3月升温最为显著（P<0.01）;（2）休眠期降水量较少,且年际间变异较大,各月降水变化趋势亦不显著;（3）休眠期内不同阶段温度变化对草地生产力具有不同影响,但整体呈现抑制效应,降水变化对生产力影响不显著;（4）休眠期温度升高抑制草地生产力发展,其作用机制可能与温度升高引起的地表积雪减少、冻融交替频繁及土壤微环境变化有关。休眠期降雨较少,降雨与草地生产力并不存在显著作用关系。降雪作为降水的固态形式,其对生产力的影响特点及作用机制尚待深入探究。     

Nutrient And Particulate Inputs Into The Mar Menor Lagoon (Se Spain) From An Intensive Agricultural Watershed

The Mar Menor is a Mediterranean coastal lagoon of high conservation interest, but highly threatened by non-point pollution derived from agricultural lands. This is the first comprehensive study that evaluates the inputs into the Mar Menor from a drainage channel and the Albujón wadi, the main watercourse, and their influence on the trophic state of the lagoon. Discharge variation during the study period was closely related to the precipitation pattern. Suspended sediments and particulate organic matter loads greatly increased with flash floods. Nitrate concentrations, too, increased after heavy autumn rains through washing of the nitrates accumulated in soils, although no significant correlations were found between nitrate concentrations and precipitation or discharge. The nitrate load depended on several factors including the intensity and frequency of precipitation, and the nitrates accumulated in soils as a result of fertilisation. Phosphate concentrations decreased with higher flows. The total input into the lagoon from the two discharges estimated for the period September 2002–October 2003 were 10,142 t.yr^?1of suspended sediments, 389 t.yr^?1 of particulate organic matter, 2,010 t.yr^?1 of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (93 % as NO^? ₃) and 178 t.yr^?1 of soluble reactive phosphorus. The Albujón wadi exported about 80% of the N load and 70% of the P load. Higher flows contributed approximately 80% of the total discharge and nutrient loads, 99% of suspended sediment and 88% of the particulate organic matter. Mean suspended solids and nutrient concentrations in the lagoon followed a spatial pattern, decreasing with distance from the mouth of the Albujón wadi. Water nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the Mar Menor lagoon were lower than reference limits for eutrophic conditions, except after heavy rains. Nutrient concentrations were positively correlated with precipitation variables and particulate and nutrient inputs. Phosphorus was the most limiting nutrient in the Mar Menor, the DIN:SRP ratios found being higher than the Redfield ratio on all sampling dates. Phytoplankton bloom in the lagoon was only found next to the Albujón mouth during late summer and extending 5000 m into the lagoon in autumn as a consequence of large freshwater discharge caused by flash floods. Around 53.6% of the variation in chlorophyll a in the lagoon was explained by the NH₄ and NO₃ inputs and distance from the Albujón mouth. A good deal of P input into the lagoon is retained in the sediments, supporting a high biomass of the benthic macroalga Caulerpa prolifera in spring and summer.     

重庆市NDVI对水热条件变化的响应及其空间特征

降水和气温是影响一个地区植被覆盖度的最主要的气候因子。在利用SPOT VGT-NDVI旬数据、重庆市及周边20个气象站点1999-2010年日气温与降水数据以及研究区相关图件资料的基础上,运用时滞互相关分析法分析了旬平均NDVI(TN)与旬均温(TT)和旬降水(TP)的相关性以及时滞情况。结果表明,NDVI与气温和降水之间存在较强的相关性,且NDVI与气温较与降水之间的相关性更强,表明在研究区气温是NDVI变化的限制因子;NDVI与气温和降水之间的相关性和时滞情况存在明显的东南-西北差异,东南地区时滞较长,相关性低,西北地区时滞较短,相关性高;各植被类型NDVI与气温和降水的相关程度高低以及响应速度的快慢决定于各植被类型的生长发育规律及其对气温或降水要求的高低。     

Effects of acidic precipitation,O3, and soil Mg status on throughfall,soil, and seedling loblolly pine nutrient concentrations

The individual and combined impacts of acidic precipitation, O₃, and soil Mg status on nutrient concentrations of throughfall, soil solution, soil, and seedling components were evaluated after one growing season. Loblolly pine seedlings were planted in a sandy loam soil having approximately 15 or 35 mg kg^?1 of exchangeable Mg and were exposed to subambient, ambient, or twice ambient concentrations of O₃ in open top chambers from May through October. Seedlings also received ambient amounts of simulated precipitation at pH 4.0 or 5.3 during this period. Concentrations of nutrients analyzed increased slightly in throughfall, but did not respond significantly to precipitation pH treatments. No increased nutrient leaching and no soil acidification were evident in soil exposed to low pH precipitation after one growing season. Ozone treatments had no significant effects on tissue nutrient concentrations. Interaction responses were very limited and do not suggest any significant synergisms.     

陕西省降水量变化及其影响分析

利用陕西省20个测站1951—2000年(4—9月)的降水资料,用相关统计方法,分析了陕西省降水量的变化特征,并对降水量进行了预测。结果表明,4—9月降水量呈减少趋势,尤以20世纪90年代降水量减少最为显著。预测表明21世纪前10a陕西省降水量有增加趋势。同时分析了降水变化对河川径流、沙漠化及水土流失的可能影响。     

Mechanisms of deposition of methylmercury and mercury to coniferous forests

Deposition of methylmercury (MeHg) and mercury (Hg) to a coniferous forest have been investigated using field measurements. Samples of open field (OF) wet deposition, throughfall (TF) and litterfall (LF) have been collected and analyzed for MeHg and Hg during the period November 1991 to April 1994. Average concentrations in TF were 22.8 and 0.38 ng L^?1, for Hg and MeHg, respectively. Concentrations in OF precipitation were 11.9 and 0.37 ng L^?1, for Hg and MeHg, respectively, during the same period. Considerable differences were found for Hg in TF and OF which was attributed to a dry deposition of Hg. Hg in LF contributes a deposition of equal size as in TF. The relations between OF, TF and total Hg deposition were approximately 1∶1,5∶3. A decrease in OF Hg was found over the three year period studied. MeHg deposition in OF was also found to decrease during the same period whereas the TF MeHg showed a slight increase. Dry deposition of MeHg is also an important process in a coniferous forest although the flux to the forest floor is not via TF but rather as MeHg in LF.