纳米铜-锌防腐剂联合酚醛树脂对橡胶木性能的影响

为研究纳米铜-锌防腐剂联合酚醛树脂处理对橡胶木性能的影响,以碱式碳酸铜和碱式碳酸锌为原料,通过湿法球磨法制备无毒、有效的新型木材纳米复合防腐剂(MCZ),通过透射电子显微镜分析防腐剂的形貌和粒径大小,并分析7 d内防腐剂的粒径变化。用MCZ联合酚醛树脂处理橡胶木,分析处理前后试件的抗流失性、耐腐性和尺寸稳定性,并利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪对橡胶木的微观结构进行分析。结果表明,制备的防腐剂粒径小于100 nm,7 d内的粒径变化小于30 nm,稳定性较好。用MCZ联合0.5%质量分数的酚醛树脂处理后的橡胶木与只浸渍MCZ的橡胶木相比,防腐剂的固着率提高了5.24%,橡胶木的质量损失率降低了0.45%,湿胀率减少了11.66%。因此,MCZ联合酚醛树脂处理的方法可以有效提高MCZ的抗流失性、橡胶木的耐腐性和尺寸稳定性。     

热处理橡胶木的有机酸释放量及其对材性的影响

为了改进橡胶木热处理工艺,采用过热蒸汽作为传热介质,进行橡胶木热处理,检测处理过程中,橡胶木释放有机酸的量,并探讨有机酸对材性的影响.结果表明,提高热处理温度,延长高温阶段处理时间,试材释放有机酸量增加;随着有机酸释放量的上升,橡胶木的平衡含水率降低,质量损失率增加,颜色变深,抗弯强度下降,耐腐性改善.     

橡胶木防虫防腐试验报告

橡胶木是一种很有潜力的新的木材资源,但极不耐腐。硼酚合剂对橡胶木主要害虫及腐朽菌有良好的防治效果,适用于建筑及一般家具用材的防虫防腐处理,干盐保持量6—8kg/m~3。橡胶木渗透性较好,未经干燥的锯材也可以用热冷槽法处理。     

4种防腐处理橡胶木及其炭化材的色差与耐腐性能研究

采伐后的橡胶木需及时防腐处理以防蓝变、发霉和腐朽，但不同防腐处理对橡胶木颜色及其耐腐性能的影响机制尚不明确。以橡胶木及其炭化试材为研究对象，对比分析了浸渍水玻璃和ACQ，涂饰桐油和醇酸清漆4种处理条件对试样表面颜色及耐腐性能的影响。结果表明：相同处理条件下，炭化橡胶木相比橡胶木的明度(L^*)更低，腐朽后，4种处理橡胶木的表面L^*值增加，且红绿轴色品指数(a^*)、黄蓝轴色品指数(b^*)和色度值(C)均显著增大。其中，浸渍ACQ的橡胶木在腐朽后a^*、b^*和C值均大幅增加，呈深青褐色。涂饰桐油的炭化橡胶木总色差(ΔE)最大。相比于橡胶木，炭化橡胶木的耐腐性能更好。在这4种浸渍处理中，浸渍ACQ对橡胶木的保护效果最好，而涂饰醇酸清漆的保护作用有限。     

橡胶木胶合板阻燃技术研究Ⅲ.橡胶木阻燃胶合板的吸潮性

采用在相对湿度为１００％的环境中,测定材料因吸潮而增重的方法对６种橡胶木阻燃胶合板吸潮率、药剂吸潮率以及胶合板吸药率为１５％时与未阻燃处理的橡胶木胶合板吸潮率进行了对比和评估。其中磷氮系阻燃剂的吸潮性明显高于ＷＦＲ树脂型阻燃剂。所有阻燃处理的橡胶木胶合板吸潮性均高于未处理的普通橡胶木胶合板。     

橡胶木胶合板阻燃技术研究：Ⅲ.橡胶木阻燃胶合板的吸潮性

采用在相对湿度为１００％的环境中，测定材料因吸潮而增重的方法对６种橡胶木阻燃胶合板吸潮率，药剂吸潮率以及胶合板吸药率为１５％时与未阻燃处理的橡胶木胶合板吸潮眩进行了对比和评估。其中磷－氮系阻 吸潮性明显高于ＷＦＲ树脂型阻燃剂，所有阻燃处理的橡胶木胶合板吸潮性均高于未处理的普通橡胶木胶合板。     

化学改性杨木的抗白蚁和抗霉耐腐性能研究

抗蚁蛀、耐腐性测定结果表明:工厂用化学改性药剂LM-1处理生产的杨木,其抗霉、抗菌变色和耐腐性能大为增强;室内抗白蚁能力提高4个等级,试验白蚁存活期仅7～9d,比对照缩短21～61d;野外抗蚁和耐腐性完好指数达10,大幅提高了野外耐久性。     

浸渍药剂加速热处理对木材质量损失和耐腐性能的影响

采用主要成分为氯化锌、磷酸二氢铵及复合铜盐(硝酸铜+醋酸铜)的三种药剂对马尾松和桉树木材做浸渍处理后再进行短周期加热处理的方法,研究了处理工艺对热处理木材失重率和耐腐性能的影响。结果表明:处理木材的失重率和耐腐性能均随着处理温度升高和处理时间的延长而增大,氯化锌药剂热处理木材在较高温度下对木材的失重率影响最大,具有明显加速热处理反应的作用;但是在同样的热处理温度条件下,浸渍氯化锌和复合铜盐的热处理木材耐腐性明显优于未加药剂的热处理木材。三种药剂中,由复合铜盐浸渍处理的木材经190℃热处理后能达到强耐腐等级。     

高温热改性橡胶木的生物耐久性

以水蒸气作为保护气体,在170,185,200和215℃的条件下分别热处理橡胶木3h,对热改性橡胶木的生物耐久性进行研究.结果显示:高温热改性可提高橡胶木的耐腐性,其改善效果随着处理温度的升高而提高,当处理温度为185℃或更低温度时,改善效果不明显.215℃处理3h后,褐腐(密黏褶菌)质量损失率由51.6％降至21.6％,白腐(采绒革盖菌)质量损失率由27.6％降至6.8％.选用烟曲霉、哈茨木霉、产紫青霉和可可球二孢进行防霉试验,结果显示热改性橡胶木的防霉性能与对照相比没有明显的改善;经涂饰后,热改性试材的防霉性能优于未处理材.野外耐久性试验结果显示,高温热改性不能提高橡胶木的防白蚁性能.     

中国橡胶木加工利用调查

本文简要叙述了中国橡胶木资源、板材防腐与干燥处理，家具及人造板生产等加工利用状况，并对今后开展橡胶木加工利用的研究及推广提出了建议。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.